木薯生氰糖苷研究进展

木薯是世界上第五大粮食作物。但由于含有生氰糖苷，食用处理不完全的木薯产品会对人体产生危害，这在某种程度上限制了其在食品中的广泛应用。因此，对木薯生氰糖苷的研究具有重要的现实意义。本文对木薯生氰糖苷的生物合成以及人们在降低生氰糖苷含量方面的研究工作进行阐述，并对未来获得没有或低含量生氰糖苷的木薯产品提出展望。     

添加麸皮与纤维素酶对笋壳青贮后氰甙含量的影响

[目的]研究添加麸皮与纤维素酶对笋壳青贮后氰甙含量的影响。[方法]采用异烟酸—吡唑啉酮比色法研究添加麸皮与纤维素酶对笋壳青贮后氰甙含量的影响。[结果]添加麸皮与纤维素酶均可降低笋壳青贮后的氰甙含量。麸皮添加水平越高,青贮笋壳毒性越低,当麸皮添加水平为15%时笋壳青贮后氰甙含量最低。[结论]该研究可为笋壳饲料的资源化利用提供理论依据。     

Synthesis of dihydroxyphenacyl glycosides for biological and medicinal study: β-oxoacteoside from Paulownia tomentosa

The protected structure of -oxoacteoside (tomentoside A), 2-oxo-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl 3-O-(2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl--l-rhamnopyranosyl)-4-O-caffeoyl--d-glucopyranoside 14 was synthesized in 14% overall yield in 11 steps, starting from d-glucose for biological and medicinal studies of phenylpropanoid glycosides. The first step was the preparation of a 3-O-rhamnopyranosyl disaccharide sugar core 2 from a suitably protected rhamnosyl trichloroacetimidate 10 and glucose derivative (diacetone-d-glucose 1) in 71% yield. To the glucose moiety of this sugar core, several protection/deprotection procedures were performed sequentially to obtain a fully acetylated sugar core 7 with a 4-OH group on the glucose moiety, in 57% yield in five steps. Thereafter, to the 4-OH group of the glucose moiety, selective 4-O-caffeoylation was achieved by proton-transfer esterification with 3,4-di-O-allylcaffeic acid 16 to give the caffeoyl disaccharide 11 in 97% yield. Then, it was converted to trichloroacetimidate 13 for a glycosylation donor in 90% in two steps. Finally, anomeric glycosylation was conducted with 2-oxo-2-(3,4-di-allyloxyphenyl)ethyl alcohol 19 with catalytic amounts of BF₃·Et₂O to give 2-oxo-2-(3,4-di-allyloxyphenyl)ethyl 2,6-di-O-acetyl-3-O-(2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl--l-rhamnopyranosyl)-4-O-(3,4-di-allyloxycaffeoyl)--d-glucopyranoside 14 in 60% yield. Deprotected intermediates of compounds 2, 11, 14, and 19 which were obtained in high yield would be useful for biological and medicinal studies of phenylpropanoid glycosides.Part of this study was presented at the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Gifu, April, 2002     

基于生氰糖苷降解途径基因表达特性的木薯品种对二斑叶螨的抗性机制初探

为初步探究生氰糖苷降解途径2个基因α-HNL和β-glu在木薯品种对二斑叶螨抗性中的作用,本研究以抗螨木薯品种‘C1115’‘缅甸’‘SC9’和感螨木薯品种‘SC205’‘面包’‘BRA900’为材料,分析木薯生氰糖苷降解途径基因及其编码的生化酶在二斑叶螨取食木薯品种不同部位叶片（上部、中部和下部）不同时间后（1、4 d）的表达量及酶活性的变化情况。结果表明,α-HNL在感螨木薯品种上部和中部叶片中的表达量随螨害时间的延长而显著降低;在抗螨木薯品种的不同部位叶片中,α-HNL的表达量均随螨害时间的延长而显著升高,并且以中部和下部叶片的升高趋势更为显著。β-glu在抗、感螨木薯品种不同部位叶片中的表达量均很低,难以比较该基因的表达量在不同木薯品种、不同部位叶片受螨害后的变化情况,但在能检测到的少量样品当中,抗螨木薯品种的占比也多于感螨木薯品种。进一步进行酶活性分析结果表明,抗螨木薯品种受螨害后,随着时间的延长,降解途径基因α-HNL编码的α-HNL酶活性呈逐渐升高或维持不变的趋势,并且以中部和下部叶片的升高趋势更为显著,而在感螨木薯品种中,随着螨害时间的延长,α-HNL酶活性则呈逐渐降低或先升高后降低的趋势;β-glu基因编码的β-GLU酶活性在不同木薯品种中均呈较低的水平,这可能与其对应编码的基因表达量低有关,但总体而言,降解途径2个基因编码的降解酶α-HNL和β-GLU在抗螨木薯不同叶片组织中的活性总体上也显著高于感螨木薯。本研究初步揭示了不同木薯品种受螨害不同时间后,生氰糖苷降解基因和酶可能与木薯对二斑叶螨的抗性有关。     

