凡纳滨对虾对13种动物性饲料原料营养物质表观消化率的研究

本试验以三氧化二钇(Y2O3)为指示剂,由70%的基础饲料和30%的待测原料组成试验饲料,旨在研究凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)对13种动物性饲料原料的营养物质表观消化率。13种动物性饲料原料分别为:白鱼粉(俄罗斯)、低温蒸汽红鱼粉(秘鲁)、国产直火干燥鱼粉、进口直火干燥鱼粉(秘鲁)、下杂鱼粉、血球蛋白粉、烘干血粉、鸡肉粉、肉骨粉、肉粉、酵解羽毛粉、水解羽毛粉和全虾粉。选取初始均重为(13.0±0.1)g的凡纳滨对虾1 260尾,随机分为14组,每组3个重复,每个重复30尾虾。各组对虾分别投喂相应试验饲料1周后,采用虹吸法收粪,测定干物质、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、总能、总磷和氨基酸的表观消化率。结果表明:13种饲料原料的干物质、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、总能、总磷和氨基酸的表观消化率范围分别为58.11%～76.91%、64.17%～93.57%、52.44%～95.62%、43.00%～95.21%、39.11%～76.47%和63.48%～94.06%。各饲料原料的氨基酸表观消化率与粗蛋白质表观消化率变化趋势基本一致。白鱼粉、低温蒸汽红鱼粉和进口直火干燥鱼粉的粗蛋白质表观消化率显著高于其他各饲料原料(P<0.05);酵解羽毛粉、水解羽毛粉和烘干血粉的粗脂肪表观消化率显著低于其他各饲料原料(P<0.05);白鱼粉和进口直火干燥鱼粉的总能表观消化率显著高于其他各饲料原料(P<0.05);白鱼粉、低温蒸汽红鱼粉、国产直火干燥鱼粉和进口直火干燥鱼粉的总磷表观消化率显著高于血球蛋白粉和烘干血粉(P<0.05)。13种动物性饲料原料中白鱼粉的干物质、总能和总磷的表观消化率最高,水解羽毛粉的干物质、粗蛋白质和总能的表观消化率最低,烘干血粉的粗脂肪和总磷的表观消化率最低。由此可见,不同来源和品质的鱼粉的营养物质表观消化率不同;鸡肉粉、肉骨粉、肉粉和全虾粉可作为凡纳滨对虾的优质蛋白质源,在实际生产中可部分替代鱼粉;羽毛粉和血粉由于所采用的加工工艺不同,其营养物质组成有所不同,导致表观消化率有一定的差异,在配制饲料前需对其进行营养价值的评定。     

达氏鳇幼鱼对6种蛋白质原料中营养物质的表观消化率

为了解达氏鳇(Huso dauricus)幼鱼对不同蛋白质原料的消化能力,以0.4%的二氧化钛(TiO2)为指示剂,分别将鱼粉、鸡肉粉、肉骨粉、羽毛粉、双低菜粕和玉米蛋白粉这6种蛋白质原料与基础饲料按照3∶7的比例配制试验饲料,测定达氏鳇幼鱼对这6种蛋白质原料中干物质、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、总能和总氨基酸的表观消化率。试验选取初始体质量为(66.79±2.18) g的达氏鳇幼鱼420尾,随机分为7组,每组3个重复,每个重复放鱼20尾。基础饲料投喂2周后,开始用试验饲料投喂,试验饲料投喂1周后采用捞网收集成形的粪便,共收集10 d。结果表明:达氏鳇幼鱼对鱼粉、鸡肉粉、肉骨粉、羽毛粉、双低菜粕和玉米蛋白粉这6种蛋白质原料中干物质、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、总能和氨基酸的表观消化率分别为54.79%～88.07%、73.62%～89.47%、99.80%～100.74%、66.64%～89.24%、51.27%～98.62%。在6种蛋白质原料中,粗脂肪的表观消化率均在99%以上,而干物质、粗蛋白质和总能表观消化率则以鱼粉和鸡肉粉较高,玉米蛋白粉和双低菜籽粕次之,肉骨粉和羽毛粉较差。其中,鱼粉的粗蛋白质表观消化率最高,为89.47%,显著高于其他蛋白质原料(P0.05);鸡肉粉次之,为81.14%,与肉骨粉、双低菜籽粕和玉米蛋白粉差异不显著(P0.05);羽毛粉的粗蛋白质表观消化率最低,为73.62%,与肉骨粉差异不显著(P0.05),与其他蛋白质原料差异显著(P0.05)。各蛋白质原料中总氨基酸的表观消化率与粗蛋白质的表观消化率的变化趋势基本一致。由此可知,对于达氏鳇幼鱼饲料,鱼粉是最佳的蛋白质来源,鸡肉粉、玉米蛋白粉和双低菜籽粕亦可以作为其优质的蛋白质来源,而羽毛粉和肉骨粉作为蛋白质来源时,要控制其在饲料中的用量。     

