绵羊胎儿手术——胎儿血管插管技术试验

本文重点描述了导管制备、绵羊麻醉及剖腹取胎血管插管及术后观察等。手术8例(脐动脉二例失败一例,胫前动脉六例),成功7例。结果表明:胫前动脉插管,子宫切口小,胎儿暴露少,羊水损失少,导管固定可靠、优于脐动脉插管,并就插管最适胎龄及提高胎儿成活率等问题进行了分析讨论。     

妊娠犬及其胎儿股动脉血管插管技术

对 12例妊娠犬及其胎儿股动脉血管插管术的手术途径、血管和导管选择、插管方法、麻醉和术后护理进行了探讨。 12例术后胎儿在母体内的存活时间分别为 :36 h 2例、4～ 5 d 2例、6～ 7d 3例、8～ 10 d 3例、12～ 14 d 2例。胎儿在母体内存活 4 d以上的 10例犬正常娩出经手术插管的胎儿 ,其血管插管保持完好 ,所产 10只幼犬全部成活 ,分娩前后均可从导管采集到血液样本。其余 2例犬发生流产。     

山羊动-静脉血管插管术

对16只35～40kg徐淮白山羊进行瘤胃静脉、门静脉、肠系膜静脉和颈动脉插管安装手术。导管为聚乙烯材料制成。术后10头山羊的血插管平均保持6周时间,5头保持到2个月左右。     

牛颈动脉插管术

动脉插管术是直接测量动脉血压和其他血流动力学指标的一个重要手术，以往文献报道的小实验动物(大鼠、兔)动脉插管术仅用于生理学试验，大动物的动脉插管术未见报道。为了研究全身麻醉药对牛血流动力学指标的影响，为了探讨牛动脉插管术的手术方法，我们对5头牛施行了颈动脉插管手术，报道如下。     

犬动脉导管未闭手术

犬的动脉导管未闭是一种先天性心脏血管疾病。在胎儿期,动脉导管是血液循环的主要通道,大部分动脉血液经动脉导管流向主动脉。出生后,肺动脉血液流向肺部,动脉导管关闭形成索状结构,称作动脉导管索或动脉韧带,动脉导管未闭的犬,血液循环     

人端粒酶逆转录酶(hTERT)基因对山羊胎儿成纤维细胞的影响

利用包含人端粒酶逆转录酶(hTERT)基因的真核表达载体pCI-neo-hTERT转染山羊胎儿成纤维细胞,筛选阳性克隆扩大培养,并对转染阳性细胞分别进行RT-PCR检测,倍性分析,细胞周期检测和细胞凋亡检测,以观察该基因对山羊胎儿成纤维细胞的影响.试验结果表明,筛选出的阳性细胞现已传至第50代;RT-PCR检测,端粒酶基因成功整合到山羊胎儿成纤维细胞并持续表达;倍性分析结果显示,转基因第50代细胞呈正常二倍体;对细胞周期进行分析,结果显示转基因第50代细胞较未转染第30代细胞有较高的S期,说明该细胞DNA合成旺盛,具有很强的增殖能力;细胞凋亡检测结果发现,转基因第50代细胞中凋亡细胞的比例明显少于转染第30代山羊胎儿成纤维细胞.这些试验结果均表明,hTERT能增加山羊胎儿成纤维细胞体外培养的代数,并保持细胞良好的形态及较强的增殖能力.     

建立奶山羊代谢调控模型的动静脉插管技术及术后护理研究

对12头泌乳奶山羊建立代谢调控模型的外科手术及术后护理方法进行了研究。采用了一套改进的手术方法对试验羊进行肠系膜上静脉、肠系膜下静脉和门静脉插管,以及颈动脉皮肤包埋游离术来建立模型。术后8头羊所插的导管平均保持畅通2个月左右,2头羊保持畅通40 d左右,还有2头羊被淘汰。采用的改进手术方法有效地降低了建模的难度,并提高了建模的成功率,从而为动物营养代谢研究提供了有力保障。     

