单诺沙星在雏鸡体内的药动学特征及生物利用度研究

以高效液相色谱法为定量手段研究了单诺沙星内服给药在雏鸡体内的药动学特征及生物利用度。 12 0只雏鸡静注或内服单诺沙星 (5mg/kg)后 ,血药浓度时间数据分别符合无吸收二室模型和一级吸收二室模型。静注给药的主要动力学参数为t1/ 2α0 .34h ,t1/ 2 β为 7.3184h ,VB 为 16 .0 6 31L/kg ,AUC为 3.2 872mg/L·h ,Tcp为 2 5 .0 1h。内服给药的主要动力学参数如下 :t1/ 2ka为 0 .2 42 8h ,t1/ 2α为 0 .8917h ,t1/ 2 β为 8.7936h ,Tp 为 0 .9377h ,Cmax为 0 .5 487μg/mL ,AUC为3 .0 5 2 3mg/L·h ,Tcp为 31.115h。内服生物利用度为 92 .85 %。     

单诺沙星在支原体一大肠杆菌感染鸡体内的药动学与生物利用度的研究

以高效液相色谱法为定量手段研究了单诺沙星内服给药在支原体与大肠杆菌合并感染鸡体内的药动学特征及生物利用度。 12 0只合并感染雏鸡静注或内服单诺沙星 (5mg/kg)后 ,血药浓度时间数据分别符合无吸收二室模型和一级吸收二室模型。静注给药的主要动力学参数为t1/ 2α0 .5 0 34h,t1/ 2 β为 6 .8485h,VB 为 12 .16 0 3L/kg,AUC为 40 6 33mg/L·h ,Tcp为 2 5 .2 43h。内服给药的主要动力学参数如下 :t1/ 2ka为 0 .3182h ,t1/ 2α为 1.5 5 0 2h ,t1/ 2 β为 12 .6 2 0 0h ,Tp 为 1.110 7h ,Cmax为 0 .5 10 6 μg/mL ,AUC为 3.6 6 2mg/Lh ,Tcp为 39.18h。内服生物利用度为 90 .0 8%。     

沙拉沙星在猪体内的药动学研究

7头健康杂种猪 ,按照随机拉丁方设计 ,进行静注、肌注及内服沙拉沙星 (5mg/kg)的药动学研究。血浆样品经甲醇沉淀血浆蛋白 ,高速离心 ,用反相高效液相色谱法测定猪血浆中沙拉沙星的浓度 ,MCPKP计算机程序处理血浆药物浓度 时间数据。健康猪静注给药的药时数据适合二室开放模型 ,主要药物动力学参数为t1/ 2α0 88±0 2 8h ;t1/ 2 β3 0 6± 0 5 0h ;V11 36± 0 2 4L/kg ;Vd(area) 2 5 0± 0 42L/kg ;ClB0 5 7± 0 0 7L·kg-1·h-1;AUC8 90±1 0 3mg·L-1·h。健康猪肌注给药的药时数据适合一级吸收一室模型 ,主要药物动力学参数为 :t1/ 2ka0 2 5± 0 18h ;t1/ 2ke3 5 3± 1 0 1h ;tmax0 94± 0 49h ;Cmax1 30± 0 37μg/ml;AUC 7 6 6± 1 38mg·L-1·h ;F86 48%± 15 15 %。健康猪内服给药的药时数据适合一级吸收一室模型 ,主要药物动力学参数为 :t1/ 2ka0 5 1± 0 2 9h ;t1/ 2ke6 72± 2 78h ;tmax2 45± 0 89h ;Cmax0 36± 0 2 1μg/ml;AUC　 4 5 4± 1 0 6mg·L-1·h ;F5 1 99%± 14 6 7%。沙拉沙星在健康猪体内的主要药动学特征为 :吸收迅速 ,达峰时间短 ,表观分布容积大。肌注给药吸收完全 ;内服给药吸收不完全 ,消除缓慢。     