Two new polyols and a new phenylpropanoid glycoside from the basidiomycete Lactarius deliciosus

Two new polyols, 3-hydroxymethyl-2-methylenepentane-1,4-diol (1) and 1-methylcyclohexane-1,2,4-triol (2), and a new phenylpropanoid glycoside, eugenyl 4″-O-acetyl-β-rutinoside (3), together with seven known steroids (5–11) were isolated from the fruiting bodies of the basidiomycete Lactarius deliciosus. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by the analysis of spectroscopic data.     

猪肉中增瘦倍多肉残留量测定

本文将电荷转移分光光度法用于新型猪饲料添加剂——增瘦倍多肉的测定。以碘-二氯乙烷作为电荷接受体,选择293.5nm作为检测波长,在1～25ppm服从Beer定律。其回收率为91％～106％。并首次报告了不同饲喂条件下猪肉中的残留量。     

大孔吸附树脂一次性分离杜仲叶中杜仲总苷和杜仲黄酮的研究

本文就9种大孔树脂吸附分离杜仲总苷和杜仲黄酮的工艺进行了研究，结果表明：一次性分离杜仲总苷(富含绿原酸、桃叶珊瑚苷等活性物质)和杜仲黄酮的适宜的大孔树脂为XDA-1和X-5。适宜的吸附解吸条件分别为：上柱液pH 6，吸附时间应大于10 h；XDA-1树脂用40%乙醇洗脱杜仲总苷，用80%的乙醇洗脱黄酮；X-5树脂用30%的乙醇洗脱杜仲总苷，用70%的乙醇洗脱黄酮。两种树脂的分离效果分别为：XDA-1分离杜仲总苷(其中绿原酸含量为14.23%，桃叶珊瑚苷含量为7.69%)粗品得率为8.01%，杜仲总黄酮粗品得率为4.76%，含量为15.82%；X-5分离杜仲总苷(其中绿原酸含量为15.39%，桃叶珊瑚苷含量为9.07%)粗品得率为7.35%，杜仲总黄酮粗品得率为5.11%，含量为16.15%。     

Benzophenone glycosides and epicatechin derivatives from Malania oleifera

A new benzophenone C-glycoside, malaferin A (1), and two new epicatechin derivatives, malaferin B (2) and malaferin C (3), together with five known compounds were isolated from Malania oleifera. In addition, (-)-epicatechin-3-O-benzoate (6) was isolated for the first time from a natural resource. Structures of 1-3 were determined on the basis of their spectroscopic methods, including 1D and 2D NMR techniques. All of the compounds were evaluated for anti-HIV activities.     

Chitosanases from Family 46 of Glycoside Hydrolases: From Proteins to Phenotypes

Chitosanases, enzymes that catalyze the endo-hydrolysis of glycolytic links in chitosan, are the subject of numerous studies as biotechnological tools to generate low molecular weight chitosan (LMWC) or chitosan oligosaccharides (CHOS) from native, high molecular weight chitosan. Glycoside hydrolases belonging to family GH46 are among the best-studied chitosanases, with four crystallography-derived structures available and more than forty enzymes studied at the biochemical level. They were also subjected to numerous site-directed mutagenesis studies, unraveling the molecular mechanisms of hydrolysis. This review is focused on the taxonomic distribution of GH46 proteins, their multi-modular character, the structure-function relationships and their biological functions in the host organisms.     

Carijoside A,a Bioactive Sterol Glycoside from an Octocoral Carijoa sp. (Clavulariidae)

A new bioactive sterol glycoside, 3β-O-(3′,4′-di-O-acetyl-β-d-arabinopyranosyl) -25ξ-cholestane-3β,5α,6β,26-tetrol-26-acetate) (carijoside A, 1), was isolated from an octocoral identified as Carijoa sp. The structure of glycoside 1 was established by spectroscopic methods and by comparison with spectral data for the other known glycosides. Carijoside A (1) displayed significant inhibitory effects on superoxide anion generation and elastase release by human neutrophils and this compound exhibited moderate cytotoxicity toward DLD-1, P388D1, HL-60, and CCRF-CEM tumor cells.