人端粒酶逆转录酶(hTERT)基因对山羊胎儿成纤维细胞的影响

利用包含人端粒酶逆转录酶（hTERT）基因的真核表达载体pCI-neo-hTERT转染山羊胎儿成纤维细胞,筛选阳性克隆扩大培养,并对转染阳性细胞分别进行RT-PCR检测,倍性分析,细胞周期检测和细胞凋亡检测,以观察该基因对山羊胎儿成纤维细胞的影响。试验结果表明,筛选出的阳性细胞现已传至第50代;RT-PCR检测,端粒酶基因成功整合到山羊胎儿成纤维细胞并持续表达;倍性分析结果显示,转基因第50代细胞呈正常二倍体;对细胞周期进行分析,结果显示转基因第50代细胞较未转染第30代细胞有较高的S期,说明该细胞DNA合成旺盛,具有很强的增殖能力;细胞凋亡检测结果发现,转基因第50代细胞中凋亡细胞的比例明显少于转染第30代山羊胎儿成纤维细胞。这些试验结果均表明,hTERT能增加山羊胎儿成纤维细胞体外培养的代数,并保持细胞良好的形态及较强的增殖能力。     

怀孕母山羊及围产期胎儿心率的M型超声心动图测定

利用M-型超声波对怀孕母山羊以及围产期山羊胎儿的心率进行检测,并对三者的检测结果进行比较,以观察分娩前后胎儿的超声心动图之间的相同点和不同点,以及围产期胎儿和成年山羊的超声心动图之间的异同点。并对围产期胎儿心率以及母山羊心率的M-型超声心动图进行分析,以观察围产期胎儿心脏和成年羊心脏不同结构部位博动的超声情况。从而得到健康山羊及围产期胎儿的正常心率的M型超声心动图生理指标,为以后动物的心血管疾病的超声诊断提供数据。     

妊娠母羊胆酸灌注对胎儿和新生儿的影响

妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症(Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy,ICP)是孕妇在妊娠晚期出现的以瘙痒和黄疸为特征的肝病,是一种高危产科疾病,严重影响胎儿的健康.为了更好地研究ICP的发病机制,本试验以妊娠母羊为动物模型,分别通过大剂量(2 mg/kg)和小剂量(1.1 mg/kg)的胆酸盐静脉灌注怀孕后期的母羊,同时进行胎儿血管造瘘手术,目的是研究ICP的发病模型和胆酸对胎儿和新生儿的影响机制.结果显示,给妊娠母羊大剂量多次静脉灌注胆酸盐,引起母体难产,导致胎儿宫内窘迫和死亡;小剂量灌注,导致胎儿的低出生重,但胎儿在出生后15 d时,羔羊的体质量与正常的羔羊没有差异,体现了追赶生长的特性.结果表明以妊娠母羊为动物模型,通过静脉灌注胆酸盐可以作为研究妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症的疾病模型,为进一步探索ICP发病时胆酸对胎儿的影响机制提供实验依据.     

Ultrasonic measurement of fetal parameters for estimation of gestational age in Korean black goats

The objective of this study was to determine relationship of gestational age with measurement of diameter of head, orbit, trunk, long and short axis of heart, aorta, placentome, umbilical cord and umbilical vein in Korean black goats. In this study, ten pregnant Korean black goats (Capra hircus aegagrus) were used. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed with a 5 MHz linear transducer and ultrasonographic scan were performed at 60, 75, 90, 105, 120 and 135 days after mating with a 4-9 MHz convex transducer. For accurate measurement, all fetal organs were measured at least 3 times. The diameter of head, orbit, trunk, long and short axis of heart, aorta, placentome, umbilical cord and umbilical vein were significantly increased with the gestational age (p<0.05). Of these parameters, trunk (r=0.8876; p<0.001), long axis of heart (r=0.9168; p<0.001) and short axis of heart (r=0.8819; p<0.001) proved to be the more effective measurements than other parameters, as it correlated well with gestational age. Results indicate that ultrasonic measurements of these parameters were useful methods to estimate gestational age in Korean black goat.     

