22个猕猴桃品种的果实品质比较研究

以在浙江台州地区引种的22个猕猴桃品种为试材,对猕猴桃果实的成熟期、果实大小、果肉品质、贮藏性等进行了综合观测评价,结果表明,猕猴桃品种果实性状存在较大差异,果实形状、大小、果肉色泽以及可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸含量等都具有丰富的多样性。其中,‘红阳’、‘徐香’、‘东红’、‘红华’、‘庐山香’、‘金艳’、‘海艳’、‘玉玲珑’的果实品质综合性状表现较优。     

“国峰7号”李子在山西的引种表现及栽培技术要点

‘国峰7号’是辽宁省果树科学研究所2005年以‘龙园秋李’和‘澳14’李杂交育成的新品种，2016年由山西农业大学果树研究所引进，具有极晚熟、抗寒、抗流胶病、耐贮运、风味浓郁等特点。果实扁圆形，果顶平，平均单果重70.445克，最大单果重88.34克，果实整齐度好，缝合线浅，两半对称；果皮底色黄绿，成熟时果皮紫黑色，不易剥离；果肉黄色，近皮红色，纤维细、少，果肉品质上；果实可食率98.64%。可溶性固形物含量21.28%，可溶性糖含量9.0%，可滴定酸含量1.6%，Vc含量6.0 mg/100g，花青素含量0.732mg/g，硬度10.8 kg/cm2；半离核，核倒卵圆形，核鲜重0.958g。在山西省晋中市8月中下旬成熟，果实发育期138d左右，适宜在晋中及周边地区栽培。     

采收期对红香酥梨果实采后生理和常温贮藏品质的影响

以北京地区的‘红香酥梨’为试材，研究了3个采收期果实在20℃常温贮藏过程中呼吸强度、乙烯释放量、组织膜透性、果皮色泽、果肉硬度、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、Vc含量以及果实腐烂等指标的变化规律。结果表明：随着采收期推迟，果实呼吸强度和乙烯释放量的峰值出现的时间提前；采收越晚，果肉和果心的相对电导率越高。9月1日（盛花期后138天）采收的果实，果肉硬度、TA和Vc含量保持较高，但单果重低，果面着色差，果皮的膜透性强；9月19日（盛花期后156天）采收的果实，SSC和固酸比高，果皮颜色亮（L值高）、着色好，但贮藏后期，果实Vc含量下降明显，腐烂率较高，贮藏时间短。9月10日（盛花期后147天）采收的果实（种子颜色3/4左右变褐、SSC为 11.04%、果肉硬度6.36kg/cm2），能保持果实相对较高的硬度、Vc含量和固酸比，口感较好，贮藏30天时，果实腐烂率相对较低，贮藏效果最好，商品性最高，可以作为红香酥梨长期贮藏最适宜的采收期。     

湛江地区38个龙眼品种重要果实品质综合评价

以湛江地区38个龙眼品种为试材，对其19个重要果实品质性状进行测定，并进行主成分分析、相关性分析和综合评价。结果表明：不同龙眼品种在单项品质指标上各有优劣，其中‘大乌圆’的单果重最大；‘桂香’的单果重最小；‘冬宝九号’的果肉厚度最大；‘大乌圆’的可食率最大；‘桂明一号’的维生素C含量最高；‘那岭’的可溶性固形物（total soluble solids, TSS）含量最大，其次是‘石峡’；‘早白蕉’的糖酸比和固酸比均为最高。主成分分析中的4个主成分（果实风味、果实大小、果肉含量、果形指数和果皮厚度等指标）的累积贡献率为83.850%。主成分综合得分表明，在湛江地区‘双孖木’、‘红坊’、 ‘储良’、‘石峡’和‘古山二号’的品质较好，推荐种植。     

