凋落物和增温联合作用对峨眉冷杉幼苗抗氧化特征的影响

峨眉冷杉林是青藏高原东缘亚高山暗针叶林的重要组成部分,其自然更新对全球变化非常敏感,是研究气候变化对陆地生态系统影响的代表性森林类型.以峨眉冷杉幼苗为研究对象,以开顶式增温小室(Open top chambers,OTCs)和电热棒联合的方式增加环境温度,人为添加不同类型凋落物(A,75％峨眉冷杉针叶+25％杜鹃荚蒾灌木叶凋落物;B,55％峨眉冷杉针叶+45％杜鹃荚蒾灌木叶凋落物),共设置4个处理:(1)凋落物A+增温T(A-T);(2)凋落物B+增温T(B-T);(3)凋落物A+环境温度TO(A-T0);(4)凋落物B+环境温度TO(B-TO).研究增温和两种类型凋落物联合作用下峨眉冷杉幼苗的生理生态响应特征.得到以下结果:(1)在环境温度下,A型凋落物情景下的冷杉幼苗的电导率、丙二醛和脯氨酸含量、超氧阴离子自由基产生率比B型情景下高;而可溶性糖和淀粉含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物氢酶(APX)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性比B型凋落物情景下低.说明在当前环境温度下,B型凋落物比A型凋落物更加适合冷杉幼苗的生长.(2)在A型凋落物情景下,增温处理显著增加了冷杉幼苗叶片的自由脯氨酸含量和过氧化氢浓度;在B型凋落物情景下,增温处理显著降低了冷杉幼苗丙二醛、自由脯氨酸含量、可溶性糖和淀粉含量,增加了超氧阴离子自由基产生速率.可见,与A型凋落物相比,增温使得B型凋落物情景下的冷杉幼苗膜伤害程度减小.(3)不同类型凋落物与增温的联合作用均降低了冷杉幼苗的可溶性糖和淀粉含量.与A-T处理相比,B-T处理下冷杉幼苗叶片的电导率、丙二醛和脯氨酸含量更低,而POD、APX、GR、CAT抗氧化酶活性却更高.研究结果表明,针叶成分相对较少的B型凋落物更有利于峨眉冷杉幼苗适应未来气候变暖情景.     

水稻气孔臭氧通量拟合及通量与产量关系的比较分析

利用田间原位开顶式熏气装置(Open-Top Chambers,OTCs),研究了5种不同浓度臭氧(O3)处理下(自然大气处理,AA;箱内大气处理,NF;箱内低浓度O3处理,NF+30 nL· L-1;箱内中等浓度O3处理,NF+60 nL· L-1;箱内高浓度O3处理,NF+90 nL· L-1)我国珠三角地区水稻产...     

水稻气孔臭氧通量拟合及通量与产量关系的比较分析

利用田间原位开顶式熏气装置（Open-Top Chambers,OTCs）,研究了5种不同浓度臭氧（O3）处理下（自然大气处理,AA;箱内大气处理,NF;箱内低浓度O3处理,NF＋30nL·L-1;箱内中等浓度O3处理,NF＋60nL·L-1;箱内高浓度O3处理,NF＋90nL·L-1）我国珠三角地区水稻产量损失与累积气孔O3通量（AFstX）和累积O3浓度（AOT40和SUM06）的关系,同时利用边界线拟合法,分析了不同环境因子作用下水稻剑叶气孔导度的变化特征。结果表明：水稻气孔运动的光饱和点和最适温度分别约为500μmol·m-2·s-1和33.1℃,水汽压差、物候期和O3暴露剂量的气孔限制临界值分别约为1.3kPa、500℃·d和5μL·L-1·h,高于此临界值时,气孔导度会明显下降。利用Jarvis气孔导度模型对水稻剑叶气孔导度和气孔O3吸收通量进行了预测,结果表明Jarvis模型解释了水稻实测气孔导度61%的变异性。O3吸收速率临界值（X）为2nmol·m-2·s-1时,累积气孔O3吸收量（AFst2）与水稻产量的相关性最高（R2=0.63）,明显高于O3浓度指标（AOT40和SUM06）与水稻产量的相关性（R2值分别为0.49和0.51）,表明基于气孔通量的O3风险评价指标能更好地反映水稻产量的变化。     

