支链氨基酸对乳成分合成的影响

支链氨基酸在调节机体糖代谢以及乳脂肪和乳蛋白合成中具有重要作用，且支链氨基酸之间存在相互作用，影响机体对营养物质的吸收和利用。本文就支链氨基酸对乳成分合成的影响进行综述，旨在探明支链氨基酸如何影响乳成分的合成，为支链氨基酸在乳成分合成方面提供新的思路。     

支链氨基酸在畜禽生产中的应用研究进展

<正>支链氨基酸(branched-chain amino acids,BCAAs)是指α-碳上含有分支脂肪烃链的中性氨基酸,包括L-亮氨酸(Leu)、L-异亮氨酸(Ile)和L-缬氨酸(Val)。研究证实,BCAAs在人和动物体内自身不能合成,属于必需氨基酸,具有机体营养、免疫调节、激素分泌和物质代谢等多种重要的生物学功能(Harris等,2005),尤其是在氧化供能、促进糖的异生、增强蛋白质合成和抑制蛋白质降解、提高机体免疫力与调节母畜泌乳等方面起着重要的生理调控作用,已成为生命科学领域研究的热点之一(刘春生等,2006)。     

畜禽支链氨基酸的营养

亮氨酸、异亮氨酸和缬氨酸是畜禽体内不能合成而必须从饲料中获取的必需氨基酸 ,因其分子组成中都含有支链而又称之为支链氨基酸(ＢＣＡＡ)。近年来研究表明 ,支链氨基酸对动物有特殊的营养作用 ,如影响蛋白质的合成和分解、增强免疫防护作用、调节母畜泌乳等 ,现就畜禽支链氨基酸的营养作一综述。1　支链氨基酸的营养与拮抗1 1　促进蛋白质合成并抑制其分解　支链氨基酸具有促进氮储留和蛋白质合成的作用 (Ｋｉｓｈｉ等 ,1 980 )。亮氨酸可增加亮氨酸 -ｔＲＮＡ的水平 ,从而促进蛋白质的合成。也有人认为 ,支链氨基酸是通过促进多肽链合成…     

有关母猪缬氨酸的研究进展

缬氨酸是对母猪泌乳性能尤为重要的一种支链氨基酸,也对乳腺的生长发育具有极其重要的意义。缬氨酸具有改善母猪和仔猪生产性能,提高母猪乳汁质量,氧化供能,提高动物机体免疫力及调节动物体内蛋白质代谢等功能。本文综述了缬氨酸在母猪上的主要生理功能、缬氨酸与其他支链氨基酸的关系以及母猪氨基酸的限制顺序和母猪对缬氨酸的需要量。     

胰岛素通路对围产期奶牛糖代谢、脂代谢、健康状况和生产性能影响的研究进展

围产期奶牛由于干物质摄入不足与能量输出增加,产生能量负平衡,导致机体代谢紊乱,引发营养代谢性疾病,阻碍奶牛养殖业的健康发展。胰岛素对肝脏、骨骼肌、脂肪等组织的稳定代谢具有重要调控作用,体内胰岛素通路功能的正常可保证围产期奶牛处于健康状态,降低营养代谢性疾病发生率。通过提高围产期奶牛能量代谢,改善氧化应激及胰岛素相关关键通路和激酶等方式可有效提高胰岛素敏感性,维持葡萄糖和脂质代谢稳态,提高健康状况和生产性能。本文阐述了胰岛素通路调控各组织代谢的作用机制、胰岛素抵抗的发生及对围产期奶牛糖代谢、脂代谢、健康状况和生产性能的影响,并揭示相应的调控措施,为预防围产期奶牛营养代谢性疾病提供理论参考依据。     

微量元素铬的作用机制及其在奶牛生产中的应用

铬是动物机体必需的微量元素之一,在动物机体代谢中起着重要作用,铬在体内主要以三价铬形式存在。铬作为葡萄糖耐受因子（GTF）的组成部分,可促进胰岛素功能的发挥,参与机体糖、脂、核酸与蛋白代谢,降低血糖和脂肪沉积,维持RNA结构完整性,促进氨基酸吸收和转运。铬广泛应用于畜禽生产,在调节机体稳态、改善畜禽应激等方面具有良好作用。在奶牛生产方面,铬能够调控奶牛瘤胃pH值、氨态氮（NH3-N）和挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）浓度;缓解奶牛热应激,增强奶牛免疫力;通过血糖调节改善奶牛产后能量负平衡,促进奶牛产后恢复;调控奶牛生殖激素水平,提高奶牛的繁殖性能。文章结合铬的生物学机制,综述铬在调控瘤胃发酵、改善奶牛生产和繁殖性能等方面的应用,为铬高效地在奶牛生产中的应用提供参考。     

