Differences in Wheat Cultivar Response to N Supply. I: Differences in Grain Yield Formation

Two-year field trials with winter wheat cultivars Batis and Toronto were conducted in Southern Bavaria, Germany, to investigate the possible causes of cultivar differences in response to N supply varying in total amount and time of application. Cultivar-related differences in grain yields were observed in treatments with low and medium N supply. High doses of N supply resulted in grain yield adjustment or grain yield advantage for cv. Toronto. The results of this study revealed a consistent, genotypic pattern in response to N fertilization in spite of strong seasonal effects. Systematic modifications in canopy growth rates in response to N supply were of particular relevance and a main factor for differences in tillering intensity resulting in modified stand densities. In the present study, cultivar differences in spike development and interactions with N supply related more to abortion than to initiation processes for number of spikelets and number of flowers per spikelet. High grain density (grains per m²) of cv. Toronto was evident during reproduction stages even under conditions of medium N supply. However, decreased growth rates during the later part of grain filling in combination with low 1000 grain weight, which was barely modified by N fertilization, allowed only partial utilization of this potential. It is assumed that sink limitations were of particular relevance for grain yield development in cv. Toronto, while cv. Batis combined a less intense response to N supply with more stability in the development of grain yield components.     

蓝果忍冬成熟期结合力变化规律的测试分析

为了弄清成熟蓝果忍冬结合力的特性和变化规律、给机械化收获提供技术依据,在蓝果忍冬成熟期间对4个常见品种果实结合力进行了为期16天的跟踪测试。通过分析研究得出:所测试的4个蓝果忍冬品种的结合力分布在0.1~1.7 N之间(P0.05),各品种结合力分布区间略有不同,所测试的野生阿尔泰忍冬、蓓蕾的结合力高于蓝鸟和长白山野生蓝靛果忍冬;各品种结合力随时间呈现出不同程度的下降趋势;同一天内下午的结合力显著大于上午的结合力(P0.05);晴天与阴雨天的结合力无显著性差异。通过因子分析,可将影响结合力的因素测试时间、上下午、相对湿度、温度及天气状况转换成环境因子和时间因子。     

大英县近10年降水变化特点分析

利用大英县2004 ～2013年逐日降水资料,采用统计学方法,对大英近10年降水的实际变化特点、季节差异等进行简要阐述,并对直接影响工农业生产和人们生活、外出旅游以及交通运输等的暴雨进行了重点统计分析.结果表明,2004～2013年大英县年雨量和暴雨日数分布特征均呈单峰型,峰值均出现在7月;暴雨雨量、雨日与年降雨量存在明显的正相关关系;夏季同月雨量差距巨大;初秋的9月出现暴雨的概率较大,月雨量、暴雨出现次数均为全年的次高值;大英县出现秋绵雨的概率达50％,集中出现在9、10月.     

Soil property differences among high‐ and average‐yielding soya bean areas in Arkansas,USA

Soya bean [Glycine max (L.) Merr] yields >6719 kg/ha (100 bu/ac) have only recently and infrequently been achieved. Quantifying soil property differences between high‐ and average‐yielding areas can help to further identify non‐plant‐related properties contributing to soya bean yield potential. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of region and soil depth on soil property differences between high‐ and average‐yielding areas. In each of the seven regions of the ‘Grow for the Green’ yield contest in Arkansas, prior to or just after harvest in 2014 and 2015, soil samples were collected from the top 20 cm of one contest high‐yield (HY ) area that was in close proximity to an average‐yield (AY ) area. Across all regions and both years, soya bean yields differed (P  <  0.05) between yield areas, averaging 4701 and 5498 kg/ha in AY and HY areas, respectively. Averaged across soil depth and years, numerous soil properties differed (P  <  0.05) between HY and AY areas within at least one of seven regions. Total soil C content was at least 20.2% greater in the HY than in the AY area in three of seven regions. Extractable soil P content was, on average, 19.4 kg/ha greater in HY than in AY areas in three of the seven regions. Results from this study have the potential to help producers better understand soil properties that contribute to or hinder achieving ultra‐high (>6719 kg/ha) soya bean yields.     

Evidence for genetic distinction among sympatric ecotypes of Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) in south‐western Alaskan lakes

Resource polymorphism may play an important role in the process of speciation. The Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) exhibits great phenotypic and genetic diversity across its range, making it an ideal species for studies of resource polymorphism and divergence. Here, we investigated genetic variation at 11 microsatellite loci among 287 Arctic char from five isolated yet proximate postglacial lakes in south‐western Alaska that were previously examined for resource polymorphism. Significant differences in pairwise F_ST were detected among all lakes (range from 0.05 to 0.28, all P < 0.02). In one lake (Lower Tazimina Lake), we found evidence for two genetic groups of char and for significant differences in the distribution of microsatellite variability among at least two of the three previously described body size morphotypes (‘large’‐, ‘medium’‐, and ‘small’‐bodied char; maximum F_ST = 0.09; differences in admixture proportions). We also found a significant association between genetic admixture proportions and gill raker counts among body size morphs (r = ?0.73, P < 0.001). Our data represent the first record of genetically distinct sympatric morphs of Arctic char in Alaska and provide further evidence that differences in morphology associated with feeding (gill rakers) and growth trajectories reflect niche diversification and promote genetic divergence in Holarctic populations of Arctic char.     

