牧草常用的混播组合

地 区混播组合北北、西北藏高原方中、高山地区方低山丘陵区紫花苜蓿+羊草紫花苜蓿十无芒雀麦黄花苜蓿+无芒雀麦(或披硷草)自三叶+多年黑麦草白三叶+多年黑麦草+鸭茅+苇状羊茅+草地早熟禾白三叶+红三叶+多年生黑麦草+无芒雀麦红三叶+鸭茅十猫尾草白三叶+苇状羊茅白三叶+鸭茅+毛花雀稗牧草常用的混播组合     

喀斯特山区禾本科牧草品种比较试验

对多年生黑麦草(卓越、庆典),多花黑麦草(蓝天堂、杰威)、苇状羊茅(法恩)、鸭茅(大使)、猫尾草(Tinothy)和无芒雀麦(旱地),进行两年试验比较。通过对牧草物候期、鲜草产量、植株高度、单株分蘖数进行测定,结果多花黑麦草(杰威)播种当年鲜草产量达76843.5kg/hm2,第二年产量比第一年产量下降51.9%,而多年生黑麦草(庆典)第二年产量达73179.0kg/hm2,比第一年产量上升。各供试品种均能适应当地自然条件,但猫尾草、无芒雀麦长势差,产量低,不能作为高产品种推广应用。     

喀斯特山区禾本科牧草品种比较试验

对多年生黑麦草(卓越、庆典),多花黑麦草(蓝天堂、杰威)、苇状羊茅(法恩)、鸭茅(大使)、猫尾草(Tinothy)和无芒雀麦(旱地),进行两年试验比较.通过对牧草物候期、鲜草产量、植株高度、单株分蘖数进行测定,结果多花黑麦草(杰威)播种当年鲜草产量达76 843.5 kg/hm2,第二年产量比第一年产量下降51.9%,而多年生黑麦草(庆典)第二年产量达73 179.0kg/hm2,比第一年产量上升.各供试品种均能适应当地自然条件,但猫尾草、无芒雀麦长势差,产量低,不能作为高产品种推广应用.     

黑龙江省西部半干旱区牧草引种筛选研究初报

对不同来源的20种牧草进行了两年的引种筛选试验研究,结果表明豆科的肇东苜蓿、公农1号苜蓿、草原2号苜蓿和禾本科的无芒雀麦、林肯无芒雀麦、扁穗冰草、细茎冰草,在2001年极其干旱年份越冬率、产草量、抗逆性、分枝(分蘖)数、茎叶比都优于其它13个品种;而苜蓿品种国内的优于国外品种.由此认为,这7个牧草品种是黑龙江省寒冷干旱区、半干旱区建立人工草地、改良退化沙化草地的优良草种,可大力推广种植.     

若干引进牧草品种的适应性研究

对美国引进的6个牧草种、21个品种进行了适应性和产量比较试验,结果表明:苇状羊茅Festuca arundinacea和冰草Agropyron cristatum的干草总产量较高,其中,苇状羊茅品种Cajun的总产量最高;紫花苜蓿Medicago sativa的干草总产量居于中等水平,在参试的紫花苜蓿品种中,WL323的干草总产量最高;无芒雀麦的产量最低.苇状羊茅、冰草和紫花苜蓿在北京及其周边地区有很好的适应性和推广价值.     

高寒牧区旱作条件下几种多年生禾本科牧草栽培比较试验

经3年的品种比较试验表明,细茎冰草、多叶老芒麦、短芒老芒麦、无芒雀麦、绒毛冰草、落芒草6种多年生禾草在旱作栽培条件下,生长正常,表现良好,其中以细茎冰草和多叶老芒麦最好,无论从产量还是经济性状、干草的粗蛋白质含量等方面均表现最佳。     

几类美国牧草品种的适应性评价

对美国引进的5类24个牧草品种进行了适应性比较试验,连续2年的试验结果表明,一年生黑麦草类品种作为冬季种植产量较高,品质好:多年生黑麦草类和高羊茅类品种耐高温性和再生性强,可作为建植生产周期长的草地品种;鸭茅类品种适应性虽然较强,但在本地条件下产量低;雀麦类品种在冬季有一定的产量,但不耐高温,仅可作冬季栽培利用;在供试品种中,一年生黑麦草Surrey和多年生黑麦草Bison分别是本地冬季一年栽培和多年生栽培利用的最佳品种.     