Uterine blood flow,fetal heart rate,gestational length,and fetal birth weight variability in response to maternal temperament in the goat

This prospective study was designed to investigate the effects of maternal temperament on uterine blood flow, fetal heart rate, gestational length, and fetal birth weight in a goat experimental model. Based on the arena test, behavioral testing related to fear-eliciting stimulus, goats were divided into nervous (n = 13) and calm (n = 11) groups. After mating, the perfusion of maternal uterine arteries (UTAs) and its related Doppler parameters, blood flow volume (BFV), time-averaged mean velocity (TAMEANV), acceleration (Acce), and resistance impedance (S/D), were evaluated biweekly from week two until the end of pregnancy. Fetal heart rate (FHR) was investigated during the pregnancy in addition to the gestation length (GL) and fetal birth weight (FBW). The UTA-BFV and TAMEANV, as well as Acce and S/D, were influenced by maternal temperament (p < .05). The FHR showed no significant changes between experimental animals of different temperaments (p = .81). Both GL and FBW were increased in calm rather than nervous goats (p < .05). These results indicated that the maternal nervous (temperament) have negative impacts on uterine artery Doppler indices, fetal growth, and gestational length in a goat experimental model.     

Long-term Carotid Access in the Goat: Observations on Application of a Totally Implantable Catheter System

The investigation of metabolism of individual organs and tissues in vivo requires simultaneous measurements of arterio-venous concentration differences. Long-term metabolic studies require frequent and convenient access to veins and arteries of the relevant organs or tissues, and if blood samples are obtained by repeated veni — or arteriopuncture, difficulties may arise due to vessel thrombosis and an increasing apprehension of the goat during time. Arterial punctures are considered more painful than venipuncture, according to human patients. In the conscious goat, arteriopuncture may induce bleating, dilatation of the pupil, increased heart rate, blood glucose and free fatty acid levels, which may bias the results of a metabolic study (Linzell 1963). Furthermore, it is important to avoid situations which contribute negatively to the welfare of the goat. Establishment of permanent exteriorized carotid loops does not eliminate these problems and has a disadvantage of being vulnerable to injury. Jha et al. (1961) reported that 3 out of 10 goats died from haemorrhages, due to loop injury. The carotid artery may surgically be relocated to a subcutaneous position, which makes it less vulnerable, but also less accessible for percutaneous puncture (Tavenor 1969). Our experience with such subcutaneous relocated artery loops is that scar tissue formation is so strong after being catheterized 3-4 times, that further catheterization requires specialized assistance. The artery is eventually closed by fibrous tissue. An alternative to the repeated percutaneous puncture of subcutaneously relocated artery loops is the establishment of chronic indwelling arterial catheters, where the tip of the catheter is exteriorized to the skin. This method is well described (Huntington et al. 1989), but requires a dressing of the exteriorisation site, and restrain of the goat, in order to protect the tip from being pulled out. Therefore, we describe a modification of a totally implantable catheter system, developed for human intra-arterial long-term delivery of drugs, for permanent catheterization of the common carotid artery of goats. The entire access system of this catheter is under the skin.     

Surgical treatment for different forms of hernias in sheep and goats

Sheep and goats are frequently presented with different forms of hernias to veterinary clinics. The aim of this study is to investigate the outcome of the surgical treatment of abdominal, umbilical, inguinal and scrotal hernias in sheep and goats. Fifty-eight clinical cases (sheep = 44, goat = 14) were presented to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia from September, 2003 to September, 2006. These animals had abdominal (sheep = 30, goat = 10), umbilical (sheep = 6, goat = 4), inguinal (sheep = 7) and scrotal (sheep = 1) hernias. All the cases of hernias in sheep and goats were subjected to full study including the history of the case, classification of hernias, the size of the hernial ring, surgical repair of the hernias, adhesions between the hernial sacs in each case, the postoperative care and follow up of the cases. The results revealed that gender had an effect on the incidence of hernia. The incidence of abdominal hernias was higher in females and the incidence of inguinal hernia was higher in males. There was a positive correlation between the history of hernia and the degree of adhesion. For the sheep, 26 out of 30 cases of abdominal hernia had good outcomes and the healing was excellent. There were postoperative complications in 4 ewes. For the goats, there were slight swellings at the site of operation in 2 out of 10 cases of abdominal hernia, while the remaining 8 cases had good outcomes. There was one case of umbilical hernia with an umbilical abscess that had broken down with sepsis formation at the surgical site. In conclusion, the success rates of surgical treatment for all types of hernias were very high and there were no significant differences in the success rates among the different types of hernias in both sheep and goats. The types of suture materials and the types of hernias had no significant effect on the outcome of the surgical treatment.     