氨基酸对IGF-I、IGFBP、CHOP和AS表达的调控

氨基酸是动物体内的重要营养素之一，氨基酸影响机体胰岛素样生长因子I（IGF-I）、胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白（IGFBP）、CCAAT增强子结合蛋白同源蛋白（CHOP）、天冬酰胺合成酶（AS）等的表达，从而来调整机体的氨基酸水平。     

支链氨基酸影响猪免疫功能的研究进展

支链氨基酸(BCAAs)作为猪体内的必需氨基酸,具有营养支持、调节免疫、促进分泌和参与代谢等多种重要的生物学功能。本文主要就支链氨基酸影响猪免疫功能的新近成果作一综述,并初步探讨其作用机理,以期为相关研究提供科学参考。     

赖氨酸对蛋白质代谢的影响及其可能调控机制

赖氨酸作为猪禽实用型日粮的第一、二限制性氨基酸,对赖氨酸的采食量决定了体内蛋白质合成与沉积速度。赖氨酸除了作为底物参与蛋白质的生物合成之外,还可能通过3条途径调控蛋白质代谢:①通过调控生长激素(GH)、胰岛素(Ins)和类胰岛素生长因子(IIGF-I)等内分泌激素,间接影响蛋白质代谢;②赖氨酸本身作为信号分子直接调控翻译起始因子的活性,影响蛋白质生物合成;③通过调控与氮代谢相关基因的表达,影响蛋白质代谢。     

动物支链氨基酸营养研究进展

本文综述了支链氨基酸(亮氨酸、异亮氨酸和缬氨酸)在动物体内的代谢机理,动物的需要量及饲料中的支链氨基酸等方面的研究进展,并指出了有待深入研究的问题。     

生物素的生理功能及其分子作用机制

生物素是动物机体内维持正常生理机能所必需的一种维生素。它作为4种羧化酶辅酶成分,在哺乳动物体内的葡萄糖、氨基酸和脂肪酸代谢中起着重要作用。越来越多的研究表明,生物素对基因表达的调控起着重要的作用。本文综述了生物素的营养生理作用及其对基因表达调控的影响。     

Regulation of porcine adipocyte metabolism by insulin and adenosine

The acute effects of insulin and adenosine on rates of lipolysis and lipogenesis in pig adipocytes were investigated to determine what limits the expression of the insulin response in vitro. Adenosine and insulin independently inhibited isoproterenol-stimulated lipolysis. Adenosine, acting through the pertussis toxin-sensitive G-protein Gi, was more effective than insulin and could completely inhibit lipolysis. Fatty acid synthesis from glucose was increased by both adenosine and insulin. Neutralization of endogenous adenosine with adenosine deaminase decreased basal rates of lipogenesis and increased the insulin response from 30 to 60% above basal. Neutralization of Gi with pertussis toxin further decreased the basal rate and increased the insulin response to 160% above basal. These data indicate that Gi, and the ligands that signal through Gi, stimulate glucose incorporation into fatty acids and can attenuate the insulin response. It seems likely that an exaggerated rate of glucose metabolism in the absence of insulin contributes to the inconsistent insulin responses exhibited in pig adipose tissue in vitro. These data also demonstrate that insulin and adenosine have major roles in regulating pig adipose tissue metabolism.     