几种多年生禾草在高寒地区的引种栽培试验

经3年的品种比较试验表明,细茎冰草、多叶老芒麦、短芒老芒麦、无芒雀麦、绒毛冰草、落芒草这6种多年生禾草在高寒地区旱作栽培条件下,生长正常,表现良好,其中以细茎冰草和多叶老芒麦表现最好,无论从产量、经济性状还是干草的粗蛋白质含量等方面均表现最佳。     

牧草常用的混播组合

地区混播组合东北华北、西北青藏高原南方中、高山地区南方低山丘陵区紫花苜蓿+羊草紫花苜蓿+无芒雀麦黄花苜蓿+无芒雀麦(或披硷草)白三叶+多年生黑麦草自三叶+多年生黑麦草+鸭茅+苇状羊茅+草地早熟禾白三叶+红三叶+多年生黑麦草+无芒雀麦红三叶+鸭茅+猫尾蕈白三叶+苇状羊茅白三叶+鸭茅+毛花雀稗卡松古鲁狗尾草+宽叶雀稗+马唐+鸡眼草牧草常用的混播组合     

黑龙江省西部半干旱区牧草引种筛选研究初报

对不同来源的20种牧草进行了两年的引种筛选试验研究，结果表明：豆科的肇东苜蓿、公农1号苜蓿、草原2号苜蓿和禾本科的无芒雀麦、林肯无芒雀麦、扁穗冰草、细茎冰草，在2001年极其干旱年份越冬率、产草量、抗逆性、分枝（分蘖）数、茎叶比都优于其它13个品种；而苜蓿品种国内的优于国外品种。由此认为，这7个牧草品种是黑龙江省寒冷干旱区、半干旱区建立人工草地、改良退化沙化草地的优良草种，可大力推广种植。     

六种牧草种子大小和播种深度对出苗的影响

西方冰草、沙生冰草、草地早熟禾、绿针茅、粗羊茅及匍茎翦股颖 6种牧草的种子在塑料杯中分 0 .5 cm、0 .75 cm、1.5 cm、3.0 cm和 6 .0 cm的不同深度 ,分别播种在土壤、人工土壤和沙土上。当 p=0 .0 1时 ,土壤 (S) ,种子大小 (SE) ,播种深度 (D) ,S× SE,SE× D和 S× SE×D的相互作用对出苗率的影响均有显著差异。随着播种深度的增加每一种牧草的出苗率都有所降低。西方冰草在所有播种深度下出苗最好 ,而匍茎翦股颖在沙土中出苗最好。西方冰草与沙生冰草在 3.0 cm和 6 .0 cm的播种深度下出苗较好。种子大小还与胚芽鞘长度 (R=0 .96 ,P=0 .0 5 ,3.0 cm播种深度 ) ,苗高 (R=0 .99,P=0 .0 1,3.0 cm播种深度 )和根长 (R=0 .96 ,P=0 .0 1,3.0 cm播种深度 )之间的相关关系显著。土壤对出苗具有显著的影响 (LSD0 .0 5=0 .10 13)。     

Horse Preference,Forage Yield,and Species Persistence of 12 Perennial Cool-Season Grass Mixtures Under Horse Grazing

