The use of urban organic wastes in the control of erosion in a semiarid Mediterranean soil

Abstract. A two year field experiment was carried out in a semiarid Mediterranean area in order to evaluate, the effect on soil erosion of adding different urban organic wastes: a stabilized municipal waste (compost), an unstabilized municipal waste, and an aerobic sewage sludge. All the treatments significantly reduced soil erosion, compared to the control soil. The soil amended with compost was the most effective treatment, reducing soil loss by 94% and runoff by 54%.     

Nitrogen uptake by ryegrass from organic wastes applied to a sandy loam soil

Sandy‐textured Mediterranean soils are invariably depleted in organic matter and supply only small amounts of N to crops. To compensate for these deficiencies, we tested the N supply from six organic wastes applied to a Cambic Arenosol in pots growing ryegrass. The results showed that the behaviour of the wastes in supplying N to a ryegrass crop grown in this soil can be predicted by observing their performance in laboratory aerobic incubations. The N made available during these incubations fitted well to a one‐pool kinetic model.     

Olive processing wastes for weed control

The herbicidal effect of olive processing wastes (OPW) on some weed species in wheat, maize and sunflower was investigated in the Aegean region of Turkey. In trials with maize and sunflower, OPW was applied as an air‐dried solid form at 3 and 4.5 kg m^?2. It provided an effectiveness level on Portulaca oleracea of 63–98%. In trials with wheat, OPW was applied as solid and liquid forms, each at two different doses, namely 4.5 and 6 kg m^?2 (solid), and 5 and 10 L m^?2 (liquid). Solid OPW provided a reduction in total weed coverage of 75% and 81% at doses of 4.5 and 6 kg m^?2, respectively. The weed coverage reduction by liquid OPW was 39% and 62% with 5 and 10 L m^?2, respectively. Apart from 12–26% reduction of the number of germinating seeds, OPW showed no toxic effects on maize and sunflower. Wheat was affected in the initial stages but no adverse effect was detected at harvest. It can be concluded that the herbicidal effect of OPW may be considered as an alternative to chemical weed control in some important summer crops (maize and sunflower) and for most of the weeds in winter wheat.     

面向循环经济的畜禽养殖发展思路

本文阐述了循环经济的特征及其运行模式，分析了传统畜禽养殖业的污染现状及其原因，讨论了面向循环经济的畜禽养殖业应遵循的三大原则，即减量化、再利用和资源化，对畜禽养殖技术、废物利用技术进行了探讨，提出畜禽养殖业应该走循环经济的发展模式，通过研制生态饲料及废物综合利用，达到畜禽粪便的减量化、资源化和无害化。     

白酒糟与菊芋渣混合青贮发酵品质及微生物菌群多样性

利用青贮原理将白酒糟和菊芋渣混合进行固态发酵,二者按照不同鲜质量比发酵10、30、60 d时,分别考察营养成分、木质纤维含量和发酵特性的动态变化,并通过高通量测序技术解析发酵微生物菌群多样性。结果表明,当白酒糟和菊芋渣以1.2:1和1:1.5比例发酵时,可溶性碳水化合物含量显著高于其他处理组(P0.05),中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维和木质素含量均显著低于其他处理组(P0.05),相对饲用价值和生物降解潜力较高。发酵过程中pH值、乳酸和氨氮含量等特性参数均处于优良青贮品质范围,V-score评分均为优等。白酒糟或菊芋渣单独发酵期间主要以变形菌和厚壁菌门细菌为主,混合发酵时则演变为以厚壁菌门、乳杆菌属细菌为主。总之,白酒糟与菊芋渣能通过生化互补特性发挥协同效应实现优质青贮,综合考虑糟渣生物质资源的利用价值和处理效率等因素,实际生产中建议以1.2:1比例混合青贮发酵30 d为宜,可获得良好发酵品质。     

Utilizing Industry Solid Wastes as Resource of Building Material in Chongqing

To embed or heap industry solid wastes somewhere will occupy the earth and pollute the environment seriously. So utilizing the industry solid wastes as regeneration resource is important for sustainable development of city. Based on application and research for years in utilizing industry wastes and widely investigation, the produce status of industry solid wastes in Chongqing such as fly ash, desulfuration gypsum, blastfurnace slag and chromium slag are introduced. At the same time,this paper introduces application and research on these wastes in field of building material in Chongqing. Analyze problems and countermeasures during utilizing industry solid wastes as regeneration resource in Chongqing. As a further the prospect of utilizing industry solid wastes as regeneration resource of building material is discussed.     

光合细菌的特性及其在废水处理中的应用

本文系统综述了光合细菌的生理生化特征,并介绍了光合细菌法在废水处理中的应用和研究进展.     

Effect of zinc levels on phosphorous and zinc content in sand‐cultured soybeans

Soybeans (Glvcine max L.) cv. “Clark”; were grown in the greenhouse in sand‐filled plastic pots sub‐irrigated with Hoagland No. 1 solution to determine the possible inhibitory effects of Zn on the uptake of P. Zinc rates used were 0.05 (control), 0.25, 0.5 and 2.5 ppm. Yields equalled the control at Zn levels of 0.25 and 0.5 ppm, but plants grown in solutions containing 2.5 ppm Zn were stunted severely. Foliar Zn and P levels differed very little among Zn treatments. Zinc levels were highest and P levels were lowest, however, in the roots and stems of soybeans grown in solutions of 2.5 ppm Zn. Zinc and P uptake was significantly inhibited in the leaves, stems and roots of plants grown at the highest Zn rate. The recycling of wastes containing high Zn content could adversely affect plant growth by a suspected antagonism with P.     

Vermicompost as a substitute for peat in potting media: Effects on germination,biomass allocation,yields and fruit quality of three tomato varieties

Commercial potting media often contain substantial amounts of peat that was mined from endangered bog and fen ecosystems. The main objectives of this study were to assess (1) whether the amendment of 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% (v/v) of vermicompost (VC) to a fertilized commercial peat potting substrate has effects on the emergence, growth and biomass allocation of tomato seedlings (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) under greenhouse conditions, (2) whether possible impacts on seedlings can affect tomato yields and fruit quality even when transplanted into equally fertilized field soil, and (3) whether effects are consistent among different tomato varieties. Amended VC was produced in a windrow system of food and cotton waste mainly by earthworms Eisenia fetida Sav. Vermicompost amendments significantly influenced, specifically for each tomato variety, emergence and elongation of seedlings. Biomass allocation (root:shoot ratio) was affected by VC amendments for two varieties in seedling stage and one field-grown tomato variety. Marketable and total yields of field tomatoes were not affected by VC amendments used for seedling husbandry. However, morphological (circumference, dry matter content, peel firmness) and chemical fruit parameters (contents of C, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, l-ascorbic acid, glucose, fructose) were significantly affected by VC amendments in seedling substrates; these effects again were specific for each tomato variety. Overall, vermicompost could be an environmentally friendly substitute for peat in potting media with similar or beneficial effects on seedling performance and fruit quality. However, at least for tomatoes, variety-specific responses should be considered when giving recommendations on the optimum proportion of vermicompost amendment to horticultural potting substrate.     

农林复合系统分类体系与研究方法综述

给出了农林复合系统的定义。由于生产实践和各地自然条件的不同,至今尚无统一的农林复合系统的分类方法和分类体系。文章对农林复合系统的分类体系和研究方法进行了归纳,建立分类体系的依据和标准为组分种类、时空结构、组分功能和组合方式;其发展的总趋势是由单因子、单层次逐渐向多因子、多层次方向发展。