鼠李糖脂淋洗修复重金属污染土壤的工艺条件优化研究

以湖南某冶炼厂周边重金属-砷复合污染土壤为对象,应用表面活性剂鼠李糖脂为主要淋洗剂,研究了不同pH值、温度和淋洗次数等工艺条件对重金属及砷淋洗效果的影响。结果表明:Zn、Cd、As在淋洗剂pH为2时提取能力最高,分别可达397、30、21 mg·kg^-1,但Cu的洗脱能力随着pH值的升高而增加;淋洗剂对Cd、Zn、Cu、As的洗脱能力在40 ℃时达到最大值,在30 ℃时淋洗液中Pb浓度最高,为54 mg·kg^-1;多次淋洗有助于土壤中重金属及砷的洗脱,Pb、Cd、Zn、Cu、As的3次淋洗效率分别可达23.1%、53.8%、44.7%、63.2%和34.4%;淋洗后土壤中重金属的酸可提取态、氧化物结合态及有机物结合态浓度大幅降低,砷的残渣态和氧化物结合态浓度明显下降。试验研究确定的最优淋洗条件为污染土壤淋洗修复工程应用提供了可借鉴的工艺参数。     

产物诱变选育鼠李糖脂高产菌株的研究

对鼠李糖脂生产菌种假单胞菌Pseudomonas sp. sy3进行自身产物诱变选育高产菌株,并对生产鼠李糖脂的培养基和发酵条件进行了研究.经过鼠李糖脂产物诱变,获得1株鼠李糖脂产量较高的正突变株322,该突变菌株鼠李糖脂产量达到27.5 g/L,比出发菌株提高了57.14;.     

In vivo control and in vitro antifungal activity of rhamnolipid B,a glycolipid antibiotic,against Phytophthora capsici and Colletotrichum orbiculare

The glycolipid antibiotic rhamnolipid B isolated from Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain B5 was evaluated for in vitro antifungal activity and in vivo control against phytophthora blight and anthracnose under glasshouse conditions. Rhamnolipid B showed antifungal activity against Cercospora kikuchii, Cladosporium cucumerinum, Colletotrichum orbiculare, Cylindrocarpon destructans, Magnaporthe grisea and Phytophthora capsici. Microscopic observation revealed that the high level of antifungal activity (10 µg ml ⁻¹) against P capsici was mainly due to a lytic effect on zoospores. Zoospore lysis began in the presence of 10 µg ml ⁻¹ of rhamnolipid B and most of the zoospores were collapsed at 25 µg ml ⁻¹. Rhamnolipid B showed inhibitory activity against the germination of zoospores and hyphal growth of P capsici at concentrations of 50 µg ml ⁻¹. Spore germination of the anthracnose plant pathogen C orbiculare was also inhibited in the presence of 50 µg ml ⁻¹ of rhamnolipid B, although hyphal growth was not affected at this concentration. In the glasshouse, the efficacy of rhamnolipid B against phytophthora blight was similar to that of metalaxyl on pepper plants when treated just before inoculation with P capsici. Treatment with either at 500 µg ml ⁻¹ completely protected pepper plants from phytophthora blight. Rhamnolipid B also suppressed the development of C orbiculare infection on leaves of cucumber plants. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

鼠李糖脂-纳米零价铁-丙酮酸钠强化微生物厌氧-好氧降解土壤DDTs效果研究

为了改善目前土壤DDTs污染微生物修复效率相对较低的现状,以沈阳市沈北新区某设施农业大棚土壤为研究对象,通过批实验研究了鼠李糖脂(RL)、纳米零价铁(nZVI)和丙酮酸钠(C)强化微生物顺序厌氧-好氧处理对土壤DDTs及其组分降解率的影响。结果表明：RL、nZVI和C强化微生物顺序厌氧-好氧处理可显著提高土壤DDTs和p,p′-DDT的降解率(P<0.05),不同强化处理土壤DDTs和p,p′-DDT降解率依次为RL+nZVI+C联合处理>nZVI处理>RL处理>C处理>CK处理;RL、nZVI和C联合强化微生物厌氧-好氧顺序处理90 d时,土壤DDTs、p,p′-DDT和p,p′-DDE降解率分别为43.05%～68.81%、12.06%～96.90%和3.33%～60.87%。其中,0.05 mg·kg^-1RL、0.50%nZVI以及0.30 mmol·kg^-1C联合强化厌氧-好氧处理土壤DDTs、p,p′-DDT和p,p′-DDE降解率分别为68.81%、96.90%和60.87%,厌氧与好氧降解比分别为3...     