Cool-season grass mixtures are rarely evaluated for preference, yield, and persistence under horse grazing. The objectives of this research were to evaluate horse preference, forage yield, and persistence of cool-season grass mixtures under horse grazing. Eight commercially marketed and four experimental perennial cool-season grass mixtures were planted in 2009 in a randomized complete block with five replicates and grazed by four adult horses during 2010, 2011, and 2012. All mixtures contained four to six cool-season perennial grass species. Specie density measurements were taken in each spring and fall, and yield was mechanically measured before each grazing period. After grazing, preference was determined by visually assessing percentage of forage removal on a scale of 0 (no grazing) to 100 (100% of vegetation removed). Data were analyzed using a mixed-model analysis of variance and liner regression. Horses preferred mixtures containing tall fescue, perennial ryegrass, Kentucky bluegrass, and timothy (P < .001). Horses had less preference for mixtures containing ≥30% orchardgrass (P < .001). Mixtures had similar (P = .11) forage yields that ranged from 6,100 to 7,082 kg ha⁻¹. After 2 years of grazing, orchardgrass and tall fescue increased; Kentucky bluegrass remained stable; and festulolium, meadow fescue, and perennial ryegrass had the greatest rate of decline in mixtures. Orchardgrass became the dominate species, regardless of initial percentage in the mixture. Mixtures containing tall fescue, perennial ryegrass, Kentucky bluegrass, and timothy should be planted in midwestern US horse pastures; however, mixtures will likely transition to tall fescue and Kentucky bluegrass–dominated pastures.     

丝茅侵入量对3种冷季型草坪草竞争力及生长潜力影响的差异

通过复合取代试验设计,设置5个侵入梯度,模拟丝茅入侵高羊茅、草地早熟禾、多年生黑麦草3种冷季型草坪幼坪,测定草坪草单株生物量、相对产量、相对产量总和、攻击力和竞争力及株高、分蘖数、茎基和根系性状等指标,研究侵入量对3种草坪草竞争力及生长潜力影响的差异。结果表明,1)丝茅与草坪草为拮抗关系,3种草坪草相对产量、相对产量总和极显著受丝茅入侵的影响(P<0.01),随侵入量增加草坪草的攻击力指数和种间竞争力不断下降,草种是影响草坪草攻击力和竞争力的主要因子,丝茅侵入量次之,受影响顺序为高羊茅>早熟禾>黑麦草;2)丝茅草侵入对3种草坪草分蘖数、茎基性状和根系性状均有显著影响,对分生再生能力的影响顺序为早熟禾>黑麦草>高羊茅,对根长和根生物量影响顺序为黑麦草>早熟禾>高羊茅;3)幼苗期黑麦草的现实攻击力和竞争力显著大于高羊茅和早熟禾(P<0.05),丝茅入侵对黑麦草根系胁迫度显著大于高羊茅和早熟禾(P<0.05),致使其生长潜力降低;高羊茅竞争力和攻击力虽低,而茎基和根系性状受丝茅入侵影响显著低于黑麦草和早熟禾,保持了极高的潜在生长力;4)丝茅入侵对3种草坪草竞争力和生长潜力均有影响,必将导致草坪种群组成与结构的破坏。所以,加强草坪养护、防治丝茅入侵,是提高草坪品质、延长草坪寿命的根本途径。     

Suppression of Cheatgrass by Perennial Bunchgrasses

Long-term control of the invasive annual grass cheatgrass is predicated on its biological suppression. Perennial grasses vary in their suppressive ability. We compared the ability of a non-native grass (“Hycrest” crested wheatgrass) and two native grasses (Snake River wheatgrass and bluebunch wheatgrass) to suppress cheatgrass. In a greenhouse in separate tubs, 5 replicates of each perennial grass were established for 96 d, on which two seeds of cheatgrass, 15 cm apart, were then sown in a semicircular pattern at distances of 10 cm, 30 cm, and 80 cm from the established perennial bunchgrasses. Water was not limiting. After 60 d growth, cheatgrass plants were harvested, dried, weight recorded, and tissue C and N quantified. Soil N availability was quantified at each location where cheatgrass was sown, both before sowing and after harvest. Relative to cheatgrass grown at 80 cm, all perennial grasses significantly reduced aboveground biomass at 30 cm (68% average reduction) and at 10 cm (98% average reduction). Sown at 10 cm from established perennial grasses, cheatgrass aboveground biomass was inversely related with perennial grass root mass per unit volume of soil. All cheatgrass sown at 10 cm from “Hycrest” crested wheatgrass died within 38 d. Before sowing of cheatgrass, soil 10 cm from established perennial grasses had significantly less mineral N than soil taken at 30 cm and 80 cm. Relative to cheatgrass tissue N for plants grown at 80 cm, cheatgrass nearest to the established perennial grasses contained significantly less tissue N. All perennial grasses inhibited the NO₂⁻ to NO₃⁻ nitrification step; for “Hycrest” crested wheatgrass, soil taken at 10 cm from the plant had a molar proportion of NO₂⁻ in the NO₂⁻ + NO₃⁻ pool of > 90%. In summary, a combination of reduced nitrogen availability, occupation of soil space by perennial roots, and attenuation of the nitrogen cycle all contributed to suppression of cheatgrass.     

