棉酚和单宁酸对棉铃虫幼虫生长和消化生理的影响

作者利用昆虫人工饲料测试了棉酚和单宁酸对棉铃虫幼虫生长、营养指标以及中肠主要蛋白酶活力的影响。结果表明,棉酚和单宁酸均能显著地抑制幼虫的生长,但二者之间无交互作用,其中单宁酸的作用较棉酚强。含3％棉酚或单宁酸的人工饲料,饲喂4龄幼虫48h后,可引起幼虫近似消化率减小和食物转化率增大,但食物利用率无显著变化。棉酚在离体条件下对类胰蛋白酶和类胰凝乳蛋白酶活力有不同程度的抑制作用,但在活体条件下,上述酶活力无显著变化,仅有中肠总蛋白酶活力下降。单宁酸在离体条件下对类胰蛋白酶有抑制作用,而对类胰凝乳蛋白酶活力无作用:在活体条件下,仅总蛋白酶活力和弱碱性类胰蛋白酶活力显著下降。由此可知,棉酚和单宁酸对棉铃虫的生长抑制作用与幼虫中肠蛋白酶活力和食物消化率的降低有关。     

Morphological Basis of Resistance in Cotton to the WhiteflyBemisia Tabaci

The morphological basis of resistance to the whiteflyBemisia tabaci Genn. (Aleyrodidae: Hemiptera) was studied. The plant characters examined were leaf area, thickness of leaf lamina, hair density, hair length, angle of insertion of leaf hair, and density of gossypol glands. Hair density and leaf thickness were positively correlated with the population ofB. tabaci, and a positive correlation was obtained between the adult whitefly population and gossypol glands on stem internodes. Cotton genotype USA-22 (sparsely hairy) was found to be more tolerant toB. tabaci than was genotype USA-13 (velvety hairy). The use of thinner and glabrous leaved cotton varieties is suggested to minimize the whitefly menace in cotton.     

棉酚对罗非鱼（Oreochromisniloticus）离体精子毒性作用的研究

新鲜采取的尼罗罗非鱼精液在加入棉酚的精子保存液中28℃下培养。高达10mM 的乙酸棉酚也不影响精子在一小时内的存活率。罗非鱼精子的存活率在培养三小时后存活率显下降，而低浓度棉酚（25－100μM）显提高罗非鱼精子的 存活率。 本对上述实验结果进行了讨论。     

Effect of diets containing gossypol on blood parameters and spleen structure in tilapia, Oreochromis sp., reared in a recirculating system

The high cost of fish meal in tilapia diets warrants the potential use of cottonseed meal (CSM) as an alternative source of high quality protein. The effects of varying levels of CSM (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) as fish meal protein replacement on growth, blood parameters, spleen characteristics, free and bound gossypol in blood plasma, haemoglobin and haematocrit were determined in tilapia. Gossypol (C(30)H(30)O(8)) is a polyphenolic substance found in cottonseed that has known toxic effects in fish. Tilapias (n = 219, average weight = 11.3 +/- 3.9 g) were randomly distributed into 15, 32-L glass aquaria, representing five dietary treatments and three replicates per treatment. Each aquarium containing 13-16 fish was supplied with thermoregulated, recirculating water (27 +/- 1 degrees C) at 1 L min(-1) flow rate and photoperiod was constant (12 h L/12 h D). Fish fed 25-50% CSM protein replacement showed similar body weights and total lengths as the controls at the completion of the 16-week trial. Fish fed 75 and 100% CSM protein replacement showed a significant decline in body weight and total length. Fish fed 25-100% CSM protein replacement had significantly lower haematocrit and haemoglobin (ANOVA/LSD, P < 0.05) compared with levels in controls. The decline was most prominent in groups fed diets with 50-100% CSM protein replacement. Total and free gossypol concentrations of blood plasma significantly increased with increasing levels of CSM replacement (P < 0.05). No gossypol was found in blood plasma of fish from the control group. The occurrence of immature and abnormal erythrocytes was significantly greater among fish fed 75 and 100% CSM diets compared with fish fed 0-50% CSM diets. Spleen-somatic index (spleen weight/body weight x 100) did not differ between control fish and fish fed 50-100% CSM diets. Spleen abnormalities, such as large depositions of haemosiderin and melanin pigments and proliferation of melano-macrophage centres, lymphocytic depletion of the white pulp areas (hypocellularity), and presence of vacuoles and necrotic areas were observed among fish fed 50-100% CSM protein diets. In general, the pathological effects of gossypol in tilapia (low haemoglobin and haematocrit levels, abundance of immature red blood cells or polychromatocytes, abnormal spleen morphology) were similar to the effects of vitamin E and/or vitamin C deficiencies observed in other studies.     

