动物生物安全二级实验室建设探讨

为满足兽用生物制品免疫攻毒试验需求,参照实验动物设施建设相关国家标准及生物安全实验室建筑技术规范,设计和建设了一个双走廊模式、屏障环境、符合生物安全二级要求的动物生物安全二级实验室(ABSL-2),可满足使用清洁级以上的实验动物进行的感染性试验的需求。本文针对ABSL-2的设施设计要点、生物安全控制等相关理念和内容进行了阐述,强调建设过程应高度关注生物安全防护问题,以期为建设相关单位建设实验室提供信息参考。     

科技前沿

正中国首个自主设计建设高级别生物安全实验室投用8月7日,中国农业科学院哈尔滨兽医研究所举行了国家动物疫病防控高级别生物安全实验室认可证书授予仪式,标志着我国唯一的大动物生物安全四级实验室符合国家标准要求,开始投入运行。这是我国第一个完全自主设计、建设和管理运行的生物安全四级实验室。其建成运行,使我国具备开展所有已知重要传染病病原动物试验的能力,是我国生物安全保障能力建设的重要成就,     

国外兽医生物安全实验室建设与管理对我国的启示

当前,我国兽医生物安全实验室进入了建设高峰期,但生物安全实验室的管理,特别是高等级生物安全实验室的建设与管理是摆在广大兽医工作者面前的新课题.通过学习瑞典、瑞士、荷兰、西班牙等国外生物安全实验室先进的设计、建设与管理经验,对我国兽医生物安全实验室建设与管理工作具有一定的启示和借鉴意义.     

动物生物安全实验室紧急事件处置与防范策略研究

动物生物安全实验室广泛应用于生命科学研究各领域。近年来,随着重大动物疫病流行、外来病不断涌入,兽医动物生物安全实验室建设和投产数量激增,其建设和管理水平直接影响动物实验的质量,从而在很大程度决定我国重大动物疫病的研究和防控水平。本文旨在总结国内外动物生物安全实验室常见的紧急事件,进一步探讨其现场应急处置方法、风险防控预案的制定以及应急演练的组织实施,以期对国内情况相近的动物生物安全实验室的运行管理提供有效借鉴。     

规模化猪场生物安全体系的构建

健全的生物安全体系能够最大限度地降低猪场暴发疾病的风险。本文借鉴国外发达养猪业生物安全体系的实践,结合笔者在规模化猪场的管理经验,从猪场的选址、区域的划分、栏舍的布局、车辆的管理、消毒流程的制定、消毒制度的建立、免疫体系的建立、疫病的监测、人员的管理、引种的管理、有害生物及其他动物的控制等多方面阐述规模化猪场生物安全体系的构建。     

动物实验与生物安全

文章主要介绍了美国、加拿大、日本等国的生物安全动物实验室在法规制定、建筑设计、人员控制、废弃物处理、空气控制、实验室管理等方面的先进理念和经验,为我国目前生物安全实验室的建设和管理提供指导.     

浅议肉禽无禽流感生物安全隔离区国家评估机制

生物安全隔离区国家评估工作,既是我国《动物防疫法》等法律法规的要求,也是当前动物和动物产品国际贸易中进口方对出口方生物安全隔离区实施无疫认可的前提条件。生物安全隔离区是我国无规定动物疫病区的一种重要类型。本文在《无规定动物疫病区评估管理办法》基础上,结合肉禽无禽流感生物安全隔离区有关标准的相关技术要求,研究构建了我国肉禽无禽流感生物安全隔离区国家评估机制,明确了生物安全隔离区国家评估的评估管理、评估程序和方法、评估结果发布以及评估后管理等方面的要求,为我国下一步开展肉禽无禽流感生物安全隔离区国家评估工作提供借鉴和参考。     

全球生物安全与生物安全实验室的起源和发展

近年来全球陆续暴发的人类和动物疫病使各国愈发关注生物安全问题,生物安全实验室作为重要的生物安全科技支撑平台,其建设和管理也受到了各国的普遍重视。文章系统梳理了全球生物安全和生物安全实验室的起源与发展历程,重点分析了全球高等级生物安全实验室建设、管理等发展现状,并展望了全球生物安全实验室的发展前景,为我国生物安全实验室的建设和管理提供参考。     

