埃谱利诺菌素注射剂对藏羊线虫与寄生期幼虫的驱虫效果

应用埃谱利诺菌素注射剂,选择自然感染线虫的1岁藏系绵羊150只,分别按0.1、0.2、0.3 mg/kg体重剂量皮下注射给药,驱除藏羊线虫,同时设伊维菌素注射剂药物对照组和阳性对照组。结果显示:①埃谱利诺菌素注射剂0.2、0.3 mg/kg体重剂量对藏羊消化道线虫虫卵转阴率分别为93.3%和100.0%,减少率分别为99.18%和100.0%;对网尾线虫幼虫转阴率和减少率均达100.0%,原圆科线虫幼虫转阴率分别为90.0%、100.0%,减少率分别为95.79%和100.0%;对线虫成虫的总计驱虫率分别为98.83%和99.96%,对线虫寄生阶段幼虫的总计驱虫率分别为96.42%和99.17%。②0.1 mg/kg剂量对线虫虫卵(幼虫)的转阴率、减少率、驱虫率均次于0.2、0.3 mg/kg体重剂量组。③对照药物伊维菌素注射剂0.2 mg/kg体重剂量对消化道线虫、原圆科线虫幼虫转阴率和减少率、对线虫成虫及其寄生阶段幼虫的总计驱虫率与同剂量埃谱利诺菌素注射剂基本一致。④藏羊皮下注射试验剂量未出现任何异常反应。试验证明埃谱利诺菌素注射剂0.2 mg/kg体重剂量驱除线虫高效安全。     

伊维菌素干混悬剂驱除绵羊寄生虫的扩大试验

应用伊维菌素干混悬剂,驱除绵羊体内线虫和体外寄生虫。结果:0.2mg/kg体重剂量对消化道主要线虫及网尾线虫的虫卵(幼虫)转阴率、减少率均为100%,原圆科线虫幼虫转阴率和减少率分别为91.3%、91.8%,对线虫的总计驱虫率98.9%:对绵羊颚虱的杀虫率为100%。结果证明:伊维菌素干混悬剂0.2mg/kg剂量一次用药,驱除绵羊主要线虫和虱等寄生虫,高效安全。     

伊维菌素注射剂对绵羊羊狂蝇蛆的驱除效果研究

应用伊维菌素注射剂,选择自然感染羊狂蝇蛆的绵羊80只,分别按0.1、0.2和0.3 mg/kg体重皮下注射,进行驱除效果观察,同时设阳性对照组。结果表明,伊维菌素注射剂0.2、0.3 mg/kg剂量组对羊狂蝇蛆的驱净率和驱虫率均达100%;0.1 mg/kg剂量组的驱净率为90.0%、驱虫率为97.7%。试验结果证明伊维菌素注射剂3个试验剂量驱除羊狂蝇蛆均高效安全,且使用0.2 mg/kg剂量可达100%的驱除效果。     

埃谱利诺菌素浇泼剂对绵羊消化道线虫的驱虫效果评价5-6

为评价埃谱利诺菌素浇泼剂对绵羊消化道线虫驱虫效力,选择1.5岁自然感染消化道线虫的绵羊100只,随机分为5组,每组20只,1～3组为埃谱利诺菌素浇泼剂0.4、0.5和0.6mg/kg.b w组,沿背部皮肤中线浇注给药,4组为埃谱利诺菌素注射剂药物对照组,按0.2mg/kg剂量颈部皮下注射,5组为阳性对照组,不给药;采用粪便虫卵检查法评价驱虫效果。结果:给药后7、14d检查,0.5mg/kg剂量对消化道线虫虫卵转阴率分别为90.0%、95.0%,减少率分别为97.0%和99.3%; 0.6mg/kg剂量给药后7、14d检查,对消化道线虫虫卵转阴率、减少率均达100.0%; 0.4mg/kg剂量对消化道线虫虫卵的转阴率、减少率均低于0.5、0.6mg/kg剂量组。对照药物埃谱利诺菌素注射剂0.2mg/kg剂量组对消化道线虫的驱虫效果略高于埃谱利诺菌素浇泼剂0.5mg/kg剂量组;埃谱利诺菌浇泼剂3个剂量组试验绵羊未见异常反应。试验证明埃谱利诺菌浇泼剂0.4、0.5、0.6mg/kg体重剂量驱除绵羊消化道线虫安全有效,其中0.5、0.6mg/kg剂量高效安全低残留,推荐剂量以0.5mg/kg为宜。     

