温室集雨与集雨水高效利用研究

在半干旱偏旱区设置了清除土表杂草、红沙覆盖、废膜覆盖和日光温室棚面4种不同的集流面处理,结合日光温室秋冬茬黄瓜、番茄不同灌水量试验,通过水的转化效率探讨不同集流面的使用价值和提高水转化效益的适宜灌水量.结果表明:温室棚面的年产流率最高为85.4%,其次为废膜集流面45.4%,清除土表杂草集流面的年产流率仅有8.2%.从单方水集流费用看,清除土表杂草>红沙集流面>废膜集流面>日光温室棚面,平均集流费用为2.18元/m3,单座温室棚面(450 m2)集流面加上温室间隔区废膜集雨(600 m2),集雨水总量可达到197 m3,能够满足温室一茬黄瓜和一茬番茄的需水量.     

临沂市速生竹柳产业化种植及综合配套技术

介绍临沂市速生竹柳栽培技术,包括品种筛选、造林密度确定、整地、育苗、扦插、病虫害防治等方面内容,以为当地速生竹柳产业化种植提供参考。     

宁南山区经济林降雨集流机理试验研究

[目的]探究宁夏回族自治区固原市原州区彭堡镇红梅杏经济林降雨集流渗灌系统的雨水收集能力,明确当地红梅杏经济林降雨分配特征,为降雨集流的定量研究和该地区集雨农业的发展提供科学依据。[方法]以当地红梅杏为研究对象,采用对比观测的方法,以天然降雨和人工模拟降雨相结合的方式,对红梅杏降雨集流过程进行观测与模拟。[结果] 2019年7—9月在彭堡红梅杏基地观测到的总计19场降雨数据,天然降雨中5 mm以下的降雨次数占到天然降雨总次数的83.3%,天然降雨与人工模拟降雨的相似系数为0.91,总体的集流率为61.29%,渗灌系统截留率为27.12%,林冠截留率为11.95%。[结论]试验地小降雨频率大,两种降雨方式具有较高相似性,降雨集流渗灌系统集流效率高,渗灌系统的集流量与降雨量成线性关系(R~2=0.995 5),集流率与降雨量成对数关系(R~2=0.693 9)。     

How to characterize ‘good’ and ‘greening’ in the EU Common Agricultural Policy (CAP): the case of clay soils in the Netherlands

The change in the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of the European Union from product to producer support, including requirements for ‘good agricultural and environmental conditions’ and ‘greening’, is excellent. However, these requirements are now defined in rather general terms. Questions can be raised about suitable indicators, and there is a recognized need for effective management recommendations to support farmers in achieving the required ‘good’ conditions. These recommendations are bound to be quite different for different soils in different countries. A study of Dutch clay soils was based on a storyline describing current problems and management options for improvement, which were quantified using a soil–water–crop simulation model. Indicators were defined for agricultural conditions and suggestions made for the use of the model in a predictive mode to help farmers improve their soil management. Environmental conditions were judged by current environmental guidelines for water and air. When modelling, implicit assumptions that soils are homogeneous were shown to be unrealistic for these clay soils, requiring development of innovative methods and procedures, presenting a challenge for soil research.     

TOPMODEL在水阳江流域的应用及模型对DEM昀敏感性检验

将TOPMODEL模型应用到安徽水阳江流域，检验其在湿润地区的径流模拟能力，得到了较好的模拟结果。同时，利用安徽水阳江流域不同分辨率的DEM数据，进行了DEM分辨率对TOPMODEL模型的模拟结果的敏感性实验分析，结果袁明，随着流域DEM数据分辨率的降低，模型的确定性系数也随之降低，模型对流域的DEM数据是敏感的。     

Examination of thermal and acid hydrolysis procedures in characterization of soil organic matter