水貂对5种非常规蛋白质饲料养分的消化利用率

试验旨在研究水貂对进口鱼粉、血浆蛋白粉、羽毛粉、猪血球蛋白粉和肠膜蛋白粉5种非常规饲料的表观消化率,为合理利用饲料资源提供科学依据。试验选取年龄、品种、体重相近,健康的准备配种期改良型黑色母貂30只,平均分成5组,每组6只。采用套算法测定了水貂对5种饲料原料干物质、能量、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗灰分和磷的表观消化率。试验结果表明:水貂对猪血球蛋白粉组干物质的表观消化率显著地高于进口鱼粉和羽毛粉组(P0.05),羽毛粉的干物质和能量表观消化率最低(P0.05)。猪血球蛋白粉的粗蛋白表观消化率组最高,羽毛粉组粗蛋白的表观消化率显著地低于其他各组(P0.05)。肠膜蛋白粉组粗脂肪表观消化率显著地高于血浆蛋白粉、羽毛粉和猪血球蛋白粉组(P0.05),但与进口鱼粉组差相比异不显著(P0.05);5种试验饲粮的蛋白质生物学价值和净蛋白利用率指标差异均不显著(P0.05)。因此,5种蛋白质饲料中养分表观消化率最高的是进口鱼粉,其次是肠膜蛋白粉、血浆蛋白粉和猪血球蛋白粉,羽毛粉最低。     

凡纳滨对虾对家蝇蛆粉的表观消化率

以氧化钇(Y2O3)为指示剂,按照"70%基础饲料+30%试验原料"的方法测定了初始体重(2.20±0.15)g凡纳滨对虾对家蝇蛆粉的表观消化率。试验结果显示,凡纳滨对虾对家蝇蛆粉干物质、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和能量的表观消化率分别为68.18%、83.34%、89.26%和75.38%。凡纳滨对虾对家蝇蛆粉总氨基酸的消化率为86.56%,氨基酸消化率的变化范围为80.74%~92.31%,其中组氨酸、精氨酸、异亮氨酸和脯氨酸的消化率均在90%以上。研究结果为评价家蝇蛆粉的营养价值及其在凡纳滨对虾饲料中的应用提供了参考和依据。     

蓝狐对不同蛋白质来源日粮干物质和粗蛋白质表观消化率的比较研究

本试验测定了蓝狐对6种动物性蛋白(鸡肉粉、秘鲁鱼粉、鸡肠羽粉、肉骨粉、羽毛粉和猪肉粉)来源日粮和5种植物性蛋白(玉米蛋白粉、膨化大豆、豆粕、膨化玉米和玉米胚芽粕)来源日粮的干物质和粗蛋白质的表观消化率,比较了不同性别蓝狐对同一蛋白质来源日粮的干物质和粗蛋白质表观消化率差异.选取健康成年蓝狐公、母各110只,公、母狐分别随机分成11组,每组10个重复,每个重复1只.每组试验日粮的粗蛋白质由单一的试验饲料原料提供.预试期7 d,正试期3 d.结果表明,在6种动物性蛋白来源日粮中,羽毛粉日粮干物质表观消化率最高,但与鸡肉粉和秘鲁鱼粉日粮差异不显著(P>0.05);肉骨粉和猪肉粉日粮干物质表观消化率显著低于羽毛粉和鸡肉粉日粮(P<0.05).鸡肉粉日粮粗蛋白质表观消化率最高,但与秘鲁鱼粉、鸡肠羽粉和羽毛粉日粮差异不显著(P>0.05);猪肉粉和肉骨粉日粮粗蛋白质表观消化率显著低于鸡肉粉日粮(P<0.05).在5种植物性蛋白来源日粮中,膨化大豆日粮干物质表观消化率最高,但与豆粕日粮差异不显著(P>0.05);膨化玉米日粮的干物质表观消化率显著低于其他4种日粮(P<0.05).豆粕日粮的粗蛋白质表观消化率最高,但与膨化大豆和玉米蛋白粉日粮差异不显著(P>0.05);膨化玉米和玉米胚芽粕日粮的粗蛋白质表观消化率显著低于其他3种日粮(P<0.05).不同性别蓝狐对同一日粮的干物质和粗蛋白质表观消化率均差异不显著(P>0.05).由此得出,作为育成期蓝狐日粮的蛋白质来源,6种动物性蛋白原料中以鸡肉粉最佳,5种植物性蛋白原料中以豆粕最佳.不同性别蓝狐对同一日粮干物质和粗蛋白质表观消化率差异不显著.     