Multivariate model for the assessment of risk of fetal loss in goat herds

The observational study was carried out in a population of Polish breeding goats in 2007 to determine the prevalence of fetal loss and identify risk factors contributing to its occurrence. The multivariate model allowing to predict the risk of the occurrence of fetal loss in a herd in a study population was developed. Data on the occurrence of fetal loss, as well as of 28 hypothesized risk factors were collected from goat owners using standardized questionnaire during face-to-face reviews on farms. Moreover, data on the herd-level seroprevalence of four abortifacient infections--Chlamydophila abortus, Leptospira spp., BVDV-1 and Neospora caninum--were included in the final analysis. Fetal loss was reported as occurring often in 12 of 49 goat herds (24.5%). The relationship between the hypothesized risk factors and the occurrence of fetal loss was verified in the multivariate logistic regression (alpha=0.05). Final analysis yielded four risk factors: regular veterinary supervision at least twice a year (OR 0.188; CI 95% 0.054 - 0.656), frequent occurrence of injuries and fractures (OR 3.172; CI 95% 1.081 - 9.310), frequent occurrence of respiratory signs in adult goats (OR 4.848; CI 95% 1.353 - 17.377) and presence of antibodies to C. abortus in a herd (OR 58.116; CI 95% 1.369 - 2466.438). The accuracy of the multivariate model was analyzed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve technique. Area under the curve was 0.895 (CI 95% 0.801-0.981). For optimal cut-off value of 0.20-0.35 the multivariate model had sensitivity of 75.00% and specificity of 89.19% in predicting fetal loss in a herd.     

An epidemic of caprine arthritis encephalitis in Japan: isolation of the virus

A disease characterized by arthritis of carpal joints and occasionally by pneumonia was seen among goats on a farm in Nagano prefecture of Japan in the summer of 2002. Serological investigation was done on 30 goats, that is one group on the farm by agar gel immunodiffusion tests using maedi-visna virus as the antigen, and 19 goats were positive. The caprine arthritis encephalitis virus genome was detected in peripheral blood leukocytes from several antibody-positive goats. Two goats among them were necropsied and used for pathological tests and virus isolation. The isolated virus was serially propagated in fetal lamb lung cell cultures. Goats inoculated with the culture fluid became antibody positive. These results suggested that a CAEV-infected goat had been introduced accidentally to the farm and that subclinical infection occurred among the flock.     

贵州省山羊源流产细菌调查及致病机理初探

为调查贵州省细菌性山羊流产疫病的主要原因,分析山羊源流产细菌对正常怀孕动物免疫平衡的影响,本试验采集贵州省6个地区(州、市)12个规模养羊场临床健康和发病流产山羊的胎儿、子宫和母羊的阴道棉拭子样本共计107份进行细菌分离和鉴定,采用药敏纸片琼脂扩散法对3种主要羊源分离菌进行20种抗生素的耐药性调查,并用羊源流产细菌建立BALB/c小鼠流产模型,通过ELISA方法对妊娠相关细胞因子和激素进行测定。结果显示,从采集的107份样本中共分离到13个属细菌共302株,其中发病流产山羊生殖器官中分离的细菌种类多于临床健康山羊;流产山羊生殖器官中分离的羊源细菌耐药率高于临床健康山羊细菌耐药率;3种主要羊源流产细菌埃希氏菌、葡萄球菌和链球菌均可引起怀孕BALB/c小鼠发生不同程度的流产,流产率为埃希氏菌>葡萄球菌>链球菌;胚胎吸收率为埃希氏菌>葡萄球菌>链球菌;与空白对照组相比,各试验组BALB/c小鼠血清中的IFN-γ、IL-2含量上升,而IL-4、IL-10和孕酮含量降低。结果表明,贵州省细菌性山羊流产的发生与山羊生殖器官细菌种类多少、耐药性高低有一定相关性,推测山羊源流产细菌可能通过影响怀孕山羊的主要妊娠相关细胞因子和激素的含量导致山羊流产。     