抗病砂梨新品种‘金鑫’的选育

‘金鑫’是由‘金水1号’ב怀化香水’杂交选育出的抗病砂梨新品种，2016年获得植物新品种权授权，2018年获得农业农村部非主要农作物品种登记证书。该品种树势强健，树姿半开张。果实近圆形或纺锤形，果大，平均单果重289 g，果形指数1.05；果皮绿色，果面平滑；果肉白色，肉质细疏松，可溶性固形物含量10.6%～11.5%，可滴定酸0.28%，风味酸甜，品质中等。在武汉市江夏区8月中下旬成熟，果实生育期140-150 d，多年栽培表现抗梨黑斑病，适宜在湖北省砂梨产区及类似气候地区种植。     

‘玛瑙红’樱桃果实质量分级评价研究

为贵州‘玛瑙红’樱桃果实分级提供参考,对贵州省6个主要产区‘玛瑙红’樱桃进行随机采样,测定果实单果重和可溶性固形物含量,通过相关性分析,对果实质量分级评价标准进行初步的研究。结果表明：‘玛瑙红’樱桃果实质量的主要范围为2.2-3.2 g,可溶性固形物含量主要分布在11-15 %之间,单果重与可溶性固形物呈负相关关系,避雨栽培和‘开心形’树形能提高果实品质。建议‘玛瑙红’樱桃的果实单果重≥3 g、可溶性固形物含量≥13 %为一等果,单果重≥2.5 g、可溶性固形物含量≥11 %为二等果。     

‘金怡’猕猴桃在湖北大别山区引种表现及栽培技术要点

2016年在湖北大别山区引种早熟黄肉中华猕猴桃‘金怡’进行栽培适应性试验,通过对该品种的植物学特征、果实经济性状、生长结果习性及物候期进行观察记录与测定。通过3年的数据分析表明：该品种在红安地区长势中等,果实短圆柱形,果皮绿褐色,平均单果重78.3g,后熟果实可溶性固形物19.3%,干物质含量21.6%,维生素C 1170mg/kg,肉质细腻,风味香甜,果实品质极佳；9月中旬采摘,耐贮藏,平均株产25.6kg,丰产、稳产性好。并从建园定植、整形修剪、土肥水管理、病虫害防治等方面总结了‘金怡’猕猴桃的栽培技术要点。     

早熟抗溃疡病猕猴桃优系‘JS67’选育初报

简要介绍了早熟抗溃疡病猕猴桃优系‘JS67’的选育过程,阐述了‘JS67’的植物学特征、果实主要经济性状、生长结果习性、物候期、抗病性及栽培技术要点等。该优系平均单果重78.6g,果实卵形,果肉黄色,肉质细腻,风味甜,香气浓郁；后熟果实可溶性固形物含量20.1%,总糖13.2%,总酸1.2%,维生素C 792mg/kg。在湖北省建始县,果实8月下旬成熟,丰产稳产,抗溃疡病。     

有机与常规‘脐红’猕猴桃营养品质动态分析

通过对常规与有机‘脐红’猕猴桃,从刚采收的鲜果（可溶性固形物>6.5）在常温条件下贮存到腐烂,每间隔7天测定果实的硬度、可溶性固形物、总酸、固酸比和Vc含量,分析‘脐红’猕猴桃在后熟过程中营养品质变化动态,有利于指导人们在果实营养品质最佳时食用。结果显示,猕猴桃果实在从采收成熟度向生理成熟度过渡时,果实硬度和总酸都随时间的延长而下降,而可溶性固形物、固酸比和Vc含量先升高再降低;有机栽培果实的营养品质和贮藏品质都优于常规栽培。     

南方地区甜樱桃促早栽培关键技术研究

通过覆膜、加温等措施对7个甜樱桃品种物候期和品质特征等方面进行调查研究，为浙江等南方地区甜樱桃促早栽培提供依据。以‘红蜜’‘瑞德’‘早罗宾’‘拉宾斯’‘燕子’‘布鲁克斯’‘早大果’为试验材料，研究不同促早方式对甜樱桃物候期的影响，并对其进行单果重、可溶性固形物含量、风味、品质等方面的鉴定。研究发现简易覆膜促早栽培比普通避雨遮荫栽培果实成熟提早7-12天，在4月中下旬果实成熟；加温覆膜促早栽培比普通避雨遮荫栽培果实成熟提早36-41天，在3月中下旬果实成熟，其经济效益更加显著。通过综合评价发现‘早大果’‘布鲁克斯’‘瑞德’‘红蜜’等品种在综合表现较好，适宜在浙江等南方地区进行相关促早栽培推广种植，其他品种可以有选择性的发展避雨遮荫栽培，以满足市场需求。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.     