预处理酸沉淀冷冻干燥法提取鼠李糖脂新工艺

利用铜绿假单胞菌在以豆油为唯一碳源的培养基中发酵生产鼠李糖脂(RL),采用预处理、酸沉淀和冷冻干燥的新工艺流程从发酵液中提取RL.通过平行及正交试验探讨了用新工艺提取RL的工艺条件.试验结果表明,与传统方法提取的RL相比,新方法提取的RL纯度更高,且产量提高了8.8 g/L.由于传统工艺需要大量氯仿和甲醇等有毒溶剂用于RL的萃取,而新工艺不需要这些有毒物质,因此,本研究提出的新工艺为绿色提取工艺.     

鼠李糖脂改性生物炭对盐渍土小白菜抗性及氮素吸收的影响

为探究鼠李糖脂改性生物炭对盐渍土的改良效果,通过小白菜盆栽试验,以盐渍土壤为材料,按照占土壤质量1%和2%比例各添加4种浓度的鼠李糖脂改性生物炭（浓度为250 mg·L^-1的鼠李糖脂体积(V)占生物炭质量(m)比分别为15%、10%、5%、0%）,研究了鼠李糖脂改性生物炭对盐渍土性质、氮素养分吸收以及小白菜生长和酶活性的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,鼠李糖脂改性生物炭提高了土壤有机碳含量和土壤铵态氮、硝态氮含量,但对土壤pH值无显著影响,其中,施加鼠李糖脂改性生物炭的处理与对照相比有机碳含量显著增加了55.05%~142.67%,施加鼠李糖脂改性生物炭比例为10%的处理平均与对照相比铵态氮含量显著提高了156.69%,施加鼠李糖脂改性生物炭比例为15%、10%的处理与对照相比硝态氮含量平均分别显著增加了37.94%、41.46%。施用鼠李糖脂改性生物炭显著增加了小白菜生物量和吸氮量,其中,改性比例为10%的处理平均分别比单施生物炭的处理增加了47.13%和43.64%。施用鼠李糖脂改性生物炭提高了叶片谷氨酰胺合成酶和过氧化物酶的活性,提高了可溶性蛋白含量,降低了丙二醛含量,其中,施加鼠李糖脂改性生物炭比例为10%的处理平均与对照相比叶片谷氨酰胺酶活性显著提高了113.64%、过氧化物酶活性显著提高了30.87%,施加鼠李糖脂改性生物炭比例为10%和5%的处理平均分别与对照相比可溶性蛋白含量提高了7.59%和37.60%,施加鼠李糖脂改性生物炭比例为10%的处理平均与对照相比丙二醛含量显著降低了80.60%。总体看来,采用鼠李糖脂改性的生物炭可以提高盐渍土小白菜的抗性,促进其对氮素的吸收,且以改性比例为10%效果最佳。     

