川楝素对妊娠小鼠子宫组织中CD4+/CD8+T细胞和F4/80+巨噬细胞的影响

为探讨CD4+、CD8+ T淋巴细胞和F4/80+巨噬细胞在流产发生机制中的意义,研究中药单体成分川楝素诱导小鼠流产的作用及机理,本试验给妊娠5 d小鼠连续3 d腹腔注射不同剂量的川楝素溶液,对照组以等量的蒸馏水代替,于妊娠9 d处死.在给药后发现随着注射川楝素剂量的增加,小鼠的流产率逐渐上升,CD4+、CD8+ T淋...     

人参皂苷对免疫抑制小鼠T细胞亚群(CD4+/CD8+)及血清TNF-α含量的影响

为探讨人参皂苷的免疫促进作用,本试验将50只昆系小鼠随机平均分为5组:空白对照组,免疫抑制模型组及免疫抑制小鼠人参皂苷高(0.1 ML/d)、中(0.5 mL/d )、低(1 mL/d )剂量组,免疫抑制小鼠用环磷酰胺腹腔注射(75mg/kg.BW)造模,分别检测小鼠的外周血T细胞亚群(CD4+/CD8+)和血清TNF-α含量的变化情况.结果表明,人参筇苷等对免疫抑制小鼠外周血CD4+/CD8+T琳巴细胞亚群的比例以及小鼠血清TNF-α的含量均有一定的促进和提高作用.     

蒙药三子汤对热应激小鼠特异性免疫的作用

为了研究蒙药三子汤对热应激小鼠的CD3+T/CD19+B细胞的作用,160只小鼠随机分4组:灌水组、热应激组、低剂量热应激组和高剂量热应激组,热应激后眼前房采血,流式细胞仪检测CD3+T/CD19+B细胞变化。结果:热应激0h的4组小鼠CD3+T/CD19+B细胞差异不显著;热应激组CD3+细胞2h、7d均显著低于灌药、灌水组(p<0.05);灌药组1h、2h、7d小鼠CD19+细胞量显著高于热应激、灌水组。表明三子汤可以维持热应激小鼠CD3+T细胞量无显著变化,并可显著提高CD19+B细胞量。     

复方中药秦公散对小鼠脾脏和外周血中T、B淋巴细胞的影响

为探讨治疗奶牛乳房炎的复方中药秦公散对小鼠脾脏和外周血中T淋巴细胞和B淋巴细胞亚群的影响,采用流式细胞仪测定各处理组小鼠脾脏和外周血中用CD3+、CD4+ 、CD8+标记的T淋巴细胞百分率及CD4+/CD8+的比值和CD19+标记的B淋巴细胞百分率。结果表明,与蒸馏水组相比,秦公散高剂量组小鼠脾脏和外周血中CD3+、CD4+细胞百分率和CD4+/CD8+的比值均显著提高,对环孢菌素（CsA）抑制小鼠有显著恢复作用(P<0.05);秦公散高剂量（20 g/kg体重）可显著提高健康小鼠脾脏和外周血中CD19+细胞百分率(P<0.05),对环孢菌素抑制小鼠的CD19+细胞百分率有显著恢复作用(P<0.05)。结果表明,治疗奶牛乳房炎的复方中药秦公散通过提高机体中CD3+细胞、CD19+细胞百分率和调节CD4+/CD8+之间的平衡来显著提高小鼠机体的细胞免疫功能和恢复由环孢菌素（CsA）抑制的小鼠机体免疫力。     