棉酚对鲤鱼急性中毒的研究

鲤鱼（体重约16克）腹腔注射乙酸棉酚0，7．3，54，100，200，400mg/kg体重，经四天（96小时）后，死亡率分别是0，0，20％，70％，90％，100％。96小时半数致死剂量是63．6mg/kg体重。注射剂量高于54mg/kg体重时，发生腹腔红肿、体壁溃烂，甚至死亡。实验结果说明虽然棉籽水平的棉酚不引起鲤鱼的任何可见的中毒症状，但是腹腔注射大剂量棉酚可引起与哺乳类相似的中毒症状。     

不同棉酚含量的日粮饲喂伊莎褐生长鸡、产蛋鸡的试验研究

本试验Ⅰ组用１０％脱毒棉仁饼代替部分大豆饼，日粮中含游离棉酚０．００４９８％。试验Ⅱ组用５％棉仁饼代替部分大豆饼，８粮含游离棉酚０．００６％。对照组用低鱼粉大豆日粮，不含棉酚。试验分二个阶段进行。试验１，３种日粮饲喂莎褐生长鸡结果不影响增重，饲料利用率试验组低于对照组，增重成本试验Ⅰ组最低，试验Ⅱ组稍高于对照组。试验２，３种日粮饲喂伊莎褐商品代蛋鸡结果不影响产蛋率，蛋重和饲科利用率对照组高于试验组。鸡蛋成本试验Ⅰ组比对照组低０．０７元。试验证明１０％脱毒棉仁饼代替部分大豆饼合游离棉酚０．００４９８％的日粮经济效益最高。目前缺乏蛋白质饲料，而大豆饼价格上涨的情况下，试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组日粮均可采用。     

棉酚及色素腺体对棉花抗枯萎病性的作用

本文对低酚棉与有酚棉的抗病和感病品种及其杂交后代进行了研究。结果表明，在种子中棉酚含量及色素腺体密度与品种的抗枯萎病性没有相关性。在幼苗中，低酚棉幼苗棉酚含量均显著高于有酚棉品种，但它们之间的抗枯萎病性也没有显著差异。在低酚棉与有酚棉品种杂交的Ｆ２代群体中，无色素腺体和稀色素腺体类型苗的抗病性明显高于腺体密度较高的类型苗。对７个杂交组合Ｆ２代中有色素腺体和无色素腺体幼苗的抗病性分析表明，无色素腺体类型苗的病指显著低于有色素腺体类型苗的病指。幼苗人工接种枯萎菌后，棉酚含量表现升高，但抗病品种低于感病品种。     

Introgression of a gene for delayed pigment gland morphogenesis from Gossypium bickii into upland cotton

The presence of gossypol and its derivatives above the WHO/FAO standards (0.02–0.04%) in cotton seed oil and meal limits its usage as food and feed. To the contrary, the presence of pigment glands filled with gossypol and its derivatives helps to protect cotton plants from phytophageous pests. Thus a desirable cultivar would have glandless seeds on a glanded plant. This paper describes results on the successful introgression of this trait from Gossypium bickii into cultivated upland cotton. Five different tri‐specific hybrids (ABH1, ABH2, ABH3, ABH4 and ABH5) were obtained by crossing the amphidiploid F₁ (G. arboreum × G. bickii) with different gland genotypes of G. hirsutum as male parent. The hybrids were highly sterile, and their chromosome configuration at meiosis metaphase 1 (M1) in pollen mother cell (PMC) was 2n = 52 = 41.04 I + 4.54 II + 0.57 III + 0.04 IV. All five hybrids were similar in morphological characters, except for the gland expression and gossypol contents. The hybrid (ABH3) derived from genotype Gl₂Gl₂gl₃gl₃ of upland cotton (a single gene dominant line) had completely introgressed the target trait of G. bickii. While ABH1 and ABH2, which derived from recessive (gl₂gl₂gl₃gl₃) or dominant (GlGl) glandless upland cotton genotypes, had glandless seeds too, but the density and size of the glands on the plant were reduced significantly.     

母牛饲喂棉籽饼对繁殖性能的影响

试验分两步进行。第一步选用8～14月龄母犊12头,分4组,分别饲喂不同量的棉籽饼,折日喂游离棉酚5.8克,3.9克,2.9克和0克;第二步选用成年母牛16头(其中12头怀孕),也分4组,折日喂游离棉酚5.1克,1.2克,0.56克和0克。试验116天,结果表明:母牛发情表现、雌二醇含量,卵巢和滤泡发育等均为正常,孕牛无一流产,产后犊牛发育良好。     

棉酚对瘤胃真菌和细菌体外发酵稻草活力的影响

体外研究了不同质量浓度5、20、40 mg/L棉酚对瘤胃厌氧真菌和瘤胃细菌发酵稻草活力的影响。瘤胃真菌发酵试验中,各处理组的底物消失率均显著低于对照组(0)(P<0.05)。产气量结果表明,20、40 mg/L两试验组的发酵明显滞后于其它各组,且发酵24 h和48 h的累计产气量显著低于对照组及51、0 mg/L试验组(P<0.05),说明20 mg/L和40 mg/L的棉酚可显著抑制瘤胃真菌的发酵。在瘤胃细菌发酵试验中,51、0 mg/L棉酚处理组的底物消失率与对照组(0)无明显差异,而20和40 mg/L棉酚处理组的底物消失率显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。累计产气量结果表明,各浓度水平的棉酚对瘤胃细菌发酵无明显的滞后效应。因此,瘤胃真菌对棉酚较为敏感,而瘤胃细菌对棉酚有较强的耐受能力,但高浓度的棉酚对细菌发酵活力有一定的抑制作用。