螯合剂和鼠李糖脂联合淋洗污染土壤中Cd

采用pH为4.31的土壤,制备3种Cd浓度水平的模拟污染土壤,研究了螯合剂和鼠李糖脂对土壤中Cd的淋洗特征,探讨了乙二胺四乙酸二钠(EDTA)和鼠李糖脂联合淋洗土壤中Cd的形态变化。结果表明,在淋洗剂浓度为0.025 mol·L~(-1)、初始pH为7时,EDTA、乙二胺二琥珀酸(EDDS)和柠檬酸(CIT)淋洗分别在220、140、60 min达到平衡,EDTA的淋洗效果最好,其对0.38、0.69、0.93 mg·kg~(-1)Cd污染土壤的最大淋洗率分别达到93.16%、93.62%和94.09%;淋洗过程符合准二级动力学模型,淋洗速率常数表现为0.38 mg·kg~(-1)Cd污染土壤0.69 mg·kg~(-1)Cd污染土壤0.93 mg·kg~(-1)Cd污染土壤。当EDTA和鼠李糖脂(浓度均为0.025 mol·L~(-1))的体积比为1.5∶1时,3种土壤中Cd的淋溶率分别为85.45%、89.25%和93.88%,淋洗平衡时间为50 min。EDTA和鼠李糖脂联用能够有效淋洗污染土壤中的交换态、碳酸盐结合态和有机结合态Cd,可能的作用机制是EDTA的螯合作用和鼠李糖脂的胶束增溶作用产生的协同效应。     

鼠李糖脂对餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵过程中水解酶活性的影响

水解酶的活性直接影响有机物厌氧分解的效率,为了研究生物表面活性剂对有机废弃物厌氧发酵过程的影响,以餐厨垃圾为发酵原料,添加生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂,添加量分别为发酵物总量的0、0.01%、0.02%、0.03%、0.04%、0.05%,35 ℃下发酵25 d,测定发酵过程中淀粉酶、脂肪酶、蛋白酶和纤维素酶的活性变化情况。结果表明,鼠李糖脂添加量为0.01%~0.03%时,餐厨垃圾发酵累积产气量随添加量的增加有较大幅度提高,添加量超过0.03%后,产气量与对照相比增加到40%以上,但增加幅度放缓甚至略有降低。鼠李糖脂添加量达到0.03%以上时,COD去除率接近70%,TS(总固体含量)降解率增加到30%以上,VS(挥发性固体含量)降解率增加到50%左右。鼠李糖脂添加量在0.01%~0.03%范围内时,四种水解酶的活性与添加量的增加成正比,添加量达到0.03%时,纤维素酶、蛋白酶、脂肪酶和淀粉酶的活性峰值分别比对照提高60.23%、30.47%、38.51%和36.16%,此后酶活增幅不明显。综上结果表明,添加鼠李糖脂可以提高餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵过程中的水解酶活性,适宜的添加量应为0.03%左右。     

印度热带森林干旱扰动土壤的微生物碳, 氮, 磷的研究

Variations in microbial biomass C (MB-C),N (MB-N) and P (MB-P) along a gradient of different dominant vegeta- tion covers (natural forest,mixed deciduous forest,disturbed savanna and grassland ecosystems) in dry tropical soils of Vindhyan Plateau,India were studied from January 2005 to December 2005.The water holding capacity,organic C,total N,total P and soil moisture content were comparatively higher in forest soils than in the savanna and grassland sites.Across different study sites the mean annual MB-C,MB-N and MB-P at 0-15 cm soil depth varied from 312.05 ± 4.22 to 653.40 ± 3.17,32.16 ± 6.25 to 75.66 ± 7.21 and 18.94 ± 2.94 to 30.83 ± 23.08 μg g ?1 dry soil,respectively.At all the investigated sites,the maximum MB-C,MB-N and MB-P occurred during the dry period (summer season) and the minimum in wet period (rainy season).In the present study,soil MB-C,MB-N and MB-P were higher at the forest sites compared to savanna and grassland sites.The differences in MB-C,MB-N and MB-P were significant (P 0.001) among sites and seasons.The MB-C (P 0.0001),MB-N (P 0.001) and MB-P (P 0.0001) were positively correlated with organic C,while the relationship between soil moisture and MB-C,MB-N and MB-P (P 0.001,P 0.01 and P 0.0001,respectively) was negative.The decreasing order of MB-C,MB-N and MB-P along study ecosystems was natural forest mixed deciduous forest savanna grassland.The results suggested that deforestation and land use practices (conversion of forest into savanna and grassland) caused the alterations in soil properties,which as a consequence,led to reduction in soil nutrients and MB-C,MB-N and MB-P in the soil of disturbed sites (grassland and savanna) compared to undisturbed forest ecosystems.