牛磺鹅去氧胆酸对小鼠外周血和脾脏中T、B淋巴细胞的影响

试验旨在探讨牛磺鹅去氧胆酸（taurochenodxycholic acid, TCDCA）对小鼠外周血和脾脏中T淋巴细胞亚群和B淋巴细胞的影响。试验采用流式细胞仪测定各处理组小鼠外周血和脾脏中用CD3+、CD3+CD4+ 、CD3+CD8+标记的T淋巴细胞百分率和CD19+标记的B淋巴细胞百分率。 结果表明,与空白对照组比较,高剂量（0.20 g/kg）TCDCA组、低剂量（0.10 g/kg）TCDCA组、CsA+高剂量（0.20 g/kg）TCDCA组和CsA+低剂量（0.10 g/kg）TCDCA组小鼠脾脏中的CD4+/CD8+的比值均得到极显著提高;与环孢素A组相比,CsA+高剂量（0.20 g/kg）TCDCA组和CsA+低剂量（0.10 g/kg）TCDCA组小鼠外周血中的CD3+CD4+、CD3+ T淋巴细胞的百分率和脾脏中CD3+ T淋巴细胞百分率显著提高。因此,TCDCA通过提高机体中CD3+ T淋巴细胞的百分率和调整CD4+/CD8+之间的平衡来显著提高小鼠机体的免疫功能和恢复由环孢素抑制的小鼠机体免疫力。     

栽培一枝蒿粗多糖佐剂增强口蹄疫疫苗的皮下免疫效果

旨在评价新疆栽培一枝蒿粗多糖（cultivated Artemisia rupestris L.crude polysaccharides,CARCP）对口蹄疫灭活疫苗（foot and mouth disease vaccine,FMDV）的免疫佐剂活性,确定多糖佐剂的有效性。选用不同剂量的CARCP与FMDV配伍,通过皮下途径免疫ICR小鼠。采用间接ELISA检测FMDV特异性抗体水平,流式细胞仪检测免疫后小鼠脾和淋巴结中T细胞亚群,以及脾中树突状细胞表面分子和调节性T细胞的表达情况。每周称量小鼠体重,观察免疫后小鼠的生长状况。结果表明,与FMDV单独免疫对照组相比,中剂量和高剂量的CARCP可以诱导产生更高水平的FMDV特异性IgG、IgG1和IgG2a （P<0.01）。中剂量的CARCP显著增加小鼠脾和淋巴结中CD4、CD8、CD44 T细胞百分比（P<0.05）。同时,中剂量的CARCP可以显著促进脾树突状细胞CD86和MHC-II分子的表达（P<0.05）,并显著下调CD4⁺CD25⁺Foxp3⁺T细胞水平（P<0.05）。CARCP对免疫后小鼠生长和体重无显著影响（P>0.05）。综上表明,CARCP作为FMDV佐剂可以促进DC成熟,抑制调节性T细胞（regulatory T cells,Tregs）表达,增强FMDV特异性的体液和细胞免疫应答,具有良好的佐剂效果,为口蹄疫灭活疫苗多糖佐剂的开发提供一定的研究基础。     

两种转移因子对犬外周血T细胞亚群的影响

按标准方法分别提取制备了猪和犬的转移因子，选择杂种牧羊犬为试验犬，用流式细胞术检测了试验犬注射猪、犬转移因子前和注射后不同时间T细胞亚群的变化情况。结果表明，同种、异种转移因子均可提高试验犬外周血淋巴细胞数量；CD4/CD8比值变化分析结果证明，外周血增加的淋巴细胞主要为CD4+ T细胞；试验犬注射同种、异种转移因子后20 d内，CD4+ T细胞持续增加；同种转移因子促进试验犬外周血CD4+ T细胞上升的作用强于异种转移因子。     

新疆野生荒漠肉苁蓉粗多糖对口蹄疫疫苗免疫小鼠的佐剂效应

探讨新疆野生荒漠肉苁蓉粗多糖(wild Cistanche deserticola Y.C.Ma crude polysaccharides,WCDCP)对口蹄疫(foot-and-mouth disease,FMD)疫苗免疫小鼠的佐剂效应及安全性。用不同剂量的WCDCP分别配伍FMDV灭活抗原及FMD疫苗,皮下注射ICR小鼠,免疫两次。ELISA法检测血清中IgG、IgG1及IgG2a抗体水平;流式细胞术检测淋巴结中CD4+CD44+和CD8+CD44+T细胞表达情况。结果表明,中、高2个剂量的WCDCP均能显著增强FMDV灭活抗原特异性IgG的抗体水平(P0.01);中剂量的WCDCP显著增强了FMD疫苗特异性IgG及其IgG1、IgG2a抗体水平(P0.05),而且具有长效性;WCDCP中剂量可以显著提高淋巴结中CD4+CD44+和CD8+CD44+T细胞的表达水平(P0.05);WCDCP对小鼠的生长没有影响。总之,WCDCP可以长期增强FMD疫苗特异性抗体水平,显著增强T细胞免疫反应,对小鼠的生长无副作用。因此,WCDCP可以作为FMD疫苗的一种安全候选佐剂。     