伊维菌素浇泼剂对绵羊线虫的驱虫效力与安全性试验

应用0.5%伊维菌素浇泼剂按0.3,0.4,0.5mg/kg.b w剂量对绵羊沿背中线皮肤一次浇泼给药,并以伊维菌素注射剂0.2mg/kg.b w剂量做对照。结果:伊维菌素浇泼剂0.3mg/kg,0.4mg/kg.b w剂量对消化道线虫虫卵转阴率分别为85%和90%,减少率分别为89.1%和95.9%;对原圆科线虫幼虫转阴率分别为60%和75%,减少率分别为77.2%和86.7%;0.5mg/kg.b w剂量对消化道线虫虫卵转阴率和减少率均为100%,对原圆科线虫幼虫转阴率为85%,减少率为95.4%。解剖检查结果:伊维菌素浇泼剂三种剂量对绵羊消化道、呼吸道多属线虫均有效,总计驱虫率分别为90.8%,95.6%和99.7%,伊维菌素浇泼剂0.5mg/kg.b w剂量与伊维菌素注射剂0.2mg/kg.b w剂量驱虫效果基本一致;绵羊经皮给药可耐受1.0mg/kg.b w剂量。试验证明:伊维菌素浇泼剂经皮给药驱除绵羊线虫高效安全,临床推荐剂量以0.5mg/kg.b w为宜。     

牦牛主要寄生虫病高效低残留防治技术研究(上)

本研究评价了埃普利诺菌素注射剂、浇泼剂对牦牛主要寄生虫病的驱虫疗效,为建立牦牛主要寄生虫病高效低残留防治技术提供依据。选用自然感染线虫、牛颚虱和皮蝇蛆的牦牛,采用粪检法和剖检法进行驱虫疗效试验。结果:埃普利诺菌素注射剂0. 1,0. 2,0. 3mg/kg剂量组消化道线虫虫卵转阴率分别为85. 0%,95. 0%和100. 0%,减少率分别为91. 9%,98. 4%和100. 0%。0. 2,0. 3mg/kg剂量组对牦牛网尾线虫L1转阴率和减少率均达100. 0%。0. 1mg/kg剂量组L1转阴率和减少率分别为90. 0%和95. 2%。0. 2,0. 3mg/kg剂量组原圆线虫L1转阴率分别为93. 3%,100. 0%,减少率分别为98. 3%,100. 0%。0. 1mg/kg剂量组L1转阴率和减少率分别为80. 0%,88. 5%。3个试验组对线虫成虫的总计驱虫率分别为90. 5%,97. 2%和99. 5%。埃普利诺菌素注射剂0. 3mg/kg剂量组给药后3d牛颚虱大部分死亡干瘪,第7d全部死亡干瘪,驱虫率均达100. 0%。0. 1mg/kg剂量组低剂量组的杀虫效果次于上述剂量。0. 2mg/kg剂量组与IVM注射剂0. 2mg/kg体重剂量组驱虫效果无显著差异。3个剂量组对牦牛皮蝇蛆的驱净率、驱虫率均达100. 0%;埃普利诺菌素浇泼剂0. 4mg/kg剂量组对牦牛消化道线虫的虫卵转阴率、减少率分别为95. 0%和96. 4%～98. 3%。对牛颚虱和皮蝇蛆的驱杀效率均为100%。0. 5mg/kg剂量组对牦牛消化道线虫的虫卵转阴率、减少率均达100. 0%,对牛颚虱和皮蝇蛆的杀虫效果均达100%,对牛颚虱与牦牛体内消化道线虫持效期至少为28d。研究结果表明,埃普利诺菌素注射剂、浇泼剂对牦牛线虫病、牛颚虱与牛皮蝇蛆病等主要寄生虫病的驱虫疗效高,有很好的控制效果。     