Abstract

Differential thermogravimetry (DTG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and stepwise thermogravimetry (STG), together with two acid hydrolysis methods (hydrolysis with hydrochloric acid in a single step, and hydrolysis with sulfuric acid in two steps), were evaluated to determine the quality of four plant materials (Medicago sativa, Eucalyptus globulus, Quercus ilex, and Pinus halepensis) before and after mixing with a red earth. These quality indices were then compared with the same materials in the field, whether their decomposition could be predicted. All the thermal methods gave poor results. In both DTG and DSC, the presence of the mineral matrix gave rise to strong distortions in the spectra. Since the spectrum of any mixture is not simply the sum of the spectra of the two components (organic matter + mineral matter), these distortions could not be corrected by simply subtracting the spectrum of the red earth alone. STG trials also gave poor results, because the presence of the mineral matrix greatly increased the quality indices, and reduced the ability of the method to distinguish between organic matter qualities. In view of our results, the usefulness of thermal methods in the characterization of soil organic matter would seem to be restricted to certain organic horizons (L, F, and perhaps H). In contrast, methods based on acid hydrolysis were comparatively more satisfactory. Their resolution (ability to distinguish organic matter qualities) was much higher than that of thermal methods. However, they were able to distinguish carbon more accurately than nitrogen. The sulfuric acid method, unlike the hydrochloric acid method, was affected by the presence of a mineral matrix. While both methods could be improved, in their present form they seem to operate as good predictors of carbon and nitrogen mineralization.     

GIS在分布式水文模型中的应用——以北京雁栖河流域为例

在GIS支持下,由北京雁栖河流域数字高程模型DEM自动生成子流域单元,每个子流域单元的降雨径流过程利用一个水箱模型来模拟,该水箱模型用一个两参数的非线性分布函数来模拟上土壤层的蓄水容量空间分布特征,计算每个子流域单元TOPMODEL模型地形指数ln(a/tanβ)的空间累积分布曲线,并对其作无量纲化处理,通过地形指数ln(a/tanβ)的空间累积分布曲线的无量纲化曲线的最佳曲线拟合确定每个子流域单元土壤蓄水容量空间变异性参数,这使得模型中的土壤蓄水容量空间变异性参数成为一个有确定物理意义的参数,也使得所建立的模型更加具有物理基础。结果表明:无论从模型的率定期还是从模型的验证期来看,模型计算的径流与实测的日径流过程线都呈现出很好的一致性和吻合性,这说明本文建立的模型对雁栖河流域的日径流量的分布式模拟是有效的。     

临沂市水生植物的选择与应用

通过对临沂市常见的水生植物的名称，科属、观赏特征、生长区域、生态习性等方面进行详细地介绍，分析水生植物在临沂市应用存在的问题，根据水生植物的特点提出它在园林应用中的常见形式。     

Urbanization Development under Climate Change: Hydrological Responses in a Peri‐Urban Mediterranean Catchment

Relatively few studies have so far investigated the hydrological impacts of urbanization in Mediterranean catchments, and particularly in peri‐urban catchments experiencing relatively rapid and large changes in their land‐use mosaic. This study uses data‐based model simulations to investigate such impacts, with the Ribeira dos Covões catchment in Portugal as a concrete Mediterranean peri‐urban catchment example. We distinguish the impacts of urbanization from those of climatic change on the water flux partitioning and connectivity in the catchment over the period 1958–2013. Decrease in precipitation over this period has primarily driven decreases in annual runoff and actual evapotranspiration, while the urbanization development has primarily changed the relative flux partitioning and connectivity pattern in the catchment. The relative contribution of overland flow to annual and seasonal runoff has increased, keeping the absolute overland flow more or less intact, while the baseflow contribution to the stream network has decreased. Methodologically, the present simulation approach provides a relevant means for distinguishing main drivers of change in hydrological flux partitioning and connectivity under concurrent urbanization and climatic changes. © 2017 The Authors. Land Degradation & Development Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.     