肉仔鸡静注和内服环丙沙星(ciprofloxacin)的药物动力学

16只健康 AA肉仔鸡 ,随机分成 2组 ,每组 8只 ,按 10 mg/ kg剂量分别进行静注和内服单剂量环丙沙星药动学试验。血浆中药物浓度用高效液相色谱法测定 ,血药浓度 -时间数据用 MCPKP药动学计算机程序处理。结果表明 ,静注给药后的药时数据符合无吸收二室开放模型 ,主要动力学参数分别为 :t1 /2α为 (0 .2 34± 0 .0 49) h,t1 /2β为 (10 .118±0 .2 71) h,VB为 (1.374± 0 .12 4) L/ kg,CLB为 (0 .0 94± 0 .0 0 9) L· kg- 1 · h- 1 ,AUC为 (10 7.0 6 8± 10 .6 40 ) mg· L- 1· h。内服给药后的药时数据符合一级吸收一室开放模型 ,主要动力学参数分别为 :t1 /2 kα为 (0 .114± 0 .0 0 8) h,t1 /2 k为(7.784± 0 .5 14) h,Tp 为 (0 .70 2± 0 .0 31) h,Cmax为 (5 .736± 0 .5 15 ) m g/ L,AUC为 (6 8.6 2 2± 8.147) mg· L- 1· h,F为 (6 4.0 92± 7.6 10 ) %。肉仔鸡静注环丙沙星在其体内消除较慢 ,分布广泛 ;内服给药吸收迅速 ,消除较静注给药快。     

麻保沙星(marbofloxacin)在鸡体内的生物利用度及药物动力学

选用 36只 5 1～ 6 0日龄健康岭南黄鸡 ,随机均分为 3组 ,对静注、肌注及内服麻保沙星 (2 .5 mg/ kg)的生物利用度和药物动力学进行了研究。用三氯甲烷提取血浆中的药物 ,反相高效液相色谱法测定血浆中麻保沙星的浓度 ,MCPKP计算机程序处理所得到的血药浓度 -时间数据。静注给药的药时数据适合三室开放模型 ,主要药动学参数分别为 :t1 /2π(0 .19± 0 .0 3) h;t1 /2α(2 .0 7± 0 .2 7) h;t1 /2β(6 .5 2± 0 .6 9) h;V1 (0 .48± 0 .0 3) L / kg;Vd(area) (2 .0 6± 0 .39)L/ kg;Vd(ss) (1.0 5± 0 .0 6 ) L/ kg;Cl B(0 .19± 0 .0 2 ) L/ (kg· h) ;AUC(13.95± 1.0 7) mg· kg- 1 · h。肌注给药的药时数据适合一级吸收二室开放模型 ,主要药动学参数分别为 :t1 /2 Ka(0 .5 4± 0 .0 5 ) h;t1 /2α(2 .33± 0 .2 0 ) h;t1 /2β(6 .2 7± 0 .46 )h;tmax(1.5 7± 0 .0 9) h;Cmax(1.88± 0 .0 5 ) m g/ L ;AUC(13.18± 0 .6 7) mg· kg- 1 · h;F(94.45± 4.80 ) %。内服给药的药时数据适合一级吸收二室开放模型 ,主要药动学参数分别为 :t1 /2 Ka(0 .42± 0 .0 6 ) h;t1 /2α(2 .31± 0 .2 5 ) h;t1 /2β(6 .48±0 .6 6 ) h;tmax(1.35± 0 .12 ) h;Cmax(1.83± 0 .18) mg/ L;AUC(13.5 5± 0 .6 7) mg· k     

