添加甲酸+甲醛对草木樨青贮品质的影响

在刚收获及收获后经过8和30 h晾晒的初花期草木樨青贮料中,加入甲酸 甲醛进行青贮.结果表明,草木樨低水分(DM为44.98%)青贮可以使青贮料的氨态氮含量降低,并保存更多的干物质、粗蛋白质和可溶性糖.甲酸 甲醛青贮能明显改善草木樨青贮料的发酵品质,即降低青贮料的氨态氮含量和保存更多的可溶性糖和粗蛋白质.晾晒8 h组添加甲酸(2.0 ml/kg) 甲醛(2.0 g/kg)的效果最好;而晾晒30 h组添加甲酸(3.0 ml/kg) 甲醛(1.0g/kg)的效果最好.     

添加甲醛对草木樨青贮品质的影响

在刚收获及收获后经过8h和30h晾晒的初花期草木樨(干物质含量分别为27．36％、38．69％和44．98％)青贮料中，加入甲醛(添加量分别为1．5g／kg、3．0g／kg和4．5g／kg)进行青贮。结果表明，草木樨低水分(DM为44．98％)青贮可以使青贮料的氨态氮含量降低，并保存更多的干物质、粗蛋白质和可溶性糖。草木樨添加甲醛青贮有助于降低青贮料的氨态氮含量，并保存较多的可溶性糖和粗蛋白质；但低水平(1．5g／kg)甲醛处理使青贮料发酵不良；草木樨青贮添加3．0g／kg和4．5g／kg的甲醛效果最好，晾晒30h添加4．5g／kg的甲醛效果最好。     

添加甲酸对白花草木樨青贮品质的影响

在收获后经过0、8和30h晾晒的初花期草木樨(干物质含量分别为27.36%、38.69%和44.98%)原料中,加入甲酸(添加量为2.5、4.0和5.5ml/kg)进行青贮。结果表明,添加甲酸能使草木樨青贮料氨态氮含量降低,并保存较多的可溶性糖;添加甲酸4.0ml/kg对三个干物质水平草木樨青贮均有良好效果,但以干物质含量27.36%组效果最好。     

添加蔗糖对草木樨青贮品质的影响

在刚收获及收获后经过8 h和30 h晾晒的初花期草木樨Melilotus alba(干质量含量分别为27.36%,38.69%和44.98%)青贮料中,加入蔗糖(添加量分别为1.0%,1.5%和2.0%)进行青贮.结果表明,草木樨低水分(干质量含量为44.98%)青贮可以使青贮料的氨态氮含量显著降低,并保存更多的干质量、粗蛋白和可溶性糖.草木樨添加蔗糖青贮使青贮料的氨态氮含量显著升高,粗蛋白含量下降,发酵品质严重下降,因此草木樨青贮不宜用蔗糖作为青贮添加剂.     

添加乳酸菌和纤维素酶对苜蓿青贮品质的影响

初花期收获的苜蓿(Medicago sativa)经过0、8、32 h的晾晒,添加乳酸菌和纤维素酶进行青贮。结果表明,苜蓿凋萎（干物质含量为38.45%）青贮可以使青贮料的氨态氮含量显著降低,并保存有更多的粗蛋白质,生成更多的乳酸。苜蓿青贮时添加乳酸菌和纤维素酶能明显改善苜蓿青贮料的发酵品质,即降低青贮料的氨态氮含量和保存更多的粗蛋白质以及生成更多的乳酸。晾晒8 h的苜蓿添加乳酸菌（106 cfu/g）和纤维素酶（0.05 g/kg）的青贮效果最好;而晾晒32 h的苜蓿直接青贮的效果最好。     

添加乳酸菌和纤维素酶对苜蓿青贮品质的影响(简报)

初花期收获的苜蓿经过0,8和32 h的晾晒,添加乳酸菌和纤维素酶进行青贮。结果表明,不同干物质含量的苜蓿青贮时,乳酸菌 纤维素酶的添加均能使青贮pH值快速下降;苜蓿半干青贮(干物质含量为38.45%)可使青贮氨态氮含量显著降低,并保存有较多的粗蛋白质,生成较多乳酸,其中以添加乳酸菌106cfu/g 纤维素酶0.05g/kg的青贮效果最好,其青贮综合评定得分最高,达93分。     