凡纳滨对虾对玉米蛋自粉表现消化率的研究

玉米蛋白粉(corn gluten meal)具有蛋白含量高、低纤维素、富含维生素B和维生素E、不含抗营养冈子等诸多优点[1-2].一般认为,水产动物对植物蛋白源的消化吸收率低于鱼粉[3-4],然而,对银鲑和虹鳟[5]、大西洋鳕[6]、军曹鱼[7]、许氏平鲉[8]、罗非鱼[9]、金头鲷[10-11]、大西洋鲑[12]、银锯眶鯻[13]、黑线鳕[14]和五条 [15]的研究发现,多数鱼类对玉米蛋白粉的表观消化率较高.本试验的玉米蛋白粉为利用玉米生产赖氨酸后的副产品,对其在凡纳滨对虾饲料中的应用效果未见报道.因此,本试验研究凡纳滨对虾对该玉米蛋白粉的干物质及粗蛋白表观消化率,为玉米蛋白粉在儿纳滨对虾饲料中的廊用提供参考.     

7种饲料原料蛋白质和氨基酸对凡纳滨对虾的影响

以平均初始体质量约2g的凡纳滨对虾为试验对象,采用三氧化二铬(Cr2O3)作为指示剂,间接测定法测定发酵蚕蛹粉(FPM)、棉粕(CM)、菜粕(RM)、直火鱼粉(FM)、啤酒酵母(YB)、发酵豆粕(FSBM)和浓缩大豆蛋白(SPC)7种饲料原料粗蛋白和氨基酸的消化率。试验显示,凡纳滨对虾的增重率和特定生长率在FM组达最高(P0.05),但各试验组对虾的成活率无显著差异。7种饲料原料对凡纳滨对虾粗蛋白消化率范围在70%～85%,依次为SPC(83.98%)FSBM(78.28%)CM(77.4%)RM(69.49%)FM(64.78%)FPM(63.2%)YB(44.85%),除了YB外,各原料间粗蛋白消化率差异不显著。其中,以SPC消化率最高,YB的消化率最低,且显著低于SPC及FSBM。7种饲料原料的氨基酸消化率范围在40%～95%,除了组氨酸和谷氨酸外,各试验原料的必需氨基酸消化率间差异不显著,FSBM中组氨酸消化率最高,显著高于FM和YB组;同样,谷氨酸消化率也在FSBM中达最高(P0.05)。试验结果表明:凡纳滨对虾对棉粕、菜粕和豆粕及其衍生产品与直火鱼粉在蛋白质和氨基酸的利用率上较为相似,运用在配方优化中,有利于降低饲料配方成本。     

异育银鲫对十种常用饲料原料离体消化率的测定

利用异育银鲫(allogynogenetic crucian carp)的肠道为消化酶酶源,采用离体消化率的测定方法,分别测定了米糠、麦芽根、血粉、豆粕、花生粕、花生饼、棉粕、菜粕、玉米蛋白粉、鱼粉的离体消化率。异育银鲫对10种饲料原料的蛋白质消化率分别为:花生饼43.38%、玉米蛋白粉41.27%、米糠39.72%、血粉37.20%、花生粕36.85%、棉粕35.60%、鱼粉33.87%、豆粕32.69%、菜粕32.10%、麦芽根21.28%。试验结果表明:血粉、花生粕、花生饼、棉粕、玉米蛋白粉作为优质的高蛋白饲料原料替代或部分替代鱼粉在异育银鲫饲料配方中使用是可行的。     

