云南栽培稻生态型矿质元素含量的多样性

用ICP-AES测定了新平县相同生态条件下种植653份云南稻资源糙米8种矿质元素含量，并按丁颖的栽培稻生态型对其遗传多样性进行了研究。结果表明，云南水稻改良品种糙米P、Fe和Zn含量比地方稻种分别下降10.53%、14.76%和35.16%，但改良品种特别是粳稻Ca含量比地方种高, 8种矿质元素以Ca的多样性指数最大；糙米P、Ca、Mg、Fe、Zu、Cu和Mn平均含量以粳稻的Mg、Fe和Zn，水稻的P、K和Mg，陆稻的Fe和Zn，糯稻的K和Fe，早稻的Mg和Fe相对较高。8种矿质元素平均遗传多样性指数依次为粳>籼,陆>水,粘>糯,早中稻>晚稻和地方种>改良种,且P>K>Mn>Mg>Cu>Zn>Fe>Ca；其变异系数依次为Fe>Ca>Cu>Zn>Mn>K>Mg >P。     

Germination of Salicornia bigelovii Ecotypes under Stressing Conditions of Temperature and Salinity and Ameliorative Effects of Plant Growth-promoting Bacteria

Salinity is a major stress condition. Salicornia bigelovii is a valuable edible halophyte, considered to be a promising resource for cultivation in arid coastal zones. Its productivity depends on the supplementary provision of nitrogen, for which an option is chemical fertilization. Nevertheless, indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers contributes to the problem of increased salinity. The inoculation of plant growth‐promoting bacteria (PGPB) represents an alternative. Seed ecotypes from four coastal areas [Santa Rosa Chica, Santa Rosa Grande, Santa Cruz and Cerro Prieto (CP), Sonora, México] were collected, in order to inoculate them with two species of PGPB (Azospirillum halopraeferens and Klebsiella pneumoniae). Two germination tests were carried out to study the effect of salinity, temperature regime (night/day) and inoculation with PGPB on germination (percentage and rate), plant height, root length and biomass produced (fresh and dry matter). In the first test, all four ecotypes were considered, whereas in the second test only the CP ecotype was involved because it was found to be the outstanding ecotype in the previous test. Results showed inhibition of germination when salinity was higher in all ecotypes except CP. The CP ecotype showed a decrease of seed germination with an increase in NaCl concentrations at all temperatures tested. However, when it was inoculated with both PGPB, the germination percentage was influenced.     

Variation for dry matter yield,seed yield and other agronomic traits in Ladino white clover landraces and natural populations

Summary A set of Ladino white clover ecotypes including the last available landraces and some natural populations collected from old permanent meadows, together with some white clover varieties of various origins, were evaluated as monocultures for dry matter (DM) and seed yield assessed in separate field experiments. Other agronomic traits were also recorded. The best performing variety, Espanso, was significantly outyielded by some ecotypes for DM and seed production. Compared to landraces, natural populations yielded on average far less seed but as much DM and tended towards higher persistence indicating that domestication of the native Ladino at the farm level only improved seed yield of the crop. Natural populations showed, besides lower values of most seed yield components, a distinct canopy architecture characterized by smaller leaves, longer internodes and denser stolons. Seed weight proved the best character discriminating between the two ecotype groups. Significant variation for most traits was found both among landraces, in which it was mostly relatable to differences among provenances, and among natural populations. The relations between the main multivariate patterns of phenotypic variation and a set of environment collecting variables suggested that evolutive adaptation to different agronomic practices was a major determinant of the overall variation found in landraces. Evidence is provided that a relevant part of the variation observed among ecotypes for some important traits could be genetic.Abbreviations DM dry matter - DMY dry matter yield - NRH number of ripe heads - NFH number of florets per head - PL petiole length - LS leaf size - IL internode length - NS number of stolons - PRO protein content - SY seed yield - TSW thousand seed weight - NSF number of seeds per floret - PCA principal components analysis - PC principal component     