不同添加剂对高丹草青贮性能及体外降解特性的影响

经萎蔫处理的腊熟期高丹草切碎后进行甲醛、甲酸添加剂青贮,采用离体两阶段法测定不同处理的青贮料体外消化特性。结果表明:添加甲醛和甲酸有助于降低氨态氮含量,并保存较多的可溶性糖和蛋白质。甲醛和甲酸与纤维素酶混合使用能显著降低青贮料中的纤维成分(P<0.05)。低水平甲醛(1.5mL/kg)和甲酸(1.5mL/kg)会促进青贮料的不良发酵,甲醛2.5mL/kg和甲酸3.0mL/kg效果最佳。体外消化试验表明,高丹草经青贮后干物质消化率会提高,甲醛处理和甲酸处理均不同程度的降低了青贮料粗蛋白(CP)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)的体外消化率。     

水分、乳酸菌和蔗糖对青贮苜蓿品质的影响

采用正交设计,将初花期收获的紫花苜蓿经过0、4、8h的晾晒处理,添加不同水平的乳酸菌和蔗糖进行青贮。结果表明:水分含量对青贮苜蓿p H值和氨态氮/总氮(AN/TN)值无明显影响;晾晒4h和8h(水分含量分别为72.54%和68.63%)时,苜蓿乳酸(LA)含量较不晾晒(水分含量为80.82%)直接青贮显著增加(P0.05);晾晒4h和8h后青贮苜蓿的粗蛋白(CP)和干物质(DM)含量均显著高于晾晒0h的(P0.05),中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量则显著低于0h的(P0.05);乳酸菌添加量为107cfu/g的青贮苜蓿p H值最低,AN/TN、NDF、ADF均显著低于其他两个添加水平(P0.05),而乳酸含量、DM和CP则显著高于其他两个添加水平(P0.05);蔗糖添加浓度对青贮苜蓿氨AN/TN和DM影响不显著(P0.05)。糖添加浓度为20g/kg的青贮苜蓿LA含量最高,p H值最低,NDF和ADF最低,均显著低于蔗糖浓度为0 g/kg的(P0.05)。综合上述结果,苜蓿收获后晾晒4~8h,待水分降到70%左右时,添加107cfu/g的乳酸菌和20g/kg的蔗糖青贮效果最好。     

丙酸对苜蓿草渣青贮料营养价值的影响

在晾晒24h的苜蓿草渣中分别加入0、10、20g／kg的丙酸进行青贮。结果表明，添加丙酸能明显降低青贮料的pH值以及氨态氮、丁酸的含量和保存更多的蛋白质。在本次试验中，以20g／kg丙酸添加组的青贮效果最好。     

苜蓿含水量与添加剂组分浓度对青贮效果的影响研究

在刚收获及收获后经6,18和28 h晾晒的初花期苜蓿青贮料中,加入不同糖分、乳酸菌和纤维素酶浓度的乳酸菌复合添加剂进行青贮,并按正交原理设计试验。结果表明,青贮新鲜苜蓿,其pH值呈不断上升趋势,青贮效果不佳。晾晒6,18和28 h之后,苜蓿青贮效果最好的复合添加剂组合分别为纤维素酶(0.1 g/kg) 葡萄糖(15g/kg)、纤维素酶(0.025 g/kg) 葡萄糖(20 g/kg)、乳酸菌(107cfu/g) 葡萄糖(20 g/kg)。随着苜蓿青贮添加组分浓度的增加,其青贮pH值下降更快,青贮料中氨态氮含量逐渐降低,乳酸含量不断增加。     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

The Prevalence and Intensity of Helminth and Coccidial Infections in Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

A survey of gastrointestinal parasite infections of young (<6 months old), immature (6–12 months old) and adult (>12 months old) dairy cattle on 16 farms in Kiambu District, Kenya was conducted during a dry season (September 1991 to January 1992) and during a wet season (March to July 1992). The survey was based on monthly coproparasitological examination of cohorts and worm counts in tracer calves. The effects of age, sex, farm and season on the prevalence and intensity of helminth and coccidial infections were determined. Faecal egg and oocyst counts revealed that the overall prevalences were: strongyles (including trichostrongyles) (85.5%), liver flukes (Fasciola gigantica) (34.0%), coccidia (30.9%) and tapeworms (9.6%). Eight species of the protozoan Eimeria were identified, the most prevalent species being E. bovis and E. zuernii. The most prevalent nematode genera were Haemonchus, Cooperia, Oesophagostomum and Trichostrongylus. Season, farm and age of the animals had a significant (p<0.05) influence on the intensity of infection with strongyles, liver flukes and coccidia, whereas the sex of the animals had no significant (p>0.05) effect on the prevalence or intensity of infections. A higher intensity of infection with strongyles and coccidia was found in the wet season than in the dry season (p<0.05). The age-specific intensity was in the following order: for strongyles, immature animals of 6–12 months of age had the highest egg counts, followed by young calves and adults. Calves had significantly (p<0.05) higher oocyst counts than immatures or adults. Liver fluke egg counts did not differ significant (p>0.05) between immatures and adult cattle.     

