Effect of variable retention cutting on the relationship between growth of coarse roots and stem of Picea mariana

Silviculture heading for structural heterogeneity creates many single trees standing at stand margins, inner edges or in remnant tree groups. As they played just a minor role in the age class forest, the growth behaviour of strongly released trees is rather unexplored. Here we show how retention cutting, presently spreading in the boreal of Québec province, affects stem and coarse root growth of remained single black spruce [Picea mariana (Mill.) Britton]. Increment cores from roots and stems of 125 trees show that retention cutting triggers coarse root growth of the remaining trees. Compared with reference trees retention trees accelerate root in relation to stem growth. Mean and variability of the root–stem allometry significantly rise after retention cutting. The found acceleration of root in relation to stem growth means mechanical stabilisation of the retention trees and corroborates the retention cutting method. Evaluation of silvicultural treatments can be incomplete and misleading as long as they are just based on aboveground reactions and neglect root growth.     

立木生物量方程的优度评价和精度分析

以建立东北落叶松和南方马尾松立木生物量模型为例,对模型的优度评价和精度分析进行专题研究。首先,在综合分析各种常用模型评价指标的基础上,提出6项基本评价指标,并通过对2个树种的生物量模型进行评价,证明是可行和有效的;然后,基于线性回归估计的基本假设及其置信区间计算公式,提出适合立木生物量模型预估的条件均值和单一预估值置信区间的估计方法,并确定2个树种生物量模型的置信区间;最后,通过蒙特卡罗模拟进行随机再抽样试验,结果表明采用检验样本进行适用性检验的做法不可取,应该利用全部样本(不分建模样本和检验样本)来建立模型,它能充分利用样本信息,使模型的预估误差最小。     

八眉猪肌肉化学组成的异速生长研究

用48头八眉猪,以异速模型Y=αX~b研究了两个营养水平、初生至80kg体重阶段的肌肉化学组成的异速生长特性及其营养和性别的影响。结果表明,八眉猪肌肉蛋白质、脂肪、灰分和水分的异速生长系数(b)分别为1.049,1.375,1.078和0.978.去势公猪肌肉蛋白质b的值大于去势母猪,水分b值小于去势母猪(P<0.05),脂肪和灰分的异速生长则不受性别的明显影响。将日粮的蛋白质和能量水平分别从14.25％和13.10MJ/kg降至12.15％和11.88MJ/kg,不会明显地影响八眉猪肌肉化学组成的异速生长模式。     

A fine-scale model for area-based predictions of tree-size-related attributes derived from LiDAR canopy heights

Abstract

We propose a conceptual (generic) allometric (power function) relationship between tree-size-related forest inventory attributes (e.g. biomass, volume, basal area, quadratic mean diameter, Lorey's height) and canopy height (CH) as estimated from first-return airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) pulses. A data-driven estimation of the parameters in the power function is complicated, so we recommend an alternative approximation obtained via a linearisation step. Only two predictors appear in the approximation: the mean CH and the variance of CHs within the spatial domain supported by field data. The proposed model eliminates an otherwise complex search for the best predictors amongst a large number of candidate LiDAR metrics. It also facilitates model comparisons and interpretation. Fit statistics estimated for volume, basal area, quadratic mean diameter and Lorey's height – using three separate datasets from Norway – were compelling.     

Quantification by allometric equations of carbon sequestered by Tectona grandis in different agroforestry systems

Non destructive methods for quantification of carbon seques-tration in tropical trees are inadequately developed. We described a stan-dardized method for estimating carbon stock in teak (Tectona grandi...     

翅碱蓬生态化学计量内稳性对模拟氮磷沉降的响应

生物有机体元素组成内稳性是生态化学计量学核心概念之一,研究植物N、P生态化学计量内稳性及N、P分配可以明确其生态策略和适应性、竞争性。采用室内盆栽方法,研究了翅碱蓬(Suaeda heteroptera)N、P内稳性与生长对模拟N、P沉降增加的响应。结果表明,N沉降增加情况下,翅碱蓬吸收积累N表现为"绝对"的生态化学计量内稳性;P沉降增加情况下,翅碱蓬吸收积累P呈现一定的生态化学内稳性,调节系数HP为0.754,HN∶P为0.792。N沉降增加促进了翅碱蓬积累P,翅碱蓬生长可能受N限制。N、P沉降增加情况下,翅碱蓬株重、P吸收积累量与株高间均表现为异速生长。N沉降增加,翅碱蓬株重生长比株高快,P积累相对减慢。P沉降增加,翅碱蓬株高生长比株重快,P积累也相对更快。     

Early development and allometric growth in hatchery‐reared Eurasian perch,Perca fluviatilis L.

