The routes to fruit: Governance of urban food trees in Canada

Interest in planting urban food trees (UFTs) in public spaces is growing in popularity as a form of urban greening and a potential food source. Currently there is minimal research on the governance and policy aspects of integrating food trees into cities. To fill this gap, we investigated the characteristics of UFT site governance and how it compares to current urban forest governance. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with relevant municipal officials in Calgary, Edmonton, Toronto and Victoria about their perspectives and involvement with UFT sites in their city. A scan of policy documents was completed to supplement the interviews. The interviews were analyzed using a deductive coding framework based on the Policy Arrangement Approach. We found that key actors at the UFT sites were local organizations and site champions, with minimal municipal engagement. Most site resources provided by municipalities were in-kind. There are also basic knowledge gaps about how to care for UFTs. Currently municipal by-laws prohibit the harvesting and removal of plant material, and are at odds with the purpose of UFT sites, with few municipalities fully integrating UFTs in policies. The primary discussion around UFTs centre concerns for public health and safety, management, and use of public space with limited discussions of benefits. This research demonstrates the value of co-governance models to support UFTs, while a shift in focus from risks to benefits could encourage additional resources and policy integration. Further, including UFTs into policy would also support foraging and food tree maintenance in public spaces, and more fully reflect the plurality of urban forest engagement.     

公司治理、管理者动机与衍生金融工具使用

基于中国上市公司2007~2013年财务数据，研究公司治理对管理者使用衍生金融工具的影响，并结合中国制度背景，深入分析和检验企业产权、政策监管对公司治理效应的影响。实证结果表明，公司治理对管理者使用衍生金融工具的动机存在重要影响，公司治理水平越高，管理者越倾向于利用衍生金融工具避免财务困境风险；相反，管理者越倾向于利用衍生金融工具规避薪酬风险。研究还发现，公司治理的作用机制会受到所有权性质的影响，国有控制属性会弱化公司治理效应，对衍生金融工具交易的政策监管差异是重要原因。     

农村社会服务人才的研究述评和基本厘定

“三农”问题的根本解决、农村社会的繁荣稳定,都需要大量的农村社会服务人才参与其中.目前只“就农村改革”谈农村实用人才、只“为农业建设”说农业管理者和指导者、只“据农民发展”论农民带头人和专合组织负责人,都不是真正而完全的农村社会服务人才.农村社会服务人才应是具有一定专业知识或专门技能,面向或立足于农村这一微型社会,为其经济、科技、教育、卫生、文化、体育、生态等的科学发展提供创造性、价值性服务的各类劳动者,它具有自身的特点和地位.     

环境治理中政府间利益博弈与机制设计

在环境治理中，中央政府和地方政府作为“经济人”为争取自身利益最大化展开竞争博弈，效用目标差异是导致其竞争的根本原因。为实现双方互利共赢的帕累托最优，应设计相应的激励机制以实现地方政府从竞争走向合作，实现地方利益与区域利益的统一，经济增长和环境协调一致，促进社会可持续发展。     

营运资本与公司综合治理对公司价值影响研究

拓展Faulkender 和Wang(2006)模型，引入公司综合治理水平变量，分析了公司综合治理水平和营运资本对公司价值的影响.运用我国A股市场2008~2013年数据进行实证，证实公司综合治理水平与营运资本对企业价值影响显著；边际营运资本价值小于边际现金价值，企业在现有营运资本水平下增加营运资本投资，将降低企业超额收益率，减少企业投资价值；商业性企业比工业性企业、高治理效率企业比低治理效率企业、受融资约束企业比不受融资约束企业具有更高的边际营运资本价值.     

维护国家经济安全的政府审计模型构建研究

基于国家治理论阐述了政府审计与国家经济安全之间的内在逻辑机理关系，认为政府审计应从以公民需求为导向，引入市场机制，健全审计问责机制三个层面出发，充分发挥政府审计“免疫系统”的防御、稳定、监视三大基本功能，并以此来构建维护国家经济安全的政府审计模型，最终实现维护国家经济安全的目标。     

Describing Human–Wildlife Interaction from a European Perspective

European researchers from both the natural and social sciences show growing interest in studying interactions between society and wildlife. A wealth of theoretical frameworks, concepts, and methods are used, but an integration of perspectives is lacking. This research note summarizes results from two workshops that included 63 delegates from 25 European countries, as well as a follow-up survey of 41 respondents. Two main theoretical approaches to the study of human–wildlife interactions were identified. One approach focuses on the collective societal level relying on theories of governance, social representation, deliberative procedures, and commons theory. The other approach targets individuals or groups, and is based on theories such as the cognitive hierarchy, theory of reasoned action, and theory of planned behavior. Interdisciplinary collaboration is needed to identify the best options for wildlife conservation and management in a more politically integrated Europe.     

Effect of Peat-based Container Media on Establishment of Scots Pine,Norway Spruce and Silver Birch Seedlings after Transplanting in Contrasting Water Conditions

Abstract

Urban woodlands are the subject of complex decision-making that requires a strategic overview of the resource. This article contributes a national study of municipal woodland in Denmark. Data were collected among all Danish municipalities through a postal survey (with a response rate of 52%). As much as 83% of the woodland units were located within urban settlements or at their fringe, emphasising that municipalities are important urban woodland providers. Municipal woodland resources were typically divided into many separate units of varying size. On average, the responding municipalities owned 12.6 woodland units with an allocated area of 265 ha, resulting in a mean size of 21.5 ha. A general lack of management plans, and a significant drop in recreational facilities provided with decreasing woodland size indicate that the recreational use potential of small woodland units was largely overlooked. Municipal woodland units frequently bordered other woodland or nature areas of different ownership. Thus even small municipal woodlands can play a key role in the development of multifunctional green infrastructures in the urban landscape. Only municipalities with extensive woodland property had issued a woodland policy, and/or certified woodland management. This indicates a need for development of governance and strategic management instruments attractive to municipalities with limited woodland property.     

东阳义乌水权交易的第三方效应及对策研究

运用系统分析方法、比较分析方法和典型案例法,结合东阳义乌地区水权交易的经典案例,着重阐释了水权交易过程中产生的第三方正效应和第三方负效应,提出对水权交易第三方正效应进行多样化补偿和对第三方负效应采取预防、保障、补偿三结合的治理措施,以解决水权交易过程中的公平和效率问题。     

农业节水灌溉的多中心治理机制研究

我国传统的农业节水灌溉治理采用的是一种"单中心"治理模式,政府作为农业节水灌溉的治理主体,忽视了市场机制和公众参与在治理农业水短缺中的作用."多中心治理"则是整合政府、农民组织及市场三方面的力量,形成相互促进相互监督的格局,共同促进农业节水灌溉.