Further suppression of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Botrytis cinerea</Emphasis> disease in cucumber seedlings by chitosan-copper complex as compared with chitosan alone

Chitosan-copper complex compared with chitosan alone enhanced suppression ofBotrytis cinerea rot development on four-true-leaf cucumber seedlings in controlled growth chambers. This paper constitutes the first report of such enhancement. The optimal concentrations for the most effective suppression ofBotrytis development were 0.2 gl ⁻¹ chitosan and 1.6 mmole copper. After 12 days’ incubation, marked and significantly better disease suppression was obtained with chitosan-copper complex (75% suppression) than with chitosan alone. The chitosan-copper complex could be a very promising decay control agent for use in both conventional and organic agriculture. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 18, 2002.     

Chitosan nanoparticles enhance developmental competence of in vitro-matured porcine oocytes

Oxidative stress is inevitable as it is derived from the handling, culturing, inherent metabolic activities and medium supplementation of embryos. This study was performed to investigate the protective effect of chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) on oxidative damage in porcine oocytes. For this purpose, cumulus–oocyte complexes (COCs) derived from porcine slaughterhouse ovaries were exposed to different concentrations of CNPs (0, 10, 25 and 50 µg/ml) during in vitro maturation (IVM). Oocytes treated with 25 µg/ml CNPs showed significantly higher levels of GSH, along with a significant reduction in ROS levels compared to control, CNPs10 and CNPs50 groups. In parthenogenetic embryo production, the maturation rate was significantly higher in the CNPs25 group than that in the control and all other treated groups. In addition, when compared to the CNPs50 and control groups, CNPs25-treated oocytes showed significantly higher cleavage and blastocyst development rates. The highest concentration of CNPs reduced the total cell number and ratio of ICM: TE cells in parthenogenetic embryos, suggesting that there is a threshold where benefits are lost if exceeded. In cloned embryos, the CNPs25 group, as compared to all other treated groups, showed significantly higher maturation and cleavage rates. Furthermore, the blastocyst development rate in the CNPs25-treated group was significantly higher than that in the CNPs50-treated group, as was the total cell number. Moreover, we found that cloned embryos derived from the CNPs25-treated group showed significantly higher expression levels of Pou5f1, Dppa2, and Ndp52il genes, compared with those of the control and other treated groups. Our results demonstrated that 25 µg/ml CNPs treatment during IVM improves the developmental competence of porcine oocytes by reducing oxidative stress.     

新饲料添加剂N，O-羧甲基壳聚糖的急性毒性研究

【目的】研究N,O-羧甲基壳聚糖对鸡的急性毒性,评价该药的安全性;【方法】以最大浓度的N,O-羧甲基壳聚糖(10.5%),按20ml/(kg·bw)(2.1g/(kg·bw)/次)剂量24h内给鸡灌服;【结果】给药后连续观察7天,各组试验鸡全部存活,临床、剖检均未见到异常变化,测不出LD50,根据新药审批办法中关于急性毒性的要求,进行最大耐受量的测定。鸡灌服给予N,O-羧甲基壳聚糖的最大耐受量为10.5g/(kg·bw),相当于临床拟用量的3500倍;【结论】N,O-羧甲基壳聚糖毒副作用很小,临床可以安全应用。     

壳聚糖的改性及其在农业上的应用研究

根据壳聚糖分子内的-OH和-NH2易于进行化学修饰的特点,对壳聚糖进行改性,引入功能性基团增加其溶解性和功能性,以拓宽其应用范围,是壳聚糖应用开发的主要方向之一。结合纳米SiOx对壳聚糖的修饰改性及应用研究对近年来国内外对壳聚糖改性的多种方法进行了概述,介绍了壳聚糖在农业上的应用研究概况。     

壳聚糖-高岭土复合体去除铜绿微囊藻的试验研究

利用室内模拟试验,研究了壳聚糖和高岭土单独及复合作用对铜绿微囊藻的去除效果。以250mL烧杯作为试验容器,纯种藻为试验用藻,以叶绿素a和浊度表征藻液浓度的变化。结果表明,单独使用高岭土除藻效率较低,增加高岭土用量难以提高藻的去除率;单独使用壳聚糖对藻的去除效果较好,但是藻的絮凝沉降速度较慢。壳聚糖-高岭土复合体可以明显加快藻类的沉降速率,改善除藻效果。     