伊维菌素浇泼剂对肃南牦牛胃肠道线虫的驱除效果试验

在肃南县大河乡大岔村选择自然感染胃肠道线虫的1~2岁牦牛75头,随机分为5组,每组15头,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组分别为伊维菌素浇泼剂试验组,分别按0.3、0.4、0.5mg/kg体重剂量经背部皮肤浇泼给药;Ⅳ组为伊维菌素注射剂对照组,按0.2mg/kg体重剂量皮下注射给药;Ⅴ组为空白对照组。另随机挑选牦牛10头供安全性观察,随机分为2组,每组5头,Ⅰ、Ⅱ组分别为伊维菌素浇泼剂0.7、1.0mg/kg体重剂量试验组,经背部皮肤浇泼给药。通过对虫卵转阴率、虫卵减少率、粗计驱虫率、安全性观测的分析,结果表明:以0.5mg/kg体重剂量伊维菌素浇泼剂对牦牛胃肠道线虫驱治效果最好,其虫卵转阴率、减少率和驱虫率分别达到100%、100%和99.25%,对毛首线虫驱虫率为96.00%,0.3、0.4mg/kg体重剂量伊维菌素浇泼剂的驱虫效果均低于0.5mg/kg体重剂量组,且呈现驱虫效果随着药物剂量的增加而提高。同时,本次试验使用1mg/kg体重剂量伊维菌素浇泼剂,所用试验牦牛给药后精神、呼吸、采食、排粪、运动等情况未见异常反应,表明本品毒性较低,临床使用安全高效。     

伊维菌素泼背剂对牦牛寄生虫的驱除效果试验

为选择适应于高寒牧区放牧牦牛大群驱除体内外寄生虫的理想荆型,在青海大通种牛场通过粪检选60头牦牛,随机分为3组,每组20头,试验1组用伊维菌素泼背荆接0.5 mg/kg体重剂量经背部皮肤浇泼给药,试验2组用伊维菌素注射剂按0.2 mg/kg体重剂量经皮下注射给药,试验3组为空白对照组.分析了三组不同寄生虫卵转率、虫卵减少率及驱虫率指标的变化,同时对药物的安全性进行了观察.结果试验1组消化道线虫虫卵转阴率、减少率分别为90%和99.1%,原圆科线虫幼虫转阴率、减少率分别为80%和92.8%;线虫成虫、寄生阶段幼虫的总计驱虫率分别为99.3%和98.8%;试验2组相应指标分别为90%和98.7%、80%和92.9%、99.4%和99.2%;1.2组对牛颚虱杀虫率均达100%,但对莫尼茨绦虫无效,对照组体内外寄生虫均无明显变化.表明伊维菌素泼背剂0.5 mg/kg剂量安全,驱虫效果可信,可在青海高寒地区牦牛体内外寄生虫驱虫工作中推广应用.     

伊维菌素干混悬剂对羊狂蝇蛆的驱杀效果试验

选择自然感染羊狂蝇蛆绵羊131只,分别按体重0.1,0.2和0.3mg/kg剂量口服伊维菌素干混悬剂,进行驱除效果观察,同时设空白对照组。结果表明,口服伊维菌素干混悬剂0.2,0.3mg/kg剂量组绵羊的羊狂蝇蛆驱净率和驱虫率均达100%。口服0.1mg/kg剂量组绵羊的羊狂蝇蛆驱净率93.9%、驱虫率98.6%。试验证明伊维菌素干混悬剂对羊狂蝇蛆驱虫效果明显,临床使用0.2mg/kg体重剂量高效安全。     

伊维菌素浇泼剂对牦牛胃肠道线虫的驱除效果

在甘肃省肃南县大河乡大岔村选择自然感染胃肠道线虫的1-2岁牦牛75头,随机分为5组,每组15头,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组分别为伊维菌素浇泼剂试验组,分别按0.3、0.4、0.5 mg/kg体重剂量经背部皮肤浇泼给药;Ⅳ组为伊维菌素注射剂对照组,按0.2 mg/kg体重剂量皮下注射给药;Ⅴ组为空白对照组。另随机挑选牦牛10头供安全性观察,随机分为2组,每组5头,分别为伊维菌素浇泼剂0.7 mg/kg和1.0 mg/kg体重剂量试验组,经背部皮肤浇泼给药。结果表明：以0.5 mg/kg体重剂量伊维菌素浇泼剂对牦牛胃肠道线虫驱治效果最好,其虫卵转阴率、减少率和驱虫率分别达100%、100%和99.25%,对毛首线虫驱虫率为96.00%;0.3 mg/kg和0.4 mg/kg体重剂量伊维菌素浇泼剂的驱虫效果均低于0.5 mg/kg体重剂量组,且呈现驱虫效果随着药物剂量的增加而提高。同时,试验使用1.0 mg/kg体重剂量伊维菌素浇泼剂,所用试验牦牛给药后精神、呼吸、采食、排粪、运动等情况未见异常反应,表明本品毒性较低,临床使用安全高效。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.     