恩诺沙星在眼斑拟石首鱼体内的药物代谢动力学

应用反相高效液相色谱法 (RP- HPL C)研究了恩诺沙星在眼斑拟石首鱼 (Sciaenops ocellatus)体内的药物代谢动力学。实验数据经 DAS药代动力学分析软件分析后得出 :腹腔注射组血浆的药时数据符合一级吸收二室模型 ,动力学方程为 :C =4 .92 5 e- 1 .4 52 t +2 .730 e- 0 .0 75t ,其主要药代动力学参数 :AU C37.5 33mg· L- 1· h、Cmax 4 .74 7mg/ L、Tmax0 .75 0 h、t α0 .4 77h、t β9.2 92 h、Vd/ F 1 .6 76 L / kg、t Ka0 .1 70 h、Ka 4 .0 81 / h、K 6 .71 4 / h、K1 0 0 .1 91 / h、K1 2 0 .76 9/h、K2 1 0 .5 6 6 / h;灌服组血浆的药时数据符合一级吸收一室模型 ,动力学方程为 :C =6 .4 82 (e- 7.0 92 t- e- 1 0 .356 t) ,其主要药代动力学参数 :AU C1 5 .80 5 mg· L- 1 · h、Cmax2 .770 mg/ L、Tmax1 .5 0 0 h、t α4 .989h、Vd/ F2 .0 72 L/ kg、Ka7.0 92 /h、K 1 0 .35 6 / h。结果表明 ,腹腔注射给药比灌服给药吸收快 ,血药浓度达峰时间短于灌服给药 ,但血药浓度峰值明显高于灌服给药 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,血浆中恩诺沙星的回收率为 94 .5 79%。     

阿莫西林钠在猪体内的生物利用度及药动学研究

1 4头健康杂种猪 ,随机平均分为两组 ,按随机交叉试验设计 ,进行静注及内服阿莫西林钠 (1 0mg/kg)的药动学研究 ,以及肌注阿莫西林钠及阿莫西林钠长效制剂 (1 0mg/kg)的药动学比较。高效液相色谱法测定猪血浆中阿莫西林的浓度 ,MCPKP计算机程序处理血浆药物浓度 时间数据。健康猪静注给药的药时数据适合二室开放模型 ,主要药物动力学参数为 :t1 /2α0 31± 0 1 6h;t1 /2 β2 2 9± 0 94h ;V1 0 2 2± 0 1 2L/kg ;Vd(area) 1 0 6± 0 45L/kg ;ClB0 33±0 0 7L·kg- 1 ·h- 1 ;AUC31 67± 7 0 9mg·L- 1 ·h。健康猪内服给药的药时数据适合一级吸收二室模型 ,主要药物动力学参数为 :t1 /2ka0 74± 0 36h ;t1 /2 β5 96± 3 41h ;tmax1 52± 0 43h ;Cmax5 33± 2 0 7μg/mL ;AUC2 3 89± 9 40mg·L- 1 ·h ;F79 64 %± 38 47%。健康猪肌注阿莫西林钠和阿莫西林钠长效制剂的药时数据均适合一级吸收二室模型 ,主要药物动力学参数为 :t1 /2ka0 1 1± 0 0 5h和 0 0 9± 0 0 5h ;t1 /2 β3 2 8± 1 89h和 7 32± 3 55h ;tmax0 33± 0 1 4h和 0 36±0 1 6h ;Cmax1 6 51± 4 41 μg/mL和 1 8 98± 2 70 μg/mL ;AUC30 61± 8 2 7mg·L- 1 ·h和 49 44± 1 1 31mg·L- 1 ·h ;F96 65     