Stand Establishment and Persistence of Perennial Cool-Season Grasses in the Intermountain West and the Central and Northern Great Plains

The choice of plant materials is an important component of revegetation following disturbance. To determine the utility and effectiveness of various perennial grass species for revegetation on varied landscapes, a meta analysis was used to evaluate the stand establishment and persistence of 18 perennial cool-season grass species in 34 field studies in the Intermountain and Great Plains regions of the United States under monoculture conditions. Combined across the 34 studies, stand establishment values ranged from 79% to 43% and stand persistence values ranged from 70% to 0%. Intermediate wheatgrass (Thinopyrum intermedium [Host] Barkworth & D. R. Dewey), tall wheatgrass (Thinopyrum ponticum [Podp.] Z.-W. Liu & R.-C. Wang), crested wheatgrass (Agropyron spp.), Siberian wheatgrass (Agropyron fragile [Roth] P. Candargy), and meadow brome (Bromus riparius Rehmann) possessed the highest stand establishment (≥ 69%). There were no significant differences among the 12 species with the largest stand persistence values. Basin wildrye (Leymus cinereus (Scribn. & Merr.) Á. Löve), Altai wildrye (Leymus angustus [Trin.] Pilg.), slender wheatgrass (Elymus trachycaulus [Link] Gould ex Shinners), squirreltail (Elymus spp.), and Indian ricegrass (Achnatherum hymenoides [Roem. & Schult.] Barkworth) possessed lower stand persistence (≤ 32%) than the majority of the other species, and Indian ricegrass (0%) possessed the lowest stand persistence of any of the species. Correlations between environmental conditions and stand establishment and persistence showed mean annual study precipitation to have the most consistent, although moderate effect (r = ～0.40) for establishment and persistence. This relationship was shown by the relatively poor stand establishment and persistence of most species at sites receiving less than 310 mm of annual precipitation. These results will be a tool for land managers to make decisions concerning the importance of stand establishment, stand persistence, and annual precipitation for revegetation projects on disturbed sites.     

Herbicide Protection Pods (HPPs) Facilitate Sagebrush and Bunchgrass Establishment under Imazapic Control of Exotic Annual Grasses

Revegetation of exotic annual grass−invaded rangelands is a primary objective of land managers following wildfires. Controlling invasive annual grasses is essential to increasing revegetation success; however, preemergent herbicides used to control annual grasses prohibit immediate seeding due to nontarget herbicide damage. Thus, seeding is often delayed 1 yr following herbicide application. This delay frequently allows for reinvasion of annual grasses, decreasing the success of revegetation efforts. Incorporating seeds into herbicide protection pods (HPPs) containing activated carbon (AC) permits concurrent high preemergent herbicide application and seeding because AC adsorbs and renders herbicides inactive. While HPPs have, largely in greenhouse studies, facilitated perennial bunchgrass emergence and early growth, their effectiveness in improving establishment of multiple species and functional groups in the field has not been assessed. Five bunchgrass species and two shrub species were seeded at two field sites with high imazapic application rates as bare seed and seed incorporated into HPPs. HPPs significantly improved establishment of sagebrush (Artemesia tridentata Nutt. Spp. wyomingensis Beetle & Young) and crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum [L.] Gaertn.) over the 2-yr study. Three native perennial grass species were protected from herbicide damage by HPPs but had low establishment in both treatments. The two remaining shrub and grass species did not establish sufficiently to determine treatment effects. While establishment of native perennial bunchgrasses was low, this study demonstrates that HPPs can be used to protect seeded bunchgrasses and sagebrush from imazapic, prolonging establishment time in the absence of competition with annual grasses.     