The incretin effect in cats: comparison between oral glucose, lipids, and amino acids

Incretin hormones are secreted from the intestines in response to specific nutrients. They potentiate insulin secretion and have other beneficial effects in glucose homeostasis. We aimed to study the incretin effect in cats and to compare the effect of oral glucose, lipids, or amino acids on serum concentrations of insulin, total glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) and total glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). Ten healthy cats were used in a repeated measures design. Glucose, lipid, or amino acids were administered through nasoesophageal tubes on separate days. Blood glucose (BG) concentrations were matched between experiments by measuring BG every 5 min and infusing glucose intravenously at a changing rate. Intravenous glucose infusion with no prior treatment served as control. The incretin effect was estimated as the difference in insulin area under the curve (AUC) after oral compared with intravenous glucose. Temporal changes and total amount of hormone secretions were compared between treatment groups with the use of mixed models. Total glucose infused (TGI) at a mean dose of 0.49 g/kg resulted in slightly higher BG compared with 1 g/kg oral glucose (P = 0.038), but insulin concentrations were not significantly different (P = 0.367). BG and the TGI were not significantly different after the 3 oral challenges. Total GIP AUC was larger after lipids compared with amino acids (P = 0.0012) but GIP concentrations did not increase after oral glucose. Insulin and GIP concentrations were positively correlated after lipid (P < 0.001) and amino acids (P < 0.001) stimulations, respectively, but not after oral glucose stimulation. Total GLP-1 AUC was similar after all three oral stimulations. Insulin and GLP-1 concentrations were positively correlated after glucose (P = 0.001), amino acids (P < 0.001), or lipids (P = 0.001) stimulations. Our data indirectly support an insulinotropic effect of GIP and GLP-1. Potentiation of insulin secretion after oral glucose is minimal in cats and is mediated by GLP-1 but not GIP.     

Regulation of intestinal health by branched‐chain amino acids

Besides its primary role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients, the intestine also interacts with a complex external milieu, and is the first defense line against noxious pathogens and antigens. Dysfunction of the intestinal barrier is associated with enhanced intestinal permeability and development of various gastrointestinal diseases. The branched‐chain amino acids (BCAAs) are important nutrients, which are the essential substrates for protein biosynthesis. Recently, emerging evidence showed that BCAAs are involved in maintaining intestinal barrier function. It has been reported that dietary supplementation with BCAAs promotes intestinal development, enhances enterocyte proliferation, increases intestinal absorption of amino acids (AA) and glucose, and improves the immune defenses of piglets. The underlying mechanism of these effects is mediated by regulating expression of genes and proteins associate with various signaling pathways. In addition, BCAAs promote the production of beneficial bacteria in the intestine of mice. Compelling evidence supports the notion that BCAAs play important roles in both nutrition and intestinal health. Therefore, as functional amino acids with various physiological effects, BCAAs hold key roles in promoting intestinal development and health in animals and humans.     

氨基酸在炎症性肠病中的作用及其信号通路

肠道是营养物质消化、吸收的主要器官，但易受外界环境刺激，导致炎症性肠病（inflammatory bowel disease，IBD）的发生，严重危害动物肠道健康。膳食氨基酸在促进肠道发育、维持肠道健康方面发挥重要作用，其主要通过调控腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶（AMP-activated kinase，AMPK）、雷帕霉素靶蛋白（mammalian target of rapamycin，mTOR）、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（mitogen-activated protein kinase，MAPK）、Toll样受体（Toll-like receptors，TLRs）、核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域（nucleotide binding oligomerization domain，NOD）/核因子-κB（nuclear factor kappa-B，NF-κB）等信号通路影响肠上皮细胞生理活动、改善肠道屏障功能、减轻肠道氧化损伤、调节炎性因子的产生、提高内源抗菌肽表达，进而预防和治疗IBD。本文综述了IBD的基本特征、氨基酸在IBD中的作用及其信号通路，以及氨基酸在畜禽生长中维持肠道健康的作用与应用，为膳食营养素防治IBD提供有效线索与策略。     

Effects of Amino Acids on Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Its Signaling Pathways

The intestine is the primary organ responsible for digestion and absorption of nutrients and is frequently subjected to external environmental stimulations leading to the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which can cause serious harm to intestinal health in animals. Dietary amino acids play important roles in promoting intestinal development and maintaining intestinal health and exert diverse effects through multiple signaling pathways on the prevention and treatment of IBD, including affecting the physiological activities of intestinal epithelial cells, improving intestinal barrier function, reducing intestinal oxidative damage, regulating the production of inflammatory cytokines, and promoting the expression of endogenous antimicrobial peptides, and involved in main signaling pathways including AMP-activated kinase (AMPK), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), Toll-like receptors (TLRs), nucleotide binding oligomerization domain (NOD)/nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB). In this review, basic characteristics of IBD, effects and involved signaling pathways of the amino acids on IBD, and effects and applications of amino acids in maintaining intestinal health in livestock and poultry production were reviewed, so as to provide effective clues and strategies for dietary nutrients in the prevention and treatment of IBD.     

