大蒜素替代土霉素对断奶仔猪生产性能的影响

选用 ７２头 ２４日龄断奶健康仔猪，随机分为 ３个处理，每个处理 ３个重复，每个重复 ８头。各处理组基础日粮一致。处理Ⅰ为对照组，处理Ⅱ组和处理 Ⅲ组分别添加大蒜素２００ｍｇ／ｋｇ、土霉素２００ｍｇ／ｋｇ于日粮中。结果表明：与对照组比较， Ⅱ组日增重提高 ８．３５％（Ｐ＜０．０５），料重比降低 ８．２４％，Ⅲ组日增重提高５．２４％（Ｐ＜０．０５），料重比降低７．１４％。采食量均无显著差异，Ⅱ组与Ⅲ组相比较，前者日增重比后者提高２．８６％（Ｐ＞０．０５），料重比下降１．２０％，两者均对仔猪有促长作用，相同添加量，大蒜素可以替代土霉素。     

大蒜素替代土霉素对断奶仔猪的影响

选用７２头２４日龄断奶健康仔猪，按血缘相同、体重接近（Ｐ〉０．０５）公母一致的原则随机分为３个处理，每个处理３个重复。各处理组基础日粮一致。处理Ⅰ组为对照组，处理Ⅱ组和处理Ⅲ组分别添加大蒜素２００ｇ／ｔ、土霉素２００ｇ／ｔ于日粮中。结果表明，与对照组比较，处理Ⅱ组日增重提高８．３５％（Ｐ〈０．０５），料重比降低８．２４％，处理Ⅲ组日增重提高５．３４％，（Ｐ〈０．０５），粒重比降低７．１４％。采食量均无显著差异，处理Ⅱ组与处理Ⅲ组相比较，前者日增重比后者提高２．８６％（Ｐ〈０．０５），料重比下降１．２０％，两匀对仔猪有促长作用，相同添加量，大蒜素可以替代土霉素。     

商品肉兔杂交组合及生产配套技术的研究

经新西兰白兔、加利福尼亚兔和哈白兔３个品种肉兔的杂交组合试验得出，加（♂）×新（♀），新（♂）×哈（♀）和哈（♂）×加（♀）是生产商品肉兔较好的杂交组合。生产的商品肉兔，４０日龄断奶重９９９．７５ｇ，９０日龄体重为２．５４ｋｇ，断奶至９０日龄的日增重为３０．８ｇ，料重比（含青干草）３．４６：１，屠宰率为５３．０５％。同时，探索了一套适合农户饲养商品肉兔的生产模式，即杂交组合＋青粗精料搭配＋早期生长优势＋综合防疫体系＋产品销售与加工增值。按此模式生产商品肉兔，可以获得满意效果。     

饲喂全价颗粒饲料可显著提高乌骨仔鸡育肥效果

对育肥期（７￣１３周龄）的乌骨仔鸡饲喂全价颗粒饲料，可以显著提高仔鸡体重（Ｐ〈０．０１），提高１７．３％，日增重提高３８．７％，料肉比提高９．５％，对成活率没有影响；经济效益提高３０．３％，效果显著，值得推广应用。     

秸秆的微贮及喂牛试验

为充分利用当地秸秆资料，１９９５～１９９６年作者在山西吕梁地区用微贮饲料（黄干玉米秸）饲喂６０头试验牛；对照组６０头牛所喂黄干玉米秸未作任何处理，育肥９０天。精料由玉米粉５６．１％、麸皮２１．４％、棉籽饼２０％、食盐０．５％、矿物质及其它添加剂０．３％组成，两组牛精料日喂量均按平均体重的１％分两次饲喂。试验结果表明：试验组日增重为０．８９３ｋｇ，对照组为０．６５ｋｇ，试验组增重提高７２．８％。两组牛的料重比分别为８．１６％和１０．４１％，即对照组比试验组多消耗精料２７．５７ｋｇ。试验组头均盈利１１７．１元，对照为１３．４元，试验组比对照牛多盈利１０．３７元。     

杂交肉牛适宜日增重和精料喂量的研究

选用不同月龄的断奶杂交公犊（５～７月龄）和周岁公牛（１２～１５月龄）各３０头，以青贮玉米千为主要粗饲料来源，测定杂交肉牛在每百千克活体重精料喂量０．５０～１．７１ｋｇ范围的最佳精料重比和适宜日增重。断奶公犊和周岁公牛各分３个处理，第一处理１０头牛，每百千克活重精料喂量范围分别为１．１５～１．７１ｋｇ和０．５０～１．０３ｋｇ。活体重精料喂量１．７１ｋｇ的公犊组，虽日增重最高（１．１３ｋｇ），但精料重     