Hypothalamic dopamine is required for salsolinol‐induced prolactin secretion in goats

The aim of the present study was to clarify the relationship between hypothalamic dopamine (DA) and salsolinol (SAL) for the secretion of prolactin (PRL) in goats. SAL or thyrotropin‐releasing hormone (TRH) was intravenously injected into female goats treated with or without the D₂ DA receptor antagonist haloperidol (Hal), which crosses the blood‐brain barrier, and the PRL‐releasing response to SAL was compared with that to TRH. PRL‐releasing responses to SAL, Hal, and Hal plus SAL were also examined after a pretreatment to augment central DA using carbidopa (Carbi) and L‐dopa. The PRL‐releasing response to Hal alone was greater than that to SAL or TRH alone. The PRL‐releasing response to Hal plus SAL was similar to that of Hal alone. In contrast, the PRL‐releasing response to Hal plus TRH was greater than that to TRH or Hal alone. The treatment with Carbi plus L‐dopa inhibited SAL‐ and Hal‐induced PRL secretion. The inhibition of the PRL‐releasing response to SAL disappeared when SAL was injected with Hal. These results indicate that the mechanisms underlying the SAL‐induced PRL response differ from those of TRH, and suggest that hypothalamic DA and its synthesis is associated in part with SAL‐induced PRL secretion in goats.     

Laboratory diagnosis of respiratory diseases of cattle

The authors describe the procedure of laboratory diagnosis for bovine respiratory diseases: direct diagnosis by isolation and for identification of bacteria or viruses and indirect diagnosis by serological methods. They specify the restraints and limits of this diagnosis and the significance results which are obtained and connected with knowledge of anamnestic information.     

The effect of peri-parturient anthelmintic treatment on the productivity of dairy cattle in subtropical western India

Trials with fenbendazole (Panacur, Hoechst India Ltd) were carried out on two commercial farms in subtropical western India to study the response and economics of nematode treatment in adult dairy cows. Milk yield, lactation length, time to first oestrus and worm egg output were monitored in treated and control groups. Treatment reduced the egg count considerably. Treated cows produced 142 litres more milk over 100 days (p<0.05), with extension of lactation length and advancement of time to first oestrus. The economic gain in terms of milk yield far outweighed the cost of anthelmintic used.     

An Evaluation of the Acceptability as Forage of Some Nutritive and Antinutritive Components and of the Dry Matter Degradation Profiles of Five Species of Ficus

The suitability of five species of Ficus, F. mucoso, F. thonningii, F. polita, F. religiosa and F. benjamina, for feeding ruminant livestock was studied. The nutritive and antinutritive components were determined and the acceptability of the forages to livestock was assessed using a cafeteria method in 8 adult small ruminants. Also, the degradation potential of the dry matter of the five Ficus species was investigated using 3 fistulated sheep. The crude protein (CP) content of the Ficus species varied significantly (p < 0.05), ranging from 130 to 180 g/kg DM. The content of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) also varied significantly (p < 0.05), ranging from 650 to 710 g/kg DM. The organic matter (OM) contents did not differ significantly (p > 0.05), having a mean value of 916 g/kg DM. The concentrations of tannin, saponin, phytic acid and oxalic acid were low. The acceptability of the forage was similar for four of the species but poor for F. polita. The extent of DM degradation varied significant among the Ficus species, the ranking order being F. benjamina > F. thonningii > F. mucoso > F. religiosa > F. polita.     

Formation of prostaglandins, leukotrienes and paf-acether by macrophages

Prostaglandins (PG) and leukotrienes (LT)--arachidonic acid-dependent metabolites--and paf-acether (platelet-activating factor)--an ether phospholipid--are potent mediators of allergic and inflammatory reactions. Their structures, chemical synthesis and biosynthetic pathways have been recently described. These mediators are produced by various cells with proinflammatory activities including the macrophages upon interaction with a specific secretagogue stimulus (phagocytosis of zymosan particles, immune-complexes); in IgE-dependent hypersensitivity reactions; upon interaction with one of these mediators. Formation of these mediators by macrophages depends upon their local environment. Qualitative and/or quantitative variations in their synthesis are observed depending on the tissue they are derived from (alveole or peritoneum) and on the type of inflammation (immunologic specific or not). Their potent biological activities (increase of vascular permeability, smooth muscle contraction, cardiac and vascular effects and/or chemotactism) suggest a role for these mediators in various pathologies.