云南两系杂交稻优势生态型研究

农作物杂种优势群或杂种优势生态型研究可有效地指导杂种优势亲本组配和利用。本研究用4个云南不同籼粳生态型恢复系,分别与3个光(温)敏核不育系测交,通过对父本和F1产量及产量构成因素分析,在12种杂种优势组配模式中筛选出2个云南两系杂交稻的杂优配组模式:云南偏籼生态型恢复系与籼型蜀光612s组配,即籼×偏籼配组模式具有较强的杂种优势;云南粳生态型恢复系与95076s组配,即粳×粳配组模式,在云南高原稻区由于双亲皆为粳稻,抗寒性强,结实率高,具有较强的杂种优势。在籼生态型的亚型内杂种优势表现不相同,培矮64s和蜀光612s与籼生态型测交F1的单株产量无明显竞争优势,但是它们与两系籼型恢复系亚生态型测交具有明显的杂种优势,说明云南两系籼型恢复系亚生态型都是培矮64s、蜀光612s的优势生态型。     

Genetic diversity and population structure of Striga hermonthica populations from Kenya and Nigeria

Striga hermonthica is a parasitic weed that poses a serious threat to the production of economically important cereals in sub‐Saharan Africa. The existence of genetic diversity within and between S. hermonthica populations presents a challenge to the successful development and deployment of effective control technologies against this parasitic weed. Understanding the extent of diversity between S. hermonthica populations will facilitate the design and deployment of effective control technologies against the parasite. In the present study, S. hermonthica plants collected from different locations and host crops in Kenya and Nigeria were genotyped using single nucleotide polymorphisms. Statistically significant genetic differentiation (F_ST = 0.15, P = 0.001) was uncovered between populations collected from the two countries. Also, the populations collected in Nigeria formed three distinct subgroups. Unique loci undergoing selection were observed between the Kenyan and Nigerian populations and among the three subgroups found in Nigeria. Striga hermonthica populations parasitising rice in Kenya appeared to be genetically distinct from those parasitising maize and sorghum. The presence of distinct populations in East and West Africa and in different regions in Nigeria highlights the importance of developing and testing Striga control technologies in multiple locations, including locations representing the geographic regions in Nigeria where genetically distinct subpopulations of the parasite were found. Efforts should also be made to develop relevant control technologies for areas infested with ‘rice‐specific’ Striga spp. populations in Kenya.     

不同镉处理对两种生态型水蜈蚣镉富集特性的影响

采用室内盆栽试验,研究了在不同浓度Cd处理下,两种生态型水蜈蚣的生长和对Cd的吸收和富集特性。结果表明：（1）在2 mg·kg-1 Cd处理时,Cd对两种生态型水蜈蚣生物量的影响较小。之后随着Cd处理浓度的增加,两种生态型水蜈蚣生物量均呈降低的趋势,且差异显著。在200 mg·kg-1 Cd处理时,矿山生态型水蜈蚣死亡,而非矿山生态型仍能维持一定生长,表现出较强的Cd耐性。（2）在高浓度Cd处理下,非矿山生态型水蜈蚣比矿山生态型具有更强的Cd富集能力。在2、10、50 mg·kg-1 Cd处理时,两种生态型水蜈蚣Cd含量和积累量均呈增加的趋势。在200 mg·kg-1 Cd处理时,非矿山生态型水蜈蚣地上部和地下部Cd含量分别达到498.66 mg·kg-1和1 016.09 mg·kg-1,积累量分别为86.00 μg·pot-1和123.82 μg·pot-1,具有较强的Cd富集能力。（3）在不同浓度Cd处理下,两种生态型水蜈蚣地上部富集系数均大于1,表现出较强的Cd富集能力;矿山生态型水蜈蚣转移系数最大值为0.55,非矿山生态型为0.53。两种生态型水蜈蚣对Cd均有一定的富集特性,而在高浓度Cd处理时非矿山生态型水蜈蚣的Cd富集能力更强。     