微酸性电解水结合壳聚糖对水蜜桃护色保鲜的效果

为了防止水蜜桃(Prunus persicaL.Batsch)采后的果肉颜色变化而严重影响其商品价值。该研究以南汇水蜜桃为材料,分别利用自制羧甲基壳聚糖复合保鲜剂,以及微酸性电解水对水蜜桃进行护色保鲜处理,并对冷藏条件下(2℃)水蜜桃果肉颜色及与颜色品质变化相关的指标进行了检测,同时还利用核磁共振成像(MRI)合成T2-MAP图研究了冷藏开始和结束后水蜜桃内部变化的规律。结果表明,在贮藏结束后,对照组果肉颜色的L*值、H*值、C*值分别是羧甲基壳聚糖复合保鲜剂和微酸性电解水处理组的85%～91%、85%～93%和114%～122%(p<0.05)。显然,羧甲基壳聚糖复合保鲜剂和微酸性电解水由于可以抑制水果自身乙烯的产生,减少水果的细胞膜透性和T2-MAP图中T2弛豫常数的变化,降低了多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性的增加速度,减少了酚类物质的累积,进而延缓了果肉的变色。另外,与仅用电解水处理相比,结合羧甲基壳聚糖处理具有较好的护色保鲜效果。通过该研究,可以为提高采后南汇水蜜桃的果肉护色保鲜效果提供参考。     

壳聚糖涂膜处理对冷藏砂糖橘冷害和品质影响

为探究壳聚糖对砂糖橘果实冷害的影响,以1℃贮藏的砂糖橘为对象,对果实进行1.0%壳聚糖涂膜处理,以未涂膜的果实作为对照,研究了壳聚糖涂膜处理对果实贮藏品质和膜脂过氧化作用的影响。结果表明,1℃条件下采用1.0%壳聚糖处理砂糖橘可延缓果实冷害的发生,显著提高果实的好果率,同时可以抑制TSS、TA、Vc含量的下降;1.0%壳聚糖处理砂糖橘果实在低温下保持了较高的POD、CAT和SOD活性,壳聚糖处理抑制了果实MDA含量的上升。由此可见,1.0%壳聚糖处理可以降低砂糖橘果实由于1℃不适宜低温造成的膜脂过氧化,保持果实贮藏品质,减轻果实的冷害症状。本研究结果为减缓砂糖橘果实冷害提供了一定的理论依据。     

石榴皮提取液对草莓的保鲜效果

为了发展草莓贮藏保鲜的新技术和有效利用石榴皮资源,以新鲜草莓为材料,在贮藏前分别经过1.25%壳聚糖溶液（T1）、1%石榴皮提取液（T2）、1.25%壳聚糖石榴皮提取物复合溶液（T3）浸泡处理,以蒸馏水浸泡作为对照（CK）,通过对其在贮藏期相关品质指标（质量损失率、软化腐烂率、可溶性固形物质量分数、可滴定酸质量分数、Vc质量分数、丙二醛（MDA）含量）的测定,比较了3种处理溶液的保鲜效果。结果显示,T1、T2、T3处理均降低了草莓果实质量损失率、软化腐烂率和MDA含量,延缓了果实可滴定酸、可溶性固形物和Vc质量分数的下降,其中T3处理效果明显好于T1和T2处理,T3处理可使在室温下放置的草莓保鲜期延长1～2 d。结果表明石榴皮提取液用于草莓保鲜可行,与一定浓度的壳聚糖配制的复合保鲜液保鲜效果更理想。     

3种保鲜剂处理对“杨小-2,6”采后生理及贮藏效果的影响

本文采用壳聚糖、水杨酸和茉莉酸甲酯三种不同天然保鲜剂处理,研究了它们在冷藏（5±1℃）条件下对“杨小-2,6”南丰蜜橘果实采后生理生化及贮藏效果的影响。实验结果表明：1.5%壳聚糖处理的果实保水性最好,出现烂果的时间最晚;0.1g/L水杨酸处理的果实可溶性固形物、呼吸强度在贮藏期间波动是最小的,可溶性蛋白质达到最大峰值;10μmoL/LMeJA处理的果在可溶性固形物、总糖、可滴定酸、Vc、可溶性蛋白质等多项生理指标上都表现出最佳效果。