生物安全在养鸭生产中的应用

生物安全是一种系统化的管理实践,是阻止致病因子进入养殖场,减少动物疫病发生的综合性措施。本文从鸭场选址、规划与布局、鸭舍建设、鸭群管理、人员和车辆管理、饲料和饮水控制、害鼠野鸟防范、消毒、防疫、废弃物处理等方面讨论了生物安全理论在养鸭生产中的应用,为养鸭场(户)提供可供参考的生物安全措施。     

第一届中国兽医生物安全高级研讨会即将召开

近年来，我国各级政府高度重视动物防疫体系建设，相继投入大量资金用于国家级、区域级和省级高等级生物安全实验室建设。如何科学的建设与管理这些生物安全实验室，成为管理部门和实验室管理人员面临的紧迫课题。为尽快了解和掌握国内外高级别兽医生物安全实验室的建设、管理和使用等方面的情况与经验，中国动物疫病预防控制中心决定与北京太克会展中心合作于2007年8月28—31日在北京中苑宾馆举办兽医生物安全高级研讨会。     

The "Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut": past, present and future of research in infectious diseases of animals

The Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, founded in 1910 by Friedrich Loeffler, the discoverer of the first animal virus, foot-and-mouth disease virus, is the oldest virological research facility in the world. Beyond viruses, its area of competence has significantly expanded since its foundation and now also covers bacterial, parasitic and prion diseases of livestock, poultry and aquatic animals. Presently located at four sites within Germany (Insel Riems, Jena,Tübingen,Wusterhausen) the tasks of the institute as delineated in the Animal Disease Act encompass research on infectious animal diseases including zoonoses, import/export examinations, epidemiological studies in case of outbreaks of notifiable animal diseases, acting as reference laboratory for notifiable animal diseases and nationwide quality management of diagnosis of notifiable animal diseases. It is obliged to publish and maintain up-to-date diagnostic regimes for notifiable animal diseases, and it publishes a yearly report on animal health in Germany. With the increasing importance of infectious diseases of animals, in particular those potentially harmful to man (zoonoses), the Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut will be moving into new facilities including laboratories and animal facilities up to the highest biosafety level at its main site Insel Riems on the occasion of its 100th anniversary.     

高校实验动物与生物安全

实验动物是高校教学科研工作中的重要实验对象和工具,也是转化医学的必要环节。随着科技创新发展,高校使用的实验动物和实验用动物的品种、品系越来越多,出现的生物安全事件也日趋频繁,已严重威胁人类健康和生态环境。分析了高校实验动物潜在生物安全危害,探讨了实验动物生物安全管理方面存在的问题,并就应对实验动物生物安全隐患问题提出了建议。     

建设省级示范畜禽疾病检测实验实训中心的实践与思考

安徽农业大学为适应动物医学和动物检疫学发展的需要,深化实践教学改革,整合校内临床检测实验室与社会实践基地,建设成省级示范畜禽疾病检测实验实训中心。该中心通过优化整合实验实训教学内容,强化实践教学环节,构建创新实验实训教学体系,提高临床教学水平,充分发挥培养应用型动物医学和动物检疫学专门人才以及服务社会的功能。     

放牧强度对内蒙古典型草原群落结构和家畜生产性能的影响

认识放牧对草地植物群落结构和家畜生产性能的影响是修复放牧退化草地和制定可持续放牧体系的理论基础。本研究在内蒙古锡林郭勒典型草原开展了基于草地放牧留茬高度的适应性放牧实验,连续4年监测了无牧(NG)、轻牧(LG)、中牧(MG)和重牧(HG)条件下草地植物群落的变化和家畜生产性能,分析其对放牧强度的响应。结果表明：与NG相比,HG显著降低了优势种的相对生物量,提高了伴生种的相对生物量(P<0.05);LG和MG处理下主要提高了优势种的生产力,而在HG处理主要提高了伴生种的生产力;在所研究的典型草原采用适应性放牧方式下,中度放牧可获得最佳的草地植物生产和家畜生产性能。研究为制定合理的草原放牧制度、促进草地群落结构优化和草畜平衡发展提供了理论依据。     

Towards a sustainable livestock production in developing countries and the importance of animal health strategy therein.