The morphological development and allometric growth patterns of Eurasian perch, Perca fluviatilis L., a highly valued commercial species, were studied under intensive rearing conditions from hatching up to 50 DPH (Days Post Hatch). Based on the external morphology, four different phases during early development of Eurasian perch were identified: pre‐flexion larva 0–20 DPH (5.70–10.16 mm TL); flexion larva 22–30 DPH (11.09–15.14 mm TL) and post‐flexion larva/juvenile 32–50 DPH (18.00–24.75 mm TL). The results indicate that growth period when final replacement of all temporary (larval) structures and most important changes in the shape of P. fluviatilis occurred (between 13.95 and 24.06 mm TL, during flexion and post‐flexion phase) can be considered as a transitional period between the larva and juvenile. All body segments, except trunk length and tail length showed fast growth (positive allometry) throughout the entire studied period or up to the respective inflexion point with a common tendency to isometry. In addition, the specific behaviours (e.g. pelagic way of life) of Eurasian perch larvae resulted in some characteristic allometric growth patterns in the posterior region, different from the majority of other teleosts. The results are discussed with respect to the ontogeny of the functional morphology under both ecological and aquaculture considerations.     

Fish movement and habitat use depends on water body size and shape

Abstract –  Home ranges are central to understanding habitat diversity, effects of fragmentation and conservation. The distance that an organism moves yields information on life history, genetics and interactions with other organisms. Present theory suggests that home range is set by body size of individuals. Here, we analyse estimates of home ranges in lakes and rivers to show that body size of fish and water body size and shape influence home range size. Using 71 studies including 66 fish species on five continents, we show that home range estimates increased with increasing water body size across water body shapes. This contrasts with past studies concluding that body size sets home range. We show that water body size was a consistently significant predictor of home range. In conjunction, body size and water body size can provide improved estimates of home range than just body size alone. As habitat patches are decreasing in size worldwide, our findings have implications for ecology, conservation and genetics of populations in fragmented ecosystems.     

不同体质量中华倒刺鲃的静止代谢率和生长性能

为了探讨不同体质量中华倒刺鲃能量代谢和生长能力的差异,在25°C条件下分别测定不同体质量大小(10、20、40、100和180 g组)中华倒刺鲃的静止代谢率(RMR);经过为期28 d投喂养殖实验,测定各实验组的特定生长率(SGR)、摄食率(FR)和饲料转化效率(FE);并测定不同体质量大小(10.4～248.1 g)实验鱼的生长激素(GH)水平。随体质量的增加,中华倒刺鲃个体RMR显著增加,单位体质量RMR显著下降;SGR和FR均显著增加;体质量对FE影响不显著;GH水平与体质量间呈显著负相关(r=-0.753,n=30)。单位体质量RMR与SGR(r=0.586,n=51)和FR(r=0.640,n=51)均呈显著正相关,与FE(r=0.100,n=51)关系不显著;SGR与FR(r=0.956,n=51)和FE(r=0.447,n=30)均呈显著正相关;FR与FE(r=0.245,n=30)关系不显著。研究表明,小体质量中华倒刺鲃具有相对更高的维持能量的消耗和生长潜能,归因于小体质量鱼具有更高的摄食消化及同化能力。     

堇叶延胡索夏眠期地下芽的分化与生长节律

【目的】对长白山早春类短命植物堇叶延胡索地下芽的发生发育过程进行显微观察,并对芽体生长进行测定和相关分析,揭示夏眠期植物个体的发育规律。【方法】于2014年5月至11月在堇叶延胡索生长季和夏眠期,定期挖取块茎进行解剖观察和扫描电镜显微照相,明确地下芽发生发育进程,测定各阶段芽体大小,揭示地下芽生长发育节律。【结果】堇叶延胡索块茎于盛花期完成更新生长,地上生活周期结束后,随即进入2个月左右的休眠期,于7月中下旬开始萌动,其地下芽的形态分化历经2个月左右,进程可分为萌芽期、花序原基分化期、花序形成期和花器官分化期4个时期。地下芽形态发生完成后,继续芽体的生长发育,最终以成熟的花序进行越冬休眠。整个夏眠期地下芽芽长呈指数函数生长,芽径则呈线性函数生长,芽长与芽径之间呈幂函数异速生长关系,且相关系数均达到极显著水平。【结论】堇叶延胡索夏眠期块茎需短暂休眠后完成地下芽的形态建成,地下芽存在优先伸长的异速生长节律。