低鱼粉饲料中添加有机酸(盐)对凡纳滨对虾生长性能、消化酶活性和营养物质表观消化率的影响

本试验旨在研究低鱼粉饲料中添加有机酸(盐)对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)生长性能、消化酶活性和营养物质表观消化率的影响。选1 080尾初重(4.60±0.05) g的凡纳滨对虾,随机分为9组,每组4个重复,每个重复30尾虾。正对照组(PC组)组饲喂鱼粉含量为18%的基础饲料,2个负对照组分别饲喂以肉骨粉(M BM组)和豆粕(SM组)替代1/3鱼粉的试验饲料,试验组分别饲喂在2个负对照组试验饲料中添加0.2%柠檬酸(MBM-CA、SM-CA组)、苹果酸(MBM-MA、SM-MA组)和丁酸钠(MBM-SB、SM-SB组)的试验饲料。试验期9周。结果表明:与PC组相比,MBM和SM组的增重率和粗蛋白质、粗脂肪表观消化率显著下降(P0.05),饲料系数显著升高(P0.05)。在肉骨粉饲料和豆粕饲料中添加柠檬酸和丁酸钠后,均显著提高了凡纳滨对虾的增重率、蛋白质沉积率、脂肪沉积率和干物质表观消化率(P0.05),显著降低了饲料系数(P0.05);在肉骨粉饲料和豆粕饲料中添加苹果酸后,凡纳滨对虾的增重率、饲料系数、蛋白质沉积率、脂肪沉积率以及干物质、粗蛋白质和粗脂肪表观消化率均无显著差异(P0.05)。各组凡纳滨对虾的肝胰腺蛋白酶、淀粉酶活性无显著差异(P0.05)。综上所述,在鱼粉含量为12%的低鱼粉饲料中添加0.2%柠檬酸或丁酸钠,可显著改善凡纳滨对虾生长性能,提高了饲料效率,但添加0.2%苹果酸对生长性能和饲料利用无显著影响。     

发酵花生粕替代鱼粉对凡纳滨对虾生长、肌肉成分和非特异性免疫的影响

试验旨在研究发酵花生粕替代不同水平鱼粉对凡纳滨对虾生长、肌肉成分和血淋巴非特异性免疫指标的影响。设计鱼粉含量为21%的对照组饲料,以4.5%、9.0%、13.5%的发酵花生粕分别替代对照饲料组中3.0%、6.0%、9.0%的鱼粉,配制成4种等氮、等能饲料,投喂平均体质量5.1 g的凡纳滨对虾42 d。试验共设4个处理,每处理4个重复,每重复50尾虾。结果表明:发酵花生粕替代鱼粉3.0%、6.0%时不影响凡纳滨对虾增重率和饲料系数;而替代鱼粉9.0%时,增重率显著降低(P0.05),饲料系数显著增高(P0.05),同时肌肉粗蛋白含量、血淋巴T-SOD活性显著降低(P0.05);替代鱼粉3.0%时对虾表现出最高的PO活性(P0.05)。以上结果表明,发酵花生粕可替代饲料中6.0%鱼粉而不影响凡纳滨对虾生长性能。     

Optimizing protein quality of mixtures of blood meal, feather meal and bone meal

The protein quality of two- or three-component mixtures of blood meal, feather meal and bone meal was characterized by amino acid scores and rat net protein utilization (NPU) values. A graphic method designed to find optimum levels of the limiting essential amino acids in the mixtures was suitable for predicting the optimum of NPU values determined by feeding rats with diets having 10% crude protein. The protein quality of mixtures of blood meal, feather meal and bone meal showed an optimum if blood meal constituted 60% of the protein content of the mixtures; however, poor feed intake and growth data were obtained.     

Evaluation of soybean meal, corn gluten meal, blood meal and fish meal as sources of nitrogen and amino acids disappearing from the small intestine of steers