优质肉鸡S3系体重与体尺性状指标的主成分分析

为研究地方优质肉鸡S3系体重和体尺性状之间的内在相关性,12周龄时选取同一饲养条件下的150只鸡(公母各半)进行体重和体尺性状等7个指标的测定。结果表明:S3系公鸡的体重、体斜长、龙骨长、胸角均显著高于母鸡(P0.05);公母鸡体重、体斜长、胸宽、胫围这4项指标变异系数较大,有较大选育空间;体重与体斜长、龙骨长、胸宽、胸角、胫围呈极显著正相关(P0.01),相关系数分别为0.57、0.52、0.51、0.49和0.47,与胸深、胫长呈显著相关(P0.05),相关系数分别为0.44和0.39;其他各体尺指标间也存在不同程度的正负相关性(P0.05或P0.01);体重和7个体尺性能指标综合成5个复合指标,累计贡献率达92.6355%,其中第l、2、3、4、5主成分分别解释总变异的36.5353%、22.8642%、13.3115%、10.4535%和8.4710%;各主成分的特征根分布较广,经统计计算入选的5个主成分所包含信息的侧重点各有相同,分别都在一定程度上反映了S3鸡的体型特征和生长发育规律,为今后选育出更加符合市场需求的屠宰加工优质型肉鸡指明了的方向。     

Efficacy of tropicamide,homatropine, cyclopentolate,atropine and hyoscine as mydriatics in Angora goats

Abstract

AIM: To document the efficacy of five commercially available mydriatics for their potential for diagnostic and therapeutic use in Angora goats.

METHODS: Over 8 weeks, the mydriatic effects of 1% tropicamide, 2% homatropine, 1% cyclopentolate, 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine were evaluated. Given as block treatments, drugs were applied randomly to one eye of 10 Angora goats, and the contralateral eye served as a control. Vertical and horizontal pupil diameters were measured to document onset ofeffect, time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical/horizontal pupil diameter between eyes, time to maximum pupillary dilation, and duration of mydriatic action.

RESULTS: Onset of mydriasis for all drugs occurred within 15 minutes. Time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical pupil diameter between eyes was shortest for 1% tropicamide and 0.25% hyoscine (0.5 h), then 2% homatropine and 1% atropine (0.75 h), and longest for 1% cyclopentolate (1.5 h). The maximum vertical pupillary dilation occurred earliest with 1% tropicamide and 1% atropine (2 h), followed by 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (4 h), and latest with 1% cyclopentolate (8 h). The duration of vertical dilation of the pupil was shortest with 1% tropicamide (6 h), then 2% homatropine (12 h), 1% cyclopentolate (12 h), 1% atropine (24 h), and longest for 0.25% hyoscine (96 h).

The time to reach maximum horizontal dilation of the pupil in treated eyes was shortest with 1% cyclopentolate (1 h), followed by 1% tropicamide (1.5 h), 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (3.5 h), and 1% atropine (4 h). The duration of horizontal pupil dilation was shortest with 1% tropicamide (4.5 h), and longest with 0.25% hyoscine (48 h).

CONCLUSION: All five mydriatics induced clinical dilation. Tropicamide (1%) had the shortest duration of effect, but gave incomplete dilation. Good dilation was achieved with 1% cyclopentolate and 2% homatropine, but took too long to reach maximum dilation for routine mydriasis. The largest vertical dilation of the pupil was achieved with 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine, but pupils remained dilated for more than 24 h.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: For routine mydriasis in goats, it is recommended that 1% tropicamide be used, though there may be incomplete dilation. For a longer duration of mydriasis, such as in the treatment of anterior uveitis, 1% atropine or 0.25% hyoscine would be the drugs of choice.