Fractionation of foliar absorbed phosphorus by paper electro-phoresis

Fractional analysis of phosphorus compounds in plant tissue has been carried out by many workers, and reported on tobacco plant by Holden (1) and Komatsu (2). The fractional distribution of foliar absorbed phosphorus was investigated by Yatazawa (3) who indicated that the phosphorus was first converted into the phosphate-ester as an intermediate substance on the phosphorus metabolism. The methods of fractional analysis used by these authors were based on the method proposed by Page and Umbereit (4) in which they used trichloroacetic acid as the first extracting reagent. Recently, in order to separate the protein bound phosphorus, Wildmann, Campell and Bonner (5) adopted the salting-out method without using trichloroacetic acid. They reported that the protein-bound phosphorus plays an important role and is in the dynamic state. Fujiwara and Kadowaki (6) paid attention to the phosphorus bound to cytoplasmic protein as energy-rich phosphate compounds, and adopted the method so as to separate such compounds. In order to reveal the utilization of foliar absorbed phosphorus by the tobacco plant, the fractional distribution of phosphorus was examined. In this paper, the degree of change to organic phosphorus was taken as an index of phosphorus utilization. Paper electrophoresis was used for this purpose because the inorganic and the protein-bound phosphorus could be separated easily.     

大气臭氧胁迫对稻季土壤Cd生物有效性的影响

为明确大气O_3浓度升高对稻季土壤Cd生物有效性的影响,利用开顶式气室(OTCs)设置正常大气和臭氧浓度升高(比周围大气高40 nmol·mol-1)处理,土壤设置外源加入0、5、50 mg·kg~(-1)Cd处理,研究水稻生长期间不同深度土壤Cd含量的动态变化以及成熟期植株生物量和体内Cd含量的变化情况。在水稻分蘖期、拔节期、抽穗期和成熟期分别采集耕层0~5、5~10、10~15 cm深度土样,同时利用BCR连续提取法和DTPA提取法评价盆栽水稻土壤Cd生物有效性。结果表明,臭氧熏蒸显著降低了无污染土壤处理水稻籽粒生物量,降幅达2.92%,但却有增加植株各器官Cd含量的趋势,中度和重度污染土壤处理水稻的籽粒Cd含量较对照分别增加了20.20%和6.67%,差异不显著;臭氧熏蒸加剧了水稻生长对残渣态Cd的活化,营养生长时期更加明显,臭氧熏蒸不利于水稻的生长,在Cd污染土壤上会加剧Cd对作物的毒害,可能增加其通过生物富集进入食物链的风险。     

Effect of Elevated [CO2] on Assimilation,Allocation of Nitrogen and Phosphorus by Maize (Zea Mays L.)

To estimate the effect of elevated [CO₂] on nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) dynamics and productivity in summer maize, a field experiment was conducted in open-top chambers (OTCs) at different [CO₂] (550 μmol/mol, T1; 750 μmol/mol, T2 and a control, CK) in Nanjing in Jiangsu Province, China. The results showed that maize total N and P accumulation were 13.23–66.56% higher in the elevated [CO₂] treatments than in the CK plots during the jointing, anthesis and maturity stages. There was only a significant difference in total N accumulation between the T2 treatment and CK at maturity (P < 0.05). However, rising [CO₂] decreased the N and P concentrations in each biomass fraction. Elevated [CO₂] increased the amounts of N and P translocation, resulting in the contribution of translocated N to grain N. Similarly, rising [CO₂] increased N and P translocation efficiencies, N or P harvest index, and N or P utilization efficiency based on grain yield and N or P utilization efficiencies based on biomass in both growing seasons. In addition, elevated [CO₂] significantly increased aboveground biomass at three stages, including 4.73–12.34% at maturity. The grain yields of summer maize increased by 21.28% and 29.07% in the two elevated [CO₂] plots. Furthermore, spike numbers, kernels per spike and 100-grain weight were increased by elevated [CO₂] treatments. Kernels per spike and grain yield showed obvious differences between elevated [CO₂] treatments and CK (p < 0.05).