The value of soybean meal (SBM), corn gluten meal (CGM), blood meal (BM) and fish meal (FM) in supplying N and amino acids (AA) escaping ruminal microbial degradation and disappearing from the small intestine (SI) was studied in steers using a regression approach. Replacement of corn starch in diets with protein sources resulted in decreases (P less than .05) in efficiency of microbial protein synthesis. Ruminal ammonia-N (NH3-N) had the greatest increase (P less than .05) when SBM was fed; BM supplementation resulted in only nonsignificant increases in ruminal NH3-N (P greater than .05). Soybean meal had the lowest proportion of N escaping ruminal degradation (.21). Corn gluten meal-N (.86) and BM-N (.92) escaped ruminal degradation to the greatest extent, and FM-N was intermediate (.68). Protein sources followed similar trends in providing absorbable nonbacterial N to the SI. Thirteen (+/- 6.2) percent of SBM-N was absorbed from the SI; 69 (+/- 6.2), 68 (+/- 9.1) and 50 (+/- 10.1)% of CGM-N, BM-N and FM-N, respectively, were absorbed from the SI. Values for ruminal escape and SI availability for individual and total AA are presented. Of the essential AA (EAA), threonine, valine and isoleucine were more resistant to ruminal degradation; methionine, cysteine, histidine and arginine were more extensively degraded than the total AA supply. Of the EAA escaping ruminal degradation, cysteine, histidine and threonine tended to be less digestible, whereas arginine was more digestible in the SI than the total AA supply.     

Evaluation of meat meal, chicken meal, and corn gluten meal as dietary sources of protein in dry cat food

The nutritional value of meat meal (MM), chicken meal (CM), and corn gluten meal (CGM) as dietary sources of protein in dry food formulated for adult cats was evaluated. Twelve healthy adult cats (11 males and 1 female) were used. Dry diets containing MM, CM, or CGM as the main protein source were given for a 3-week period in a 3 x 3 Latin-square design. Digestion and balance experiments were conducted during the last 7 d of each period. In addition, freshly voided urine was taken to determine urinary pH and number of struvite crystals. As compared with the CM diet, dry-matter digestibility was higher and lower for the MM and CGM groups, respectively. Percentages of nitrogen (N) absorption and N retention to N intake were higher in the MM group, and N utilization was not different between the CM group and the CGM group. All cats excreted alkaline urine (pH > 7). Urinary pH, struvite activity product, and number of struvite crystals in urine were lower for the CGM group. There was no difference in retention of calcium and magnesium among the groups. From the point of view of digestibility and N utilization, MM is superior to CGM, and CM is better than or equivalent to CGM as a protein source of dry foods for adult cats. However, when CM is used as a dietary protein source, some manipulation of dietary base excess may be needed to control urinary acid-base balance, because CM contains higher calcium and phosphorus.     

Effect of restricted forage intake on ruminal disappearance of bromegrass hay and a blood meal, feather meal, and fish meal supplement

Two experiments were conducted to determine in situ disappearance of bromegrass hay and a ruminally undegraded protein (RUP) supplement in beef cattle fed restricted amounts of forage. Six Angus crossbred cattle (BW = 589 +/- 44.4 kg; three steers and three heifers) fitted with ruminal cannulas were fed chopped (2.54 cm) bromegrass hay (8.9% CP) at one of three percentages of maintenance intake (30, 55, or 80%; one steer and one heifer per treatment). In both experiments, the cattle were allowed 7 d for diet adaptation followed by 3 d of sample collection. In Exp 1, in situ bags (50 microm pore size) containing 4.1 g of brome-grass hay (OM basis) were inserted into the rumen and subsequently removed at 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 24, 36, and 48 h after insertion. Nonlinear regression models were used to determine the rapidly solubilized protein Fraction A, the potentially ruminal degradable protein Fraction B, the ruminally undegraded protein Fraction C, and protein degradation rate. Intake level did not affect (P = 0.15 to 0.95) forage protein remaining after in situ incubation or Fractions A, B, and C; however, effective ruminal degradation of hay protein tended to increase quadratically (P = 0.12) as forage intake increased. In Exp 2, 4.2 g (OM basis) of an RUP supplement (6.8% porcine blood meal, 24.5% hydrolyzed feather meal, and 68.7% menhaden fish meal) formulated to provide equal amounts of metabolizable protein across all levels of hay consumption was evaluated in a similar manner as in Exp 1. The undegraded protein fraction of the supplement did not differ (P = 0.16 to 0.74) across treatments at 3, 6, 9, and 18 h; however, increasing forage intake resulted in a linear increase (P < or = 0.06) in undegraded protein remaining at 12, 15, 24, 36, and 48 h. Dietary treatment had no affect (P = 0.30) on protein Fractions A, B, or C; however, protein degradation rate of the supplement decreased linearly (P = 0.03) as forage intake increased. Therefore, effective ruminal degradation of the supplement decreased linearly (P = 0.01) from 50.8 to 40.9% as forage intake increased from 30 to 80% of maintenance. Corresponding estimates of supplement RUP were 49.2, 56.5, and 59.1% for the 30, 55, and 80% of maintenance intake treatments, respectively. Restricting dietary intake can decrease the quantity of dietary protein that escapes ruminal degradation. Tabular estimates of RUP may not be appropriate for formulating diets to balance metabolizable protein in beef cattle consuming limited quantities of forage.     