优质肉鸡S3系体重与体尺性状指标的主成分分析

为研究地方优质肉鸡S3系体重和体尺性状之间的内在相关性,12周龄时选取同一饲养条件下的150只鸡(公母各半)进行体重和体尺性状等7个指标的测定。结果表明:S3系公鸡的体重、体斜长、龙骨长、胸角均显著高于母鸡(P0.05);公母鸡体重、体斜长、胸宽、胫围这4项指标变异系数较大,有较大选育空间;体重与体斜长、龙骨长、胸宽、胸角、胫围呈极显著正相关(P0.01),相关系数分别为0.57、0.52、0.51、0.49和0.47,与胸深、胫长呈显著相关(P0.05),相关系数分别为0.44和0.39;其他各体尺指标间也存在不同程度的正负相关性(P0.05或P0.01);体重和7个体尺性能指标综合成5个复合指标,累计贡献率达92.6355%,其中第l、2、3、4、5主成分分别解释总变异的36.5353%、22.8642%、13.3115%、10.4535%和8.4710%;各主成分的特征根分布较广,经统计计算入选的5个主成分所包含信息的侧重点各有相同,分别都在一定程度上反映了S3鸡的体型特征和生长发育规律,为今后选育出更加符合市场需求的屠宰加工优质型肉鸡指明了的方向。     

Efficacy of tropicamide,homatropine, cyclopentolate,atropine and hyoscine as mydriatics in Angora goats

Abstract

AIM: To document the efficacy of five commercially available mydriatics for their potential for diagnostic and therapeutic use in Angora goats.

METHODS: Over 8 weeks, the mydriatic effects of 1% tropicamide, 2% homatropine, 1% cyclopentolate, 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine were evaluated. Given as block treatments, drugs were applied randomly to one eye of 10 Angora goats, and the contralateral eye served as a control. Vertical and horizontal pupil diameters were measured to document onset ofeffect, time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical/horizontal pupil diameter between eyes, time to maximum pupillary dilation, and duration of mydriatic action.

RESULTS: Onset of mydriasis for all drugs occurred within 15 minutes. Time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical pupil diameter between eyes was shortest for 1% tropicamide and 0.25% hyoscine (0.5 h), then 2% homatropine and 1% atropine (0.75 h), and longest for 1% cyclopentolate (1.5 h). The maximum vertical pupillary dilation occurred earliest with 1% tropicamide and 1% atropine (2 h), followed by 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (4 h), and latest with 1% cyclopentolate (8 h). The duration of vertical dilation of the pupil was shortest with 1% tropicamide (6 h), then 2% homatropine (12 h), 1% cyclopentolate (12 h), 1% atropine (24 h), and longest for 0.25% hyoscine (96 h).

The time to reach maximum horizontal dilation of the pupil in treated eyes was shortest with 1% cyclopentolate (1 h), followed by 1% tropicamide (1.5 h), 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (3.5 h), and 1% atropine (4 h). The duration of horizontal pupil dilation was shortest with 1% tropicamide (4.5 h), and longest with 0.25% hyoscine (48 h).

CONCLUSION: All five mydriatics induced clinical dilation. Tropicamide (1%) had the shortest duration of effect, but gave incomplete dilation. Good dilation was achieved with 1% cyclopentolate and 2% homatropine, but took too long to reach maximum dilation for routine mydriasis. The largest vertical dilation of the pupil was achieved with 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine, but pupils remained dilated for more than 24 h.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: For routine mydriasis in goats, it is recommended that 1% tropicamide be used, though there may be incomplete dilation. For a longer duration of mydriasis, such as in the treatment of anterior uveitis, 1% atropine or 0.25% hyoscine would be the drugs of choice.