太子参参须多糖对免疫抑制小鼠脾脏损伤的修复作用研究

为探究太子参参须多糖(RPFRP)对环磷酰胺(CY)造成的免疫抑制小鼠脾脏损伤的修复作用,本研究将96只雄性KM小鼠,随机分成CK组(空白对照组),CY组(模型组),100 mg/kg、200 mg/kg、400 mg/kg RPFRP组(即低、中、高剂量RPFRP组)和200 mg/kg APS组(黄芪多糖组,阳性对照组)。实验开始后第1 d～第3 d,CK组每天腹腔注射(ip)适量生理盐水,其余各组分别ip 80 mg/kg的CY,对小鼠造成免疫抑制后于第4 d～第17 d,CK组和CY组小鼠每天灌胃(ig)双蒸水,RPFRP组和APS组分别ig相应剂量的RPFRP和APS。第18 d迫杀小鼠,无菌取脾制备脾细胞悬液,采用MTT法检测小鼠NK细胞对淋巴瘤细胞(YAC-1)的杀伤活性;利用流式细胞术检测T细胞亚群数量、脾淋巴细胞的凋亡;通过qRT-PCR检测小鼠脾细胞因子及转录因子mRNA的转录水平。结果显示,与CY组相比,中剂量的RPFRP能够显著增强免疫抑制小鼠NK细胞对YAC-1细胞的杀伤活性(p0.05);RPFRP可显著提高免疫损伤小鼠脾脏中CD3~+、CD4~+、CD8~+T淋巴细胞含量以及CD4~+/CD8~+比值(p0.05),显著降低因CY所致的小鼠脾淋巴细胞的凋亡(p0.05);较CY组,各剂量RPFRP组小鼠IL-2 mRNA转录水平均显著升高(p0.05),IL-4、IL-6 mRNA转录水平均显著下降(p0.05),RPFRP低、中剂量组小鼠脾淋巴细胞IFN-γmRNA转录水平均显著升高(p0.05),各剂量RPFRP组和APS组小鼠T盒子转录因子(T-bet)的转录水平也显著升高(p0.05),GATA结合蛋白3(GATA-3)的转录水平则显著降低(p0.05),且T-bet/GATA-3的比值更接近于CK组。上述结果表明,RPFRP能够改善因CY所致小鼠脾脏T淋巴细胞亚群数量的降低,调节小鼠脾细胞因子及转录因子mRNA的转录水平,降低脾淋巴细胞的凋亡,且中剂量的RPFRP能显著提高小鼠脾NK细胞的杀伤活性,从而发挥其对免疫抑制小鼠脾脏损伤的修复作用。本研究为RPFRP的临床应用和对机体免疫作用的研究提供参考依据。     

牛磺鹅去氧胆酸对糖皮质激素引起小鼠免疫抑制的影响

采用80 mg/kg剂量的地塞米松对小鼠进行腹腔注射制备免疫抑制小鼠模型;牛磺鹅去氧胆酸(Taurochenodeoxycholic acid,TCDCA)设计了0.05、0.10、0.20 g/kg低、中、高3个给药剂量对小鼠灌胃给药;检测免疫器官质量,碳粒廓清法检测单核-巨噬细胞吞噬功能,流式细胞术检测外周血CD4+和CD8+细胞亚群百分率及CD4+与CD8+的比值,ELISA检测血清中IgG的含量.结果显示:模型小鼠和正常小鼠相比较,脾指数、单核-巨噬细胞吞噬功能、CD4+和CD8+亚群百分率及血清IgG含量均极显著降低(P＜0.01),说明地基米松制备的小鼠模型免疫功能极显著低下.给药组与模型组相比较,TCDCA的3个剂量组对小鼠脾指数均无显著影响(P＞0.05);低剂量组和中剂量组极显著增强单核-巨噬细胞系统吞噬功能(P＜0.01);3个剂量组均显著提高外周血中CD4+细胞百分率(P＜0.05),中剂量组显著提高CD4-与CD8-的比值(P＜0.05);低剂量纽和中剂量组显著提高小鼠血清中IgG含量(P＜0.05).结果表明,TCDCA对糖皮质激素免疫抑制小鼠的非特异性免疫和特异性细胞免疫、体液免疫功能具有恢复作用,但对脾脏萎缩无恢复作用.     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.     