Regulation of protein metabolism by insulin: value of different approaches and animal models

Insulin induces protein accretion by stimulating protein synthesis and inhibiting proteolysis. However, the mechanisms of regulation of protein metabolism by insulin are complex and still not completely understood. The use of approaches combining hyperinsulinemic clamp and isotopic methods, or measurement of the activation of intracellular kinases involved in insulin signaling, in addition to the use of different animal models in a comparative physiology process, provide better understanding of the potential regulation of protein metabolism by insulin. Studies using the clamp technique in lactating goats have shown a clear inhibitory effect of insulin on proteolysis, with an interaction between the effects of insulin and amino acids. Such studies revealed that the insulin-inhibited proteolysis is improved in lactating goats, this adaptative process limiting the mobilization of body protein under the conditions of amino acid deficit which occurs during early lactation. Insulin signaling studies in growing chickens have also provided some interesting features of insulin regulation compared to mammals. Refeeding or insulin injection leads to the activation of the early steps of insulin receptor signaling in the liver but not in the muscle. Muscle p70 S6 kinase, a kinase involved in the insulin activation of protein synthesis, was found to be markedly activated in response to insulin and to refeeding, suggesting that other signaling pathways than those classically described in mammalian muscles may be involved in signal transduction. Finally, although the role of insulin has been doubtful and has long been considered to be minor in ruminants and in avian species, this hormone clearly regulates protein metabolism in both species.     

保护性蛋氨酸与赖氨酸在奶牛生产中的应用

乳蛋白是体现牛奶质量的重要指标,乳蛋白氨基酸来源于日粮氨基酸。乳蛋白中酪蛋白、乳白蛋白和乳球蛋白除了满足人体基本营养需求,还对人体生长、发育和健康发挥重要作用,是动物源优质蛋白质来源。蛋氨酸与赖氨酸是奶牛日粮限制性氨基酸,不仅是乳蛋白合成的重要底物,同时还作为信号分子调控乳蛋白基因表达。本文综述了奶牛氨基酸需要与来源、必需氨基酸、限制性氨基酸、保护性蛋氨酸和赖氨酸在日粮中的应用,阐述了氨基酸营养在蛋白质合成代谢中的核心作用,为指导奶牛日粮配方提供参考。     

胃饥饿素分泌调控机制的研究进展

胃饥饿素(Ghrelin)是一种由28个氨基酸组成的多肽,具有促进生长激素释放、调控动物采食和能量代谢等作用。文章从Ghrelin的转录、修饰和体内循环过程出发,并对一些营养物质和激素对Ghrelin分泌的影响与调控机制进行综述,旨在为进一步研究调控Ghrelin分泌的机制提供理论参考,也为阐明动物的促生长机制提供理论依据。     

Effects of glucose and amino acids on ghrelin secretion in sheep

Two experiments were conducted to elucidate the effects of post‐ruminal administration of starch and casein (Exp. 1), plasma amino acids concentrations (Exp. 2), and plasma glucose and insulin concentrations (Exp. 2) on plasma ghrelin concentrations in sheep. In Exp. 1, plasma ghrelin concentrations were determined by four infusion treatments (water, cornstarch, casein and cornstarch plus casein) in four wethers. Abomasal infusion of casein increased plasma α‐amino N (AAN) concentrations. Infusion of starch or casein alone did not affect plasma ghrelin concentrations, but starch plus casein infusion increased plasma levels of ghrelin, glucose and AAN. In Exp 2, we investigated the effects of saline or amino acids on ghrelin secretion in four wethers. Two hours after the initiation of saline or amino acid infusion into the jugular vein, glucose was also continuously infused to investigate the effects of blood glucose and insulin by hyper‐glycemic clump on plasma ghrelin concentrations. Infusion of amino acids alone raised plasma levels of ghrelin, but the higher plasma glucose and insulin concentrations had no effect on plasma ghrelin concentrations. These results suggest that high plasma levels of amino acids can stimulate ghrelin secretion, but glucose and insulin do not affect ghrelin secretion in sheep.