猪JAK-1、JAK-2、STAT-1和STAT-2TaqMan荧光定量RT-PCR检测方法的建立及应用

为建立定量检测猪Janus激酶(JAK)和信号转导和转录激活因子(STAT) mRNA的TaqMan荧光定量PCR检测方法,本研究针对猪JAK-1,JAK-2,STAT-1、STAT-2及管家基因β-actin的序列设计了特异性的引物和探针,分别构建了各自的阳性重组质粒,建立了TaqMan荧光定量PCR方法.结果表明:所建立的检测方法荧光定量PCR扩增均无非特异性产物的产生;检测下限均达1.0×101 copies/μL;批内及批间变异系数均小于2％.利用该方法对猪细小病毒(PPV)感染ST细胞48 h后JAK-1、JAK-2、STAT-1和STAT-2 mRNA的转录水平进行了检测,结果表明:JAK-1和JAK-2转录水平显著上调,STAT-1和STAT-2转录水平呈现下调趋势,本研究建立的TaqMan荧光定量PCR方法特异性强、敏感性高、重复性好,适于猪细胞传导因子JAK和STAT的定量检测.     

猪圆环病毒3型实时荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立及应用

为建立快速、灵敏且特异的检测猪圆环病毒3型(porcine circovirus, PCV)的实时荧光定量PCR方法,本研究根据ORF2基因的保守序列设计一对特异性引物和TaqMan探针,通过构建标准品质粒来制作荧光定量PCR标准曲线,优化反应条件,验证敏感性、特异性及重复性,建立了检测PCV3的实时荧光定量PCR方法。结果显示,该方法可以特异性检测出PCV3,而对猪圆环病毒2型、猪瘟病毒、猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒、猪流行性腹泻病毒、猪细小病毒、伪狂犬病毒等检测结果均为阴性,表明其具有良好的特异性。用构建的标准品质粒测得的灵敏度可以达到10 copies/μL,重复试验批内及批间变异系数均小于2%,表明其具有良好的灵敏性和重复性。以上结果表明,本研究建立的TaqMan荧光定量PCR检测方法具有快速、灵敏性高、特异性强的优点,可为我国PCV3型的早期检测及相关研究工作提供可靠的技术支持。     

应用TaqMan荧光定量PCR检测H3N8亚型马流感病毒

为建立马流感病毒(ETV)的检测方法,本试验针对H3N8亚型ETV血凝素(HA)基因高度保守序列设计并合成了2对引物和1条TaqMan荧光探针,建立了TaqMan荧光定量PCR方法.经用TaqMan荧光定量PCR、RT-PCR和病毒分离方法分别检测新疆等省135份疑似EIV马鼻拭子样品,其结果表明:3种方法的马流感检出率分别为54.07%、37.78%、0.89%;TaqMan荧光定量PCR可检出马流感病毒基因组RNA的灵敏度可达10拷贝/反应.而且与其他马呼吸道病毒均无交叉反应,具有良好的特异性、敏感性和重复性.该方法为H3N8亚型马流感的早期诊断及分子流行病学调查等提供了一种新的快速、准确的定量检测技术.     

非洲猪瘟病毒K196R基因实时荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立

为建立一种准确、特异、高效、快速的非洲猪瘟病毒定量检测方法,本研究根据非洲猪瘟病毒(African swine fever virus, ASFV)早期表达基因K196R的基因序列,设计了TaqMan荧光定量PCR引物及探针,通过优化退火温度、引物及探针浓度,建立了快速检测ASFV的TaqMan荧光定量PCR检测方法。结果表明,该方法选择的引物具有高度灵敏性和特异性,以构建的重组质粒为标准品建立的TaqMan荧光定量PCR方法的标准曲线具有良好的线性关系(R~2=0.998),对ASFV核酸最低检测下限为1.3拷贝,且与猪伪狂犬病病毒、猪细小病毒、猪圆环病毒2型等多种病原不存在交叉反应。本研究建立的K196R基因实时荧光定量PCR检测方法为非洲猪瘟疫情提供了一种新型、灵敏和特异的早期检测方法。     

牛病毒性腹泻病毒、牛传染性支气管炎病毒和口蹄疫病毒多重TaqMan荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立

为建立同时快速鉴别检测牛病毒性腹泻病毒(BVDV)、牛传染性支气管炎病毒(IBRV)和口蹄疫病毒(FMDV)的方法,本研究根据高度保守的BVDV的5'UTR基因、IBRV的g B基因和FMDV的3D基因,分别设计了3对对应的特异性引物和3种不同发光基团标记的Taq Man探针,建立了同时检测这3种病毒的多重荧光定量PCR的方法。并对其反应条件进行优化。结果表明,该多重荧光定量PCR方法能够特异性检测出BVDV、IBRV和FMDV,而对BTV等检测结果均为阴性,对BVDV、IBRV、FMDV的最低检测量分别为194拷贝/μL、208拷贝/μL和150拷贝/μL。而且组内和组间变异系数均低于0.85%。本研究所建立的多重荧光定量PCR具有方便、快速、特异性好、灵敏度高、重复性好等优点,能够用于BVDV、IBRV和FMDV的同时检测。     