Net energy of corn,soybean meal and rapeseed meal in growing pigs

Background: Two experiments were conducted to estimate the net energy(NE) of corn, soybean meal, expel er-pressed rapeseed meal(EP-RSM) and solvent-extracted rapeseed meal(SE-RSM) using indirect calorimetry and to validate the NE of these four ingredients using pig growth performance.Methods: In Exp.1, 24 barrows(initial BW = 36.4 ± 1.6 kg) were allotted to 1 of 4 diets which included a corn basal diet,a corn-soybean meal basal diet and two rapeseed meal diets containing 20% EP-RSM(9.5% ether extract) or SE-RSM(1.1% ether extract) substituted for corn and soybean meal. The design allowed the calculation of NE values of corn,soybean meal and rapeseed meals according to the difference method. In Exp.2, 175 growing pigs(initial BW = 36.0± 5.2 kg) were fed 1 of 5 diets for 28 d, with five pigs per pen and seven replications(pens) per treatment in order to validate the measured energy values. Diets were a corn-soybean meal diet and four diets including 10% or 20% EP-RSM and 10% or 20% SE-RSM.Results: The NE of corn, soybean meal, EP-RSM and SE-RSM were 12.46, 11.34, 11.71 and 8.83 MJ/kg DM, respectively. The NE to ME ratio of corn(78%) was similar to tabular values, however, the NE to ME ratios of soybean meal(70%) and rapeseed meal(76%) were greater than tabular values. The greater NE value in EP-RSM than in SE-RSM is consistent with its higher EE content. Increasing EP-RSM or SE-RSM did not affect the growth performance of pigs and the caloric efficiency of NE was comparable for al diets.Conclusions: The NE of EP-RSM was similar to soybean meal, and both were greater than SE-RSM. The DE, ME and NE values measured in Exp.1 are confirmed by results of Exp. 2 with comparable caloric efficiencies of DE, ME or NE for all diets.     

In vivo measurement of flatulence and nutrient digestibility in dogs fed poultry by-product meal, conventional soybean meal, and low-oligosaccharide low-phytate soybean meal

OBJECTIVE: To determine an optimal window for determining peak flatulence and evaluate the effects of oligosaccharides and supplemental beta-mannanase in soybean meal-based diets on nutrient availability and flatulence. ANIMALS: 6 dogs. PROCEDURES: Dogs were used in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments in a 6 x 6 Latin square experiment to evaluate the digestibility, flatulence, and fecal odor metabolites of low-oligosaccharide low-phytate soybean meal (LLM), conventional soybean meal (SBM), and poultry by-product (PBP) meal diets with or without supplemental beta-mannanase (5 g/kg). RESULTS: Enzyme supplementation had no effect on total tract dry matter (DM), nitrogen digestibility, or digestible energy; however, differences between protein sources did exist for total tract DM digestibility and digestible energy. The PBP meal had higher DM digestibility and digestible energy (mean, 0.913 and 4,255 cal/g), compared with soy-based diets (mean, 0.870 and 4,049 cal/g). No differences were detected for any treatment regardless of protein source or addition of supplemental enzyme for any flatulence components analyzed. No differences were detected for all fecal odor metabolites regardless of addition of supplemental enzyme; however, differences between protein sources were detected. The PBP meal had lower concentrations of carboxylic acids and esters and higher concentrations of heterocycles, phenols, thio and sulfides, ketones, alcohols, and indoles than LLM and SBM. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Diets containing < 22.4 g of stachyose/kg and < 2 g of raffinose/kg did not alter digestibility or increase flatulence in dogs.     