基于支持向量机的农机装备水平差异分类研究

针对黑龙江垦区各农场农机装备水平不平衡差异问题,采用支持向量机多类分类和主成分分析相结合的方法进行研究。将农机装备水平分为3个等级水平,从总量、速度和均量3方面选取10个评价指标;采用主成分分析法确定5个主要合成指标;建立多类分类支持向量机新模型,把新模型转化成一个互补问题,利用Lagrangian隐函数进一步转化成一个强凸的无约束优化问题,采取快速牛顿算法进行求解;利用实证调研数据,从发展差异度的角度对黑龙江垦区98个农场农机装备水平的差异进行多指标分析,在分类的准确度和训练速度方面都有很好的表现。     

速度赛马粪便微生物种群差异的研究

为筛选提高赛马竞技成绩的有益微生物,试验比较现役纯血速度赛马粪便微生物群落多样性及丰度差异。选择休赛一周的现役纯血马9匹,按比赛成绩分为A(16.8 m/s)、B(16.4 m/s)、C(16.3 m/s)3组。收集新鲜粪便样本,提取粪便样本菌群DNA,对微生物16S rDNA的V3~V4区序列Illumina测序。结果表明,A组与C组粪便微生物菌群之间在纲、种的分类菌群数上差异显著(P<0.05)。LDA效应分析A组马粪微生物标志物种为Bacteria、Firmicutes、Clostridia、Clostridiales、Veillonellaceae、Anaerovibrio,以上微生物标志物种在3组中的相对丰度分布为A组>B组>C组。A组的厌氧弧菌属(Anaerovibrio)、C组的根瘤菌目(Rhizobiales)的LDA效应值显著(P<0.05)。按马粪中微生物丰度,纲、目、科、属中分别有4、3、5、9、14组微生物差异(P<0.05)。研究表明,可以按微生物群落差异筛选出提高赛马成绩的消化道微生物制剂。     

基于PSR模型的兰州市土地生态安全时空差异评价

研究了兰州市2006~2013年土地生态安全的时空差异。主要依据PSR模型建立评价指标体系,运用熵权法与综合评价法对不同时期兰州市及各县区土地生态安全状况进行分析。结果表明:(1)兰州市土地生态安全由2006年的"恶劣"状态转变为2013年的"良好"状态;(2)土地生态压力指数从0.176下降为0.145,土地生态状态与土地生态响应指数分别从0.063、0.160提升到0.295、0.290;(3)区域内空间分布差异较为明显,土地生态状态改善与响应增强主要集中在土地生态压力过大的地方。据此可知,兰州市土地生态结构和功能基本完善,已步入良好阶段,但是各县区土地生态空间分布差异较大。     

草栖钝绥螨对二斑叶螨的捕食作用

为明确草栖钝绥螨Amblyseius herbicolus对二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae的控制潜能,在温度分别为19、22、25、28和31℃、相对湿度均为（85±5）%、光周期均为16 L∶8 D条件下测定草栖钝绥螨对二斑叶螨各螨态的捕食偏好性、捕食功能反应及自身干扰反应。结果表明,草栖钝绥螨对二斑叶螨幼螨和第1若螨具有嗜食性,对其捕食选择系数分别为2.22和1.27,均大于1.00,对二斑叶螨卵、第2若螨和雌成螨捕食选择系数分别为0.61、0.68和0.22,均小于1.00。在不同温度条件下,草栖钝绥螨对二斑叶螨各螨态的捕食功能反应均符合HollingⅡ型;在19～31℃范围内,草栖钝绥螨对二斑叶螨各螨态的瞬时攻击率、最大日捕食量和捕食能力均随着温度升高呈先升高后降低的趋势,在28℃时达到最大值;而草栖钝绥螨对二斑叶螨各螨态的处理时间随着温度升高呈先缩短后延迟的趋势,在28℃下处理时间最短。在相同温度下,草栖钝绥螨对二斑叶螨卵、幼螨和第1若螨的捕食作用较强。在有限的捕食空间和二斑叶螨密度固定的条件下,草栖钝绥螨单头捕食量和捕食作用率随其自身密度的增加而逐渐下降,说...     

后现代西方伦理学的发展主题

后现代西方伦理学内部存在异常复杂的思想和理论争鸣，但它也有能够反映不同后现代西方伦理思潮之共同志趣的发展主题。试图重建资本主义道德价值体系的理论基础、重构“自我”与“他者”之间的道德关系、拓展人类道德关怀的领域和范围、寻求化解道德分歧的伦理路径、塑造后现代道德文化精神等不仅反映了不同后现代西方伦理思潮在对待西方伦理学传统、关注现实道德问题、追求伦理学理论创新等方面所表现出的相同或相近倾向，而且反映了所有后现代西方伦理思潮共有的发展主题。