Livestock and animal health development projects have not always led to substantial increases in animal productivity or in farmers' welfare. Some have even resulted in unsustainable systems, when they were not based on an understanding of (livestock) production systems. The multipurpose functions of livestock and complex relationships between the biological, technical and social components require a systems approach, whereby nutrition, animal health, breeding, biotechnology knowhow, inputs and technologies are used to optimise resource use. The challenge for developed and developing countries is to reverse the current degradation of the environment, and arrive at sustainable increases in crop and livestock production to secure present and future food supplies. For rural development, governments should show long term commitment and political will to support the rural population in development programmes, because smallholders (including women and landless livestock keepers) represent a large labour force in developing countries. Different systems need different approaches. Pastoral systems must focus on effective management of grazing pressure of the rangelands. Communal rangelands management involves not only the development and application of technologies (e.g. feedlots, vaccination campaigns), but also land tenure policies, institutional development, economic return and a reduction in the number of people depending upon livestock. Smallholder mixed farms must aim at intensification of the total production system, in which external inputs are indispensable, but with the emphasis on optimum input-output relationships by reducing resource losses due to poor management. Resource-poor farming systems must aim at the improved management of the various livestock species in backyards and very small farms, and proper packages for cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goats, rabbits and poultry should be developed. Specialised commercial livestock farming systems (poultry, pigs, dairy or meat) can only be sustainable with adequate marketing, supply of quality feed, veterinary services, labour, management and control of pollution. Animal health programmes play a keyrole in the proposed system approach.     

Precision grazing management of grassland: Concept,theory, technology and paradigm北大核心CSCD

With the development of human understanding of the multi-functionality of grassland, coupled with the increasing demand for grassland ecological services, animal production and pastoral living, it is necessary to update the concept of grassland management, develop higher level livestock grazing and feeding technology based on multidisciplinary theories, and establish a more effective grassland grazing management paradigm. This study considers both the background and characteristics of the grassland resources and modern multi-dimensional social demands, and develops the concept of precise grassland grazing management which encompasses the versatility and stability of the grassland ecosystem and sustainability as the goal and the use of grassland science, animal science, ecology and other multi-disciplinary theories, based on the habitat conditions, especially the vegetation characteristics, livestock classes and their requirements, and livestock-vegetation interactions. Through multi-dimensional, effective and directional regulation of the livestock grazing process, the grassland management and utilization paradigm of synergistic balance between production and ecological functions can be finally realized. Also, the concepts and connotations of precise grazing and its relevant theoretical bases are systematically explained, including the plant compensatory growth mechanism, the intermediate disturbance hypothesis, the theory of diversifying grazing livestock, mechanisms of plant-animal interactions, nutrition regulation principles and versatility synergy. These concepts form a scientific basis for the regulation of grazing pressure and livestock assembly. In conjunction with this coverage, the key points in precision grazing are reviewed, such as dynamic optimal stocking rate(threshold), mixed grazing(species and proportion), remote sensing information options(satellite, unmanned aerial vehicle monitoring, large scale data processing)and other related supporting technologies. Finally, the authors sum up the concept of grassland multifunctionality as a goal of “combining productive function and ecological service in a win-win manner”, so providing a precise grazing management paradigm. This approach provides a principle for the integration of natural grassland grazing, grassland grazing with supplementary feeding, and drylot feeding, reflecting region-wide whole industry regulation of livestock grazing pressure/assembly and provision for animal nutrition, while aiming for grassland grazing systems to achieve an overall “livestock-vegetation balance”. Such a system will generate high quality animal products and sustainable ecological services. Precise grazing management of grassland is advanced, practical and extensive, and therefore is a desirable choice for future grassland management with great potential and prospect. © 2022 Editorial Office of Acta Prataculturae Sinica. All rights reserved.     

