橡胶树低温伤害的生理反应

在人工零上低温下,巴西橡胶树(Hevea brasiliensis)叶质膜透性随低温处理时间的延长而持续上升,抗冷品系的上升速率比不抗冷品系慢。呼吸强度和ATP含量均随处理时间的延长而持续下降,抗冷品系下降速率比不抗冷品系慢。叶绿体Mg~(++)—ATPase活性也表现出明显抗性差异。可见,低温下叶组织的质膜透性、呼吸强度、ATP含量以及Mg~(++)—ATPase活性的变化与品系抗冷性有关。低温下呼吸强度、ATP含量与质膜透性变化呈负相关,质膜透性的变化与供能有关。     

橡胶树产胶生物学研究进展

天然橡胶（顺式-1,4-聚异戊二烯）是一种重要的工业原料,主要来自橡胶树。以天然橡胶的生物合成与产量形成为主要内容的产胶生物学研究为橡胶树高产遗传改良提供理论指导,近10年取得了重要进展。本文从橡胶树基因组测序、橡胶转移酶、转基因、以及转录组和蛋白质组等4个方面介绍产胶生物学研究主要进展,并讨论了相关领域研究存在的问题,对未来5~10年需重点关注的研究内容提出了建议。在介绍橡胶转移酶时,同时概述其他几种产胶植物的相关研究进展。     

巴西橡胶树乳管细胞HblMYC3互作蛋白筛选与功能分析

MYC是b HLH转录因子家族的亚家族成员,在植物茉莉酸信号转导过程中发挥着重要的调节作用。Hbl MYC3是从巴西橡胶树的乳管细胞中分离鉴定到的MYC类转录因子,其基因表达受割胶和茉莉酸上调。采用酵母双杂交方法初步筛选Hbl MYC3蛋白的互作蛋白,旨在进一步了解Hbl MYC3的功能。结果表明:Hbl MYC1、Hbl MYC2、DNAJ蛋白、谷氧还蛋白2、含A20和AN1锌指结构域的胁迫相关蛋白5、28 ku热和酸稳定的磷蛋白以及25 ku泛素连接酶E2等7种蛋白不同程度地与Hbl MYC3蛋白互作。基于这些互作蛋白的功能,推测Hbl MYC1或Hbl MYC2通过与Hbl MYC3形成二聚体对小橡胶粒子膜蛋白基因表达进行调控,其他蛋白参与胁迫条件下维持二聚体的稳定性和胁迫反应后降解该二聚体。     

施肥对海南省西华农场2龄橡胶树径围生长的影响

用7种配方肥料，在海南省西华农场上进行了为期1年的2年生橡胶树施肥试验。结果表明：不同施肥处理对胶树径围增长效应之间有极显著的差异。其中，处理6(施氧化镁0.4 kg/株)、处理8(施尿素0.6 kg/株、施过磷酸钙1.2 kg/株、施氧化镁0.4 kg/株、施干牛粪6 kg/株)与对照相比，差异极显著，分别比对照增长25.5%、26.4%；其余处理与对照相比，差异不显著，其中，单施尿素(0.6 kg/株)效果最差，单施氯化钾(0.4 kg/株)效果较差。     

橡胶树叶片转化酶提取方法的比较

比较液氮研磨样品与蛋白抽提液研磨样品对6种提取橡胶树叶片转化酶方法的效果。结果表明：液氮研磨法对转化酶活性影响很大，特别是中性/碱性转化酶和细胞壁结合的酸性转化酶已基本失活，而可溶性酸性转化酶活性丧失也比较严重。利用蛋白抽提液研磨样品，用Hepes-NaOH法提取的可溶性转化酶的酶活性最高，达472.44 μmol（glucose）/[g（FW）·h]； 虽然磷酸-柠檬酸法获得的粗酶液的蛋白含量较低， 但其酶活性高达441.61 μmol（glucose）/[g（FW）·h]； Tris-HCl法提取的细胞壁结合酸性转化酶的酶活性最高， 达35.83 μmol（glucose）/[g（FW）·h]。从转化酶的比活力看，磷酸-柠檬酸法最佳，所提取的可溶性转化酶比活力约为Hepes-NaOH法的4倍。本研究结果为进一步完善橡胶树叶片转化酶的提取方法提供重要的指导意义。     

橡胶树PGAM基因的克隆及表达特性分析

从橡胶树中克隆并获得磷酸甘油酸变位酶基因（HbPGAM），该基因的cDNA序列全长1 559 bp，包含长度为1 260 bp的完整开放阅读框，编码一个由419个氨基酸残基组成的蛋白，氨基酸同源性分析发现，该蛋白含有保守的磷酸变构酶组氨酸磷酸酶结构域，属于磷酸甘油酸变位酶。生物信息学分析显示，HbPGAM蛋白无导肽酶切位点，不具有跨膜结构域且为亲水蛋白，该蛋白可能在细胞质中发挥作用。实时荧光定量PCR分析表明，HbPGAM基因在分析的7种组织中均表达，但在胶乳（产胶细胞乳管的细胞质）中的表达水平最高，且该基因在胶乳中的表达受割胶影响，推测其参与橡胶树胶乳再生过程。此外，HbPGAM基因表达受部分植物激素如乙烯利ET、植物生长素2,4-D及水杨酸SA调控，但调控不明显。结果说明，胶乳再生过程中HbPGAM对胶乳糖酵解起到一定的调控作用，为全面了解橡胶树PGAM家族奠定理论基础。     