不同降雨年型黑膜垄作对土壤水肥环境及马铃薯产量和效益的影响

【目的】探索降水年型与垄型互作对黑膜垄作土壤水肥环境及马铃薯产量和效益的影响,解析水肥互作促进作物增产、高效用水机制,为深挖覆膜垄作技术增产潜力提供理论依据。【方法】2016—2018年布置大田试验,以当地推广应用的白膜覆盖双垄集雨耕作（WRF,垄高16 cm,垄宽60cm,沟宽40 cm）为对照,基于垄上微沟集雨耕作技术,设置由黑膜覆盖低垄（垄高16 cm,垄宽 60cm）、中垄（垄高24 cm,垄宽 60 cm）、高垄（垄高32 cm, 垄宽60 cm）+垄上微集水沟（宽20 cm,深10 cm）+垄间小集水沟（沟宽 40cm）组成的3种黑色地膜覆盖垄上微沟集雨土壤水肥调控耕作处理（BLRF,BMRF 和BHRF）,测定了马铃薯播种、出苗、现蕾、开花、结薯、成熟6个生育关键时期0—200 cm土层土壤含水量和研究期末0—30 cm土层土壤有机碳及氮磷钾养分含量,计算土壤贮水量、水分利用效率,分析土壤水、肥与马铃薯产量的相关关系。【结果】不同降水年型,黑、白地膜覆盖垄作都显著增加了马铃薯生长发育期对40—120 cm土层土壤水分的消耗。BHRF,BMRF和BLRF处理马铃薯6个生育关键时期0—200 cm土层土壤含水量和贮水量（SWS）都显著高于WRF处理（P<0.05）。较高的降水量以及黑膜覆盖集蓄增加的土壤水对120—200 cm土层的土壤水具有明显的补充作用。在干旱年（2016）和平水年（2017）,BLRF和BMRF处理的集水和保水效应较好,BHRF处理次之,都显著优于WRF处理;在丰水年（2018）三者无显著差异,也都显著优于WRF处理。研究期末（2018）黑膜垄作0—30 cm 土层的全氮全钾（TN 和TK）及速效氮磷钾（AN,AP和AK）含量均显著高于白膜垄作（P<0.05）,分别增加了4.5%—5.6%、3.6%—5.9%、8.4%—18.4%、15.3%—22.3% 和7.1%—13.3%。归因于显著增加了大薯结薯个数和结薯重,黑膜垄作马铃薯产量、WUE、纯收益和产投比均显著高于白膜垄作,3年平均分别提高了16.9%—19.0%、15.5%—19.2%、23.3%—27.3% 和12.1%—18.2%。这4个效益参数在干旱年和平水年以BLRF和BMRF处理较好、BHRF处理次之,丰水年三者都优于WRF处理,且无显著差异。相关分析表明,3年马铃薯平均产量与研究期末平均土壤氮磷钾养分含量呈显著正相关关系,与作物平均耗水量（ET）呈显著负相关关系（P<0.05）。通径分析表明,土壤AP、AK、AN含量,马铃薯生育期平均耗水量（ET）和平均降水量（GPR）解释了99.4%的产量变化。【结论】黑膜覆盖垄沟与垄上微沟的叠加集水效应显著改善土壤水分状况;水分条件的改善促进了马铃薯旺盛生长,使更多的根茎（茎叶、根等）类有机物归还土壤,其腐解释放的养分与施肥结合提高了土壤养分含量。良好的土壤水肥条件有效改善了土壤水肥互作关系,增加了作物水肥供应而显著提高马铃薯产量、WUE、纯收入和产投比。BLRF和BMRF处理在干旱年和平水年表现较好,BLRF、BMRF和BHRF处理在丰水年表现较好,BLRF和BMRF处理在各种年型都有良好的表现。因此,黑膜覆盖低、中垄垄上微沟集雨耕作（BLRF和BMRF）是继白膜覆盖双垄集雨耕作（WRF）之后最适用于半干旱区的马铃薯高产高效栽培模式。