不同镉处理对两种生态型水蜈蚣镉富集特性的影响

采用室内盆栽试验,研究了在不同浓度cd处理下,两种生态型水蜈蚣的生长和对cd的吸收和富集特性。结果表明：（1）在2mg·kg^-1Cd处理时,Cd对两种生态型水蜈蚣生物量的影响较小。之后随着cd处理浓度的增加,两种生态型水蜈蚣生物量均呈降低的趋势,且差异显著。在200mg·kg^-1Cd处理时,矿山生态型水蜈蚣死亡,而非矿山生态型仍能维持一定生长,表现出较强的cd耐性。（2）在高浓度cd处理下,非矿山生态型水蜈蚣比矿山生态型具有更强的Cd富集能力。在2、10、50mg·kg^-1Cd处理时,两种生态型水蜈蚣Cd含量和积累量均呈增加的趋势。在200mg·kg^-1Cd处理时,非矿山生态型水蜈蚣地上部和地下部Cd含量分别达到498．66mg·kg^-1和1016．09mg·kg^-1,积累量分别为86．00μg·pot^-1和123．82μg·pot^-1,具有较强的cd富集能力。（3）在不同浓度Cd处理下,两种生态型水蜈蚣地上部富集系数均大于1,表现出较强的cd富集能力;矿山生态型水蜈蚣转移系数最大值为0．55,非矿山生态型为0．53。两种生态型水蜈蚣对cd均有一定的富集特性,而在高浓度Cd处理时非矿山生态型水蜈蚣的cd富集能力更强。     

粳稻分子标记遗传分化与杂种优势关系的研究

利用9个不同生态类型的62份水稻亲本材料,以生态型为单位进行双列杂交,配制988个组合,研究杂种一代的对照优势和超中亲优势。利用55对SSR引物进行遗传多样性分析,选择分布于水稻12条染色体的37对SSR引物,在62个粳稻品种间共检测出161个等位基因,平均每对SSR引物检测出2~11个等位基因,平均为5.1个。SSR分子标记遗传距离与杂种优势的相关分析表明,分子标记遗传差异与单株产量、穗数和穗粒数有显著正相关。     

海南霸王岭五唇兰生境土壤特性分析

土壤是植物生长繁殖的重要环境因子，直接影响着植物的生长发育。本研究旨在揭示五唇兰自然分布区域土壤理化性质及五唇兰生态型的相关性。在海南霸王岭王下设置6个样方，测定其内土壤含水量、pH值、氮磷钾含量等理化指标；根据五唇兰的克隆分株特性和生物学特性建立五唇兰龄级指数，并分析龄级指数与土壤的相关性；比较五唇兰两种生态型其生境土壤的理化指标。结果表明：五唇兰样方内的土壤呈酸性，有机质含量较高，氮、磷、钾营养成分丰富。五唇兰根系附近的土壤理化指标存在较大变异；不同样方内五唇兰的龄级指数存在显著差异；五唇兰的龄级指数与土壤营养成分含量存在正相关关系。叶背红色型五唇兰的土壤各项化学指标含量均高于叶背绿色型，其龄级指数亦大于叶背绿色型。本研究结果对指导五唇兰组培苗的栽培和解释其野外种群的动态变化具有重要意义。     

55份不同生态型假俭草的耐盐性怦价

本研究采用水培的方法,在200 mmol·L-1 NaCl胁迫下对55份假俭草(Eremochloa ophiuroides)生态型进行耐盐性评价.盐处理18 d后对目测质量(TQ)、枯叶率(WLR)、相对生长量(ΔW)、叶绿素(Chl)含量和相对含水量(RWC)进行测定.结果表明,55份假俭草生态型间耐盐能力存在显著差异;与对照相比,盐处理18 d后55份假俭草生态型及'翠绿1号'品种的TQ、ΔW、Chl含量及RWC都显著降低(P<0.05),WLR都显著上升(P<0.05);相关分析表明,WLR与RWC及TQ显著负相关,相关系数分别为-0.85及-0.73,而RWC与TQ显著正相关,相关系数为0.70.通过主成分分析,提取到3个主成分,可以解释总变异的91.79%.隶属函数法耐盐能力排序及聚类分析表明,CP52、CP15、CP51及CP49的耐盐性最强,这些假俭草生态型有望在滨海盐碱土的草坪绿化中应用.