单次肌注亚硒酸钠在仔猪体内的药代动力学

按 0 .2 m g/ kg单剂量对健康仔猪肌注亚硒酸钠溶液后 ,研究了其在血液中的药物代谢动力学。结果表明 :血液动力学特征符合一级吸收二室开放模型 ,其理论方程为 :C=0 .1773e- 0 .0 548t+0 .0 72 7e- 0 .0 0 2 6 t- 0 .2 5 0 0 e- 1 3.882 3t。主要动力学参数为 :吸收半衰期 (t1 /2 Ka)为 0 .0 4 99h;达峰时间 (tmax)为 0 .4 2 37h;消除半衰期 (t1 /2β)为 2 71.9311h;曲线下面积 (AU C)为 31.72 6 0 m g/ L·h;表观分布容积 (Vd)为 2 .4 72 1L/ kg。根据单剂量药动学参数 ,计算多剂量给药参数 ,为临床治疗制定给药方案。先导剂量 (D* )为 0 .5 0 89m g/ kg,维持剂量 (D0 )为 0 .2 mg/ kg,给药间隔 (τ)为 192 h,平均稳态血药浓度 (c)为 0 .16 5 2 mg/ L。     

健康仔猪口服亚硒酸钠后血液中药代动力学的研究

本实验按 0 .6 mg/ kg BW单剂量对健康仔猪口服亚硒酸钠溶液后 ,首次系统地研究了其在血液中药物代谢动力学。实验结果表明 :血液动力学特征符合一级吸收二室开放模型 ,其理论方程为 :C=0 .0 82 0 e- 0 .0 4 2 1 t 0 .10 5 0 e- 0 .0 0 1 4t- 0 .1870 e- 2 .2 541 t。主要动力学参数为 :吸收半衰期 (t1 / 2 Ka)为 0 .30 75 h;达峰时间 (tmax)为 2 .15 17h;消除半衰期 (t1 / 2β)为 5 10 .2 70 6 h;曲线下面积 (AU C)为 75 .14 6 0 mg/ L· h;表观分布容积 (Vd)为 5 .5 74 2 L/ kg。根据单剂量药动学参数 ,计算多剂量给药参数 ,为临床治疗制订给药方案。先导剂量 (D* )为 1.2 2 6 2 mg/ kg BW,维持剂量(D0 )为 0 .6 m g/ kg BW,给药间隔 (τ)为 4 80 h,平均稳态血药浓度 (с)为 0 .15 6 6 μg/ m l     

恩诺沙星混悬液在猪体内的药动学及生物利用度

本文比较了恩诺沙星混悬液和恩诺沙星溶液在猪体内的药动学特征和生物利用度。选用 7头健康猪按拉丁方设计进行静注、肌注恩诺沙星溶液和肌注恩诺沙星混悬液在猪体内的药物动力学研究。 3种给药方法的剂量均为 10mg/kg。猪静注给药的药时数据符合二室开放模型 ,主要药动学参数为 :t1/ 2α0 6 4± 0 15h ,t1/ 2 β9 0 6± 2 47h ,Vd(area) 4 40± 0 88L/kg ,ClB0 35± 0 0 6L·kg-1·h-1,AUC2 9 85± 4 11L·kg-1·h。猪肌注恩诺沙星溶液和恩诺沙星混悬液的药时数据符合一级吸收一室模型 ,其主要药动学参数分别为t1/ 2ka0 2 4± 0 10h和 1 2 5± 1 0 9h(P <0 0 5 ) ;t1/ 2ke8 90± 2 0 2h和 18 95± 4 5 5h(P <0 0 1) ;Tmax1 2 5± 0 41h和 5 14± 2 95h(P <0 0 1) ;Cmax1 5 4± 0 2 5 μg/ml和 0 87± 0 2 1μg/ml;AUC2 1 49± 4 94mg·L-1·h和 2 8 97± 10 80mg·L-1·h ;F72 0 %±17 4%和 97 7%± 35 0 %。比较肌注恩诺沙星混悬液和恩诺沙星溶液的主要药动学参数 ,二者有显著差异 ,前者的t1/ 2ka、Tmax、t1/ 2ke和Cmax分别为后者的 5 2、4 1、2 1和 0 6倍。这些差异说明恩诺沙星混悬液肌注后吸收缓慢 ,消除半衰期延长 ,临床应用 48h给药 1次仍能维持对常见病原菌的有效血药     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.