巴西橡胶树选育种研究现状、趋势及我国的研究策略

巴西橡胶树是天然橡胶的主要来源，其引种至今不到150年，各国选育出一系列适合本国植胶环境条件的品种并向生产推荐种植，优良品种单位产量较未经选择的实生树提高4～5倍，选育种工作对其快速商业化发展起到了积极作用。目前世界橡胶树选育种呈现出目标多元化、亲本范围扩大化、技术多样化、路线精简化等趋势。结合世界橡胶树选育种发展趋势及我国对橡胶树选育种的需求，提出了我国未来一段时间的选育种研究策略。     

橡胶树抗寒种质遗传多样性分析

应用RAPD和ISSR技术对20份橡胶树抗寒种质进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明，16个RAPD引物和12个ISSR引物分别扩增出条带113和101条，多态性条带指数(PPB)分别为61.1%和63.4%。据Nei-Li相似系数，ISSR标记在相似系数约0.74处，可将20份材料分为野生种质和栽培种质两大类；RAPD标记在相似系数约0.70处，也可将供试材料分为野生种质和栽培种质两类，但只有XJ002420为野生种质。对2种标记的分析结果进行相关分析，结果表明，RAPD和ISSR所检测的遗传相似系数呈极显著正相关，相关系数为0.672。以上结论表明，RAPD和ISSR标记可用于橡胶树种质资源的遗传多样性研究，但鉴于ISSR较RAPD有更强的多态性检出能力，ISSR技术应作为遗传多样性研究的首选单引物标记。     

Evaluation of unconstrained and constrained mathematical functions to model girth growth of rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis) using young age measurements

No attempt has been made to date to model growth in girth of rubber tree (Hevea brasiliansis). We evaluated the few widely used growth functions to identify the most parsimonious and biologically reasonable model for describing the girth growth of young rubber trees based on an incomplete set of young age measurements. Monthly data for girth of immature trees (age 2 to 12 years) from two locations were subjected to modelling. Reparameterized, unconstrained and constrained growth functions of Richards (RM), Gompertz (GM) and the monomolecular model (MM) were fitted to data. Duration of growth was the constraint introduced. In the first stage, we attempted a population average (PA) model to capture the trend in growth. The best PA model wasfitted as a subject specific (SS) model. We used appropriate error variance-covariance structure to account for correlation due to repeated measurements over time. Unconstrained functions underestimated the asymptotic maximum that did not reflect the carrying capacity of the locations. Underestimations were attributed to the partial set of measurements made during the early growth phase of the trees. MM proved superior to RM and GM. In the random coefficient models, both Gf and G0 appeared to be influenced by tree level effects. Inclusion of diagonal definite positive matrix removed the correlation between random effects.The results were similar at both locations. In the overall assessment MM appeared as the candidate model for studying the girth-age relationships in Hevea trees. Based on the fitted model we conclude that, in Hevea trees, growth rate is maintained at maximum value at t0, then decreases until the final state at dG/dt ≥ 0, resulting in yield curve with no period of accelerating growth. One physiological explanation is that photosynthetic activity in Hevea trees decreases as girth increases and constructive metabolism is larger than destructive metabolism.     

In vitro characterization andin vivo detection ofRigidoporus lignosus,the causal agent of white root disease inHevea brasiliensis,by ELISA techniques

The aim of these studies is to develop a method for early detection ofRigidopoms lignosus (Basidiomycete, Polyporaceae), the causative agent of white root disease of rubber tree. Two polyclonal sera were produced against soluble mycelial proteins of twoR. lignosus isolates, one from Africa (FCI2), the other from Asia (FID2). The specificity of the antisera was tested using isoelectric focusing (IEF)/Western-blot and DAS-ELISA. The two sera recognized all 20R. lignosus isolates from various geographical origins. The banding patterns obtained by Western-blot enabled a distinction to be made between isolates from Africa and those from Asia. In DAS-ELISA and Western-blot analyses, strong cross reactions were observed withR. ulmarius. Only slight reactions were observed in Western-blot analysis toR. lineatus andP. noxius, both causative agents of root rot inHevea. These cross reactions were not observed under our DAS-ELISA analysis conditions. Finally, no cross reactions were obtained with 9 otherPolyporaceae orHevea root pathogen species. The sensitivity threshold of the DAS-ELISA method was 5 ng ml^–1 ofR. lignosus protein. An initial approach to using the DAS-ELISA test for the detection ofR. lignosus in infected plants was carried out on artificially inoculated root samples. The DAS-ELISA protocol enabled detection ofR. lignosus in the root systems of diseased plants. Moreover, no cross reaction was observed with healthy plant extracts.