箭舌豌豆青干草加精料舍饲育肥羔羊效果

本研究采用箭舌豌豆青干草加不同水平的精料进行当年羔羊的舍饲育肥。结果表明：经过９５天的育肥，羔羊屠宰时各组的活重均在２２．３５公斤以上，增重率４２．０－５７．９％，胴体重在９．９３公斤以上，最适精料补饲量为０．１５－０．２０公斤／只、日，每生产１公斤畜产品所需箭舌豌豆青干草量分别为９．６公斤（活重）、１８．７公斤（胴体）和２５．５公斤（净肉），其胴体重较不补饲精料羔羊增长１９．６－２８．６％。     

高锌对仔猪生产性能及血浆锌浓度的影响

本文研究了不同锌制品和浓度对仔猪生长性能的影响，试验结果表明，仔猪日粮中添加高浓度的ＺｎＯ可显著提高断奶仔猪日增重（１４．５％），和采食量（１３．０％），而添加高浓度的ＺｎＳＯ４和Ｚｎ－Ｍｅｔ对仔猪日增重和采食量无显著影响。     

高剂量维生素E对乳猪生产性能的影响

试验１猪舍条件差，饲喂粉状料。Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组分别饲喂维生素Ｅ量为１２（对照）、２０、４０、６０ｍｇ／ｋｇ的基础日粮，３５ｄ试验结果：平均日增重１７２、１７７、２００、２２５ｇ；料重比０．４６０、０．４５６、０．４３１、０．４１３；死亡率１６．６７％、７．１４％、６．６７％、０。试验２猪舍条件优越，饲喂颗粒料。Ⅴ、Ⅵ、Ⅶ组分别饲喂维生素Ｅ量为１２（对照）、３０、６０ｍｇ／ｋｇ的基础日粮，４２ｄ试验结果：平均日增重１８６、２０８、２４４ｇ；料重比０．６４、０．５４、０．４８；死亡率３．４５％、３．３３％、３．３３％。试验结果表明，不管猪舍条件优劣，无论饲料形状，随着维生素Ｅ添加量的增加，乳猪日增重，饲料利用率显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）提高。且在猪舍环境条件差的条件下，高剂量维生素Ｅ预防仔猪猝死症，降低死亡率的作用效果更为明显。     

延胡索酸对仔猪生产性能作用机理的探讨

分别用０．７５％、１．０％、１．５％和２．０％的延胡索酸作酸化剂饲喂断奶仔猪,结果表明：日粮中添加１．５％和２．０％的延胡索酸,仔猪日增重可提高１４．１６％（Ｐ〈０．０攻１５．０９％（Ｐ〈０．０５）;料重比均降低１１．３９％（Ｐ〈０．０５）;胃内ｐＨ降低２７．６４％和３７．０６％;胃蛋白酶活性提高１４７．３７％（Ｐ〈０．０１）和１５２．０５（Ｐ〈０．０１）;大肠杆菌则下降１３．８４％和１４．７１％     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

The Prevalence and Intensity of Helminth and Coccidial Infections in Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

A survey of gastrointestinal parasite infections of young (<6 months old), immature (6–12 months old) and adult (>12 months old) dairy cattle on 16 farms in Kiambu District, Kenya was conducted during a dry season (September 1991 to January 1992) and during a wet season (March to July 1992). The survey was based on monthly coproparasitological examination of cohorts and worm counts in tracer calves. The effects of age, sex, farm and season on the prevalence and intensity of helminth and coccidial infections were determined. Faecal egg and oocyst counts revealed that the overall prevalences were: strongyles (including trichostrongyles) (85.5%), liver flukes (Fasciola gigantica) (34.0%), coccidia (30.9%) and tapeworms (9.6%). Eight species of the protozoan Eimeria were identified, the most prevalent species being E. bovis and E. zuernii. The most prevalent nematode genera were Haemonchus, Cooperia, Oesophagostomum and Trichostrongylus. Season, farm and age of the animals had a significant (p<0.05) influence on the intensity of infection with strongyles, liver flukes and coccidia, whereas the sex of the animals had no significant (p>0.05) effect on the prevalence or intensity of infections. A higher intensity of infection with strongyles and coccidia was found in the wet season than in the dry season (p<0.05). The age-specific intensity was in the following order: for strongyles, immature animals of 6–12 months of age had the highest egg counts, followed by young calves and adults. Calves had significantly (p<0.05) higher oocyst counts than immatures or adults. Liver fluke egg counts did not differ significant (p>0.05) between immatures and adult cattle.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。