Antimicrobial‐resistant Enterobacteriaceae recovered from companion animal and livestock environments

Antimicrobial‐resistant bacteria represent an important concern impacting both veterinary medicine and public health. The rising prevalence of extended‐spectrum beta‐lactamase (ESBL), AmpC beta‐lactamase, carbapenemase (CRE) and fluoroquinolone‐resistant Enterobacteriaceae continually decreases the efficiency of clinically important antibiotics. Moreover, the potential for zoonotic transmission of antibiotic‐resistant enteric bacteria increases the risk to public health. Our objective was to estimate the prevalence of specific antibiotic‐resistant bacteria on human contact surfaces in various animal environments. Environmental surface samples were collected from companion animal shelters, private equine facilities, dairy farms, livestock auction markets and livestock areas of county fairs using electrostatic cloths. Samples were screened for Enterobacteriaceae expressing AmpC, ESBL, CRE or fluoroquinolone resistance using selective media. Livestock auction markets and county fairs had higher levels of bacteria expressing both cephalosporin and fluoroquinolone resistance than did equine, dairy, and companion animal environments. Equine facilities harboured more bacteria expressing cephalosporin resistance than companion animal shelters, but less fluoroquinolone resistance. The regular use of extended‐spectrum cephalosporins in livestock populations could account for the increased levels of cephalosporin resistance in livestock environments compared to companion animal and equine facilities. Human surfaces, as well as shared human and animal surfaces, were contaminated with resistant bacteria regardless of species environment. Detecting these bacteria on common human contact surfaces suggests that the environment can serve as a reservoir for the zoonotic transmission of antibiotic‐resistant bacteria and resistance genes. Identifying interventions to lower the prevalence of antibiotic‐resistant bacteria in animal environments will protect both animal and public health.     

Experiences with the conversion of legal regulations in practice

An intensive preparation is necessary to make legal regulations work in practice. Examples are given how the registration procedure of a livestock enterprise is performed. Firstly, the owner has to declare the type of keeping system and the animal species. Secondly, he has to apply for a registration number which is related to the farm site and which is listed in the geographical information system (GIS). The particular procedures of licensing livestock operations and their facilities this according to the animal transport regulation (Viehverkehrsordnung) and the animal disease act (Binnenmarkt-Tierseuchenverordnung) are explained. The precise registration and licensing of facilities and operations is important for common market trade and the issuing of health certificates. Health certificates have to show name and address of facilities and operations and can give the registration number or license number. The control actions of the veterinary service are described when the arrival of an animal transport is announced and how to prevent the spread of infectious diseases in case of danger. Special regulations for the import of animals such as quarantine and laboratory tests are explained.     

From 'ecopathology' to 'agroecosystem health'

The 'epidemiologic revolution' of the 1960s arose in response to the inability of reductionist methods to provide practical solutions to the complex problems of health and production in livestock systems. In a farm, there are not only interactions between animal factors and herd husbandry factors such as feeding, housing, and microbiological environment, but also with a number of other 'non-animal' factors. For this reason, a 'global' or 'holistic' approach, aimed at explaining animal health status within the overall dynamic of a livestock production system, was developed in France under the title of 'ecopathology'. In ecopathology, the discipline of epidemiology is integrated into a systemic approach, including: the development of a preliminary conceptual model, sampling based on the structure of the livestock production system, the establishment of a field study by a multidisciplinary team, the organization and management of the animal health and production information, data analysis, the distribution of results to all participants and the development of a preventive medicine programme. The farm is also influenced by the social, economic and environmental setting to which it belongs. To account for this, a change of scale is necessary. The three elements of the livestock production system considered in ecopathology (farmer, herd and resources), at the level of the agroecosystem become a human community (farmers, consumers, decision-makers), an animal population, and the complex of human, social and economic conditions within the system. The concept of agroecosystem health is closely linked to the overall principle of improving the sustainability of the system. This and other measures of the health status of an agroecosystem can be assessed with methods developed by epidemiologists and other disciplines within a system's perspective. In this systems view, ecopathology provides a basis for assessing herd health whereas agroecosystem health develops the broader context into which ecopathology contributes.     

南非草地牧业考察报告

阐述了南非共和国的自然概况、环境保护、人工种草、良种繁育、饲养管理、科学研究等情况。借鉴南非共和国的经验,提出了发展云南草地畜牧业生产的建议。