优质肉鸡S3系体重与体尺性状指标的主成分分析

为研究地方优质肉鸡S3系体重和体尺性状之间的内在相关性,12周龄时选取同一饲养条件下的150只鸡(公母各半)进行体重和体尺性状等7个指标的测定。结果表明:S3系公鸡的体重、体斜长、龙骨长、胸角均显著高于母鸡(P0.05);公母鸡体重、体斜长、胸宽、胫围这4项指标变异系数较大,有较大选育空间;体重与体斜长、龙骨长、胸宽、胸角、胫围呈极显著正相关(P0.01),相关系数分别为0.57、0.52、0.51、0.49和0.47,与胸深、胫长呈显著相关(P0.05),相关系数分别为0.44和0.39;其他各体尺指标间也存在不同程度的正负相关性(P0.05或P0.01);体重和7个体尺性能指标综合成5个复合指标,累计贡献率达92.6355%,其中第l、2、3、4、5主成分分别解释总变异的36.5353%、22.8642%、13.3115%、10.4535%和8.4710%;各主成分的特征根分布较广,经统计计算入选的5个主成分所包含信息的侧重点各有相同,分别都在一定程度上反映了S3鸡的体型特征和生长发育规律,为今后选育出更加符合市场需求的屠宰加工优质型肉鸡指明了的方向。     

Efficacy of tropicamide,homatropine, cyclopentolate,atropine and hyoscine as mydriatics in Angora goats

Abstract

AIM: To document the efficacy of five commercially available mydriatics for their potential for diagnostic and therapeutic use in Angora goats.

METHODS: Over 8 weeks, the mydriatic effects of 1% tropicamide, 2% homatropine, 1% cyclopentolate, 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine were evaluated. Given as block treatments, drugs were applied randomly to one eye of 10 Angora goats, and the contralateral eye served as a control. Vertical and horizontal pupil diameters were measured to document onset ofeffect, time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical/horizontal pupil diameter between eyes, time to maximum pupillary dilation, and duration of mydriatic action.

RESULTS: Onset of mydriasis for all drugs occurred within 15 minutes. Time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical pupil diameter between eyes was shortest for 1% tropicamide and 0.25% hyoscine (0.5 h), then 2% homatropine and 1% atropine (0.75 h), and longest for 1% cyclopentolate (1.5 h). The maximum vertical pupillary dilation occurred earliest with 1% tropicamide and 1% atropine (2 h), followed by 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (4 h), and latest with 1% cyclopentolate (8 h). The duration of vertical dilation of the pupil was shortest with 1% tropicamide (6 h), then 2% homatropine (12 h), 1% cyclopentolate (12 h), 1% atropine (24 h), and longest for 0.25% hyoscine (96 h).

The time to reach maximum horizontal dilation of the pupil in treated eyes was shortest with 1% cyclopentolate (1 h), followed by 1% tropicamide (1.5 h), 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (3.5 h), and 1% atropine (4 h). The duration of horizontal pupil dilation was shortest with 1% tropicamide (4.5 h), and longest with 0.25% hyoscine (48 h).

CONCLUSION: All five mydriatics induced clinical dilation. Tropicamide (1%) had the shortest duration of effect, but gave incomplete dilation. Good dilation was achieved with 1% cyclopentolate and 2% homatropine, but took too long to reach maximum dilation for routine mydriasis. The largest vertical dilation of the pupil was achieved with 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine, but pupils remained dilated for more than 24 h.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: For routine mydriasis in goats, it is recommended that 1% tropicamide be used, though there may be incomplete dilation. For a longer duration of mydriasis, such as in the treatment of anterior uveitis, 1% atropine or 0.25% hyoscine would be the drugs of choice.