基于SNP芯片的云上黑山羊遗传结构分析

为从分子水平对云上黑山羊遗传结构做出评价,本研究以云上黑山羊核心群母羊108只(来自7个育种核心场、10个群体)、育种素材云岭黑山羊和努比山羊各11和14只、对照组波尔山羊10只为试验动物,用Illumina公司Iselect Goat60k芯片技术在全基因组范围内进行单核苷酸多态性(SNP)分析,并运用GenAlEx 6.5、Cervus 3.0、SNPRelate、Plink 1.07、Mega 4.0进行遗传多样性参数统计计算、主成分分析和系统进化树构建。试验获得143个样本在48 116个SNPs位点上的分型结果,其中波尔山羊10个样本单独聚集,与云上黑山羊、努比山羊、云岭黑山羊存在较大的遗传距离,较小的遗传一致度和较小的基因流,在聚类进化树中显示为一个独立分支,这些结果与波尔山羊实际遗传背景完全一致,显示出它在本研究中的对照组作用,同时证明本研究方法可行、结果可靠;云上黑山羊108个样本具有高度一致性,在聚类系统树中这些样本聚为一个大簇,而努比山羊(14个)和云岭黑山羊(11个)的样本各自聚为一簇;UPGMA进化树显示,云上黑山羊与努比山羊关系较近,与云岭黑山羊关系稍远,这与云上黑山羊育种导血方案结果相一致。云上黑山羊新品种在基因组水平上可与其育种素材明显区分,在基因组层面已具备独立品种特点。     

A model for the preferential delivery of isoflurane to the spinal cord of the goat

To identify the blood supply of the caprine central nervous system, six anaesthetised goats were perfused with coloured suspension into the brachiocephalic artery, the aorta, the iliac artery and the femoral artery. The subsequent distribution indicated that the brain and the main segments of the spinal cord were supplied by the brachiocephalic artery and aorta, respectively. Ten similarly anaesthetised goats then received emulsified isoflurane randomly via either the proximal part of the descending aorta (arterial group) or an ear vein (venous group). In the arterial group, the isoflurane partial pressure (P_iso) in femoral arterial blood was almost double the P_iso in jugular venous blood. The model showed that preferential delivery of isoflurane to the goat spinal cord in situ was possible and could be used for further research into the mechanisms of anaesthetic action, particularly factors affecting immobility.     

Preliminary Study on Abortion Bacteria from Goat in Guizhou Province and their Pathogenic Mechanism

In order to study the main reason of bacterial goat abortion in Guizhou province,and analyze the bacteria impact of abortion goat immune balance in normal pregnancy animals,107 samples of the goat fetus,uterus and vaginal swabs were collected from clinical health and morbidity abortion goat in 12 scale goat farms of 6 areas in Guizhou province.The bacteria were isolated and identified.The drug susceptibility disc agar diffusion method was launched for the survey of the resistance of three main sources of goat isolates to 20 kinds of antibiotics.The BALB/c mice model of abortion was established using abortion bacteria isolated from goats.The pregnancy related hormones and cytokines were determined by ELISA method.The results showed that 302 strains bacteria of 13 genera were isolated from the samples,and the species of bacteria isolated from morbidity abortion goat were more than the clinical health goats.The bacteria resistant rate of goat reproductive organs in abortion goats was higher than that of clinical healthy goats bacteria.The varying degrees of abortion of BALB/c mice could cause by Escherichia,Staphylococcus and Streptococcus isolated from goats,the rates were Escherichia>Staphylococcus>Streptococcus,respectively and the embryo resorption rates were Escherichia>Staphylococcus>Streptococcus,respectively.Compared with the control group,IFN-γ and IL-2 in the serum were increased;However,IL-4,IL-10 and progesterone were decreased.The results indicated that the occurrence of bacterial goat abortion diseases had certainly related to the number of bacterial types and the level of drug resistance in goat reproductive organs.The levels of pregnancy related hormones and cytokines in goats serum could be changed by abortion bacteria,thus lead to goats abortion.