Performance,carcass characteristics and chemical composition of beef affected by lupine seed,rapeseed meal and soybean meal

To test the effects of different protein sources and levels on performance, carcass characteristics and beef chemical composition, concentrates with three protein sources [Lupine seed (L), Rapeseed meal (R) and Soybean meal (S)] and two protein levels [‘normal protein’ (NP) or ‘high protein’ (HP)] were fed to 36 Simmental calves. Calves initially weighed 276 ± 3.9 kg and averaged 6 months of age and were randomly allocated to the six treatments. Maize silage was offered ad libitum and supplemented with increasing amounts of concentrates (wheat, maize grain, protein sources, vitamin–mineral mix). Normal protein and HP diets were formulated to contain 12.4% and 14.0% crude protein (CP) dry matter (DM) respectively. At the end of the fattening period of 278 days, the final live weight averaged 683 ± 14.7 kg. Neither level of protein nor its interaction with protein sources had any effects on most of the traits studied. Feeding the R diet significantly increased final weight, average daily gain (ADG), DM intake and CP intake in relation to the L diet; no differences were observed between the L and S diets for these measures. No differences were observed between the R and S groups in final weight or ADG, but the calves fed the R diet consumed more DM and CP than the calves fed the S diet. Bulls fed R diet had higher carcass weight and dressing percentage than the L groups, and no significant differences were detected between the S and L groups. Chemical composition of the Musculus longissimus dorsi was not significantly affected by source of protein. Also, the major saturated fatty acid (SFA) (C16:0 and C18:0) did not significantly differ among the three treatments. Samples from R group had significantly higher proportions of C16:1 t9, C18:1 c11, C18:2 c9 t11, C18:3 c9, 12, 15 and ΣC18:1 t fatty acids in relation to L and S groups. Although polyunsaturated fatty acid/SFA ratio was similar for the three dietary groups, n‐6/n‐3 ratio and Σn‐3 fatty acids content were significantly greater for bulls fed R diet in relation to those fed L and S diets.     

广东省六月份玉米、进口鱼粉、豆粕价格分析

一、玉米振荡调整 5月上旬广东玉米价格平稳,中旬过后出现跌落行情。5月6日市面报价1160元/t;5月12日市面价格开始松动,报价1155元/t,码头有成交价1150元/t;5月14日市面全部报出1150元/t;5月19日市面报1140元/t;5月22日市面有报1135元/t,码头出现1130元/t报价;5月28日码头现货报出1120元/t价位,据闻有部分质量稍差、水分稍高的报1080元/t。综观全月市场,玉米     

椰子粕、棕榈粕和木薯对猪磷表观消化率的影响

文章旨在评估分别以椰子粕、棕榈粕和木薯为主的日粮对生长猪磷表观消化率的影响。试验将平均体重为(40.2±0.58)kg的24头公猪随机分为4组,每组3个重复,每个重复2头猪。其中1组是日粮以玉米淀粉、蔗糖和明胶为主要原料的无磷日粮,测定了磷的基础内源损失,其他组日粮中含有40%的椰子粕、棕榈粕或木薯。试验共进行21 d,包括3个周期,每个周期分为3 d适应期,4 d样品采集期。结果:化学成分结果显示,椰子粕和棕榈粕的粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗纤维、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量大于木薯,而同时椰子粕和棕榈粕总磷含量也高于木薯,但钙含量低于木薯。椰子粕和棕榈粕磷表观消化率较木薯日粮显著提高了228.57%和183.57%(P<0.05),而棕榈粕组钙表观消化率较椰子粕组显著提高了107.07%(P<0.05)。棕榈粕组钙摄入量较椰子粕和木薯组分别显著提高了144.17%和71.09%(P<0.05),棕榈粕组粪排泄量最多(P<0.05),而椰子粕和棕榈粕组粪磷占比最高(P<0.05),棕榈粕组每天粪磷排泄量较木薯组显著提高206.25%(P<0.05)。结论:椰子粕和棕榈粕总磷消化率显著高于木薯,但标准磷表观消化率无显著差异。因此,在低磷原料中用标准磷表示可消化磷较总磷更准确。     

棕榈粕、椰子粕及其与酶制剂联合应用研究进展

<正>近年来,饲料资源短缺,新的替代资源研究已成为行业热点。棕榈粕、椰子粕作为饲料原料在国外畜牧行业已经应用多年(Woll,1922;Shamsuddin,1987),在节约粮食资源、降低饲养成本方面发挥了重要作用,经济效益和社会效益明显。国外对这两种原料的应用技术研究也有报道,如KimBG(2001)报道,在育肥猪中使用棕榈粕和椰子粕替代豆粕不影响猪生产