鸭坦布苏病毒TaqMan荧光定量PCR方法的优化

为提高鸭坦布苏病毒(DTMUV)TaqMan荧光定量PCR方法的敏感性和简化反应条件,本研究在前期建立的TaqMan荧光定量PCR方法的基础上,设计一条特异性的反转录引物,优化反应体系,建立了简便、快速、敏感的TaqMan荧光定量PCR方法。该荧光定量PCR方法最低检测限为10拷贝,敏感性是未优化的荧光定量PCR方法的5倍、是普通PCR方法的100倍,并且该方法对DTMUV的最低检测限是0.01半数鸡胚致死量(ELD50)。通过批内和批间实验的变异系数表明优化的荧光定量PCR方法的重复性比未优化的荧光定量PCR方法好。通过该优化的荧光定量PCR方法检测其它常见的鸭病病毒的DNAs或RNAs,证明了该方法特异性好。对现地60份疑似DTMUV的样品进行检测,用该方法检出57份样品为阳性,明显高于普通PCR,并且在区分35Ct值左右样品试验中敏感性优于未优化的荧光定量PCR方法。该优化的DTMUV TaqMan荧光定量PCR方法更适用于DTMUV的快速定量流行病学诊断。     

猪Hokovirus TaqMan荧光定量PCR方法的建立与应用

为建立检测PHoV的TaqMan荧光定量PCR方法,本研究根据PHoV的VP2基因序列设计引物和探针,以梯度稀释的含有VP2基因的重组质粒作为标准品,进行定量PCR反应.结果显示,该方法的检测灵敏度为10拷贝;而且该检测方法特异性较好,与猪的其他病毒核酸均无交叉反应;批内和批间的变异系数低于3.29％,表明该方法的重复性较好.对华东地区采集的225份临床样品进行检测,结果显示,PHoV的阳性率为14.2％.本研究建立的荧光定量PCR方法灵敏度高、特异性好,可以为PHoV的流行病学调查和发病机制等研究提供可靠的工具.     

羊痘病毒属病毒多重TaqMan MGB荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立

为建立同时快速鉴别检测羊痘病毒属病毒(CaPV)的方法,本研究设计了一对针对CaPV的通用引物和3条特异性的TaqMan MGB探针,并对其反应条件进行优化,建立了单管同时鉴别检测3种病毒的多重TaqMan MGB荧光定量PCR方法。结果显示,该多重荧光定量PCR方法仅对牛结节性皮肤病病毒(LSDV)、山羊痘病毒(GTPV)和绵羊痘病毒(SPPV)有特异性扩增,而对牛痘病毒等其它相关病毒核酸无扩增。在10~2拷贝/μL～107拷贝/μL浓度范围内有良好的线性关系;对LSDV、 GTPV、SPPV的最低检测限分别为14.8拷贝/μL、32.9拷贝/μL、26.7拷贝/μL。标准曲线相关系数(R2)均为0.999。批内及批间变异系数均小于1.5%。应用本研究建立的方法和OIE陆生动物手册推荐普通PCR方法分别对185份临床样品和67份模拟样品进行检测,该方法检出率比普通PCR方法高约1.6%。本研究建立的CaPV多重TaqMan-MGB荧光定量PCR方法具有特异性强、敏感性高、重复性好、操作简便快速等优点,适用于CaPV临床样品的快速鉴别检测。     

A型塞尼卡病毒与O型、A型、亚洲I型口蹄疫病毒多重TaqMan荧光定量RT-PCR检测方法的建立及应用

为建立鉴别检测A型塞尼卡病毒(SVA)与O型、A型、亚洲I型口蹄疫病毒(FMDV)的方法,针对SVA 3D基因与O型、A型、亚洲I型FMDV VP1基因,分别设计特异性引物和TaqMan探针,经优化反应条件,建立了同时检测SVA与O型、A型、亚洲I型FMDV的TaqMan荧光定量RT-PCR方法.所建立的方法能特异性扩...     

水貂犬瘟热病毒核衣壳基因TaqMan荧光定量PCR方法的建立

为了建立快速检测水貂犬瘟热病毒的TaqMan荧光定量PCR方法,试验根据犬瘟热病毒核衣壳蛋白基因的保守区域设计一对特异引物和探针,优化体系反应条件,并进行敏感性试验、特异性试验、重复性试验和水貂外周血淋巴细胞感染犬瘟热病毒后的检测。结果表明:建立的TaqMan荧光定量PCR检测方法最低检出量为3.96个拷贝;与水貂细小病毒、水貂阿留申病毒均无交叉反应;批内重复和批间重复循环阈值(Ct)变异系数均小于1%;应用该方法可成功检出水貂外周血淋巴细胞中的犬瘟热病毒。说明建立的检测方法敏感性、特异性、重复性好,可以用于水貂犬瘟热病毒的临床检测。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.