基于GIS的陕西省栽培牧草区划

畜牧业是陕西省现代农业发展最大的短板,栽培牧草区划对解决优质饲草短缺和推动陕西草牧业发展具有十分重要的战略性指导意义。基于地理信息系统(Geographic Information System, GIS)空间分析法、模糊数学和层次分析法,结合陕西省地形数据、主要气象数据和土壤性状指标等,利用年降水量、年均温、土壤pH、地形地貌、坡度5个影响牧草生长的主要指标,对陕西省栽培牧草进行系统梳理,构建了模块功能全、适应性强的栽培牧草适宜性区划模型。以紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)、红豆草(Onobrychis viciaefolia)、多年生黑麦草(Loliumperenne)、冰草(Agropyron cristatum) 4种主要栽培牧草为例进行了模型分析,同时以冰草为例进行验证,结果表明此区划模型具有很好的可行性,可对牧草新品种引进、优质牧草生产提供科学预判和决策,也为陕西省数字草业的发展奠定了基础。     

Cool Season Perennial Grasses as Complementary Forages to Winter Wheat Pasture

Three grazing trials with growing cattle were conducted to evaluate three cool season perennial grasses (Manska pubescent wheatgrass, Lincoln smooth bromegrass, and Paiute orchardgrass) as complementary forages for winter wheat pasture. Initial stocking rate averaged 1,359 kg BW/ha for approximately 60 d in the two spring trials (April and May) and 857 kg BW/ha for 40 d in the fall trial (late September and October). The ADG and gain per hectare averaged, respectively, 0.86 kg/d and 287 kg/ha and 0.50 kg/d and 59 kg/ha for the spring and fall trials. Generally, neither animal growth performance nor production per hectare was different among the three grasses. However, OM of wheatgrass was more digestible, and its CP was more ruminally degradable, than that of the other grasses. Crude protein concentrations of the grasses generally ranged from 13.6 to 32.4% of DM and were more than adequate to support BW gains of 1 kg/d for growing cattle. Grazing days per hectare and BW gain per hectare from the fall grazing period were only about 30 and 20%, respectively, of the totals for spring and fall 1999, which supports previous findings that most of the production of these grasses occurs in the spring. Orchardgrass was the least resistant to summer drought. Cattle must be removed from dual-purpose winter wheat at the first hollow stem stage of maturity in late winter. However, late winter forage production of these cool season perennial grasses was inadequate to serve as complementary forage to dual-purpose winter wheat.     

猫尾草引种对比试验

对岷山猫尾草和引进的日本猫尾草、百万猫尾草、百丽莎猫尾草等8种猫尾草在海拔2500m的岷县寺沟乡奔直寺进行栽培试验，结果表明：8种猫尾草鲜草产量差异不显著（p〉0．05），但Goliatl猫尾草、日本猫尾草和岷山猫尾草产草量、鲜干比、植株高度均表现较好，可在高寒阴湿地区大力推广。     

补播禾草对退化苜蓿草地生产性能及牧草品质的影响

针对宁夏半干旱区7龄以上苜蓿(Medicago sativa)草地退化导致的牧草产量低、品质差等问题，本试验采用单因素随机区组设计，研究了多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne)、披碱草(Elymus nutans)、苇状羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)、无芒雀麦(Bromus inermis)、鸭茅(Dactylis glomerata)补播对退化草地苜蓿主要农艺性状和牧草品质的影响，并利用主成分分析方法(PCA)评价其改良效果。结果表明：补播禾草对苜蓿株高、叶茎比、一级分枝数和干草产量均有显著影响(P<0.05)，其中，补播苇状羊茅干草产量最高，其次为多年生黑麦草和无芒雀麦；补播禾草对牧草粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗灰分、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量有显著影响(P<0.05)；PCA分析得出，补播鸭茅、苇状羊茅综合性状分别排第一、二位。因此，可根据不同改良目的选择不同禾草种类进行补播，苇状羊茅可显著提高退化苜蓿草地生产性能，补播鸭茅可显著改善退化苜蓿草地牧草品质。