不同代谢能和粗蛋白质水平对合浦鹅日粮养分消化率及生长性能的影响

本文旨在研究日粮不同代谢能和粗蛋白质水平对合浦鹅日粮干物质、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗纤维、钙和磷等养分的消化率及生长性能的影响.将120只28日龄的合浦鹅随机分成6个组,进行2个饲养和消化试验:试验1组饲喂粗蛋白质水平为15.10%,代谢能水平分别为10.03、11.00和11.85 MJ/kg的3种日粮;试验2组饲喂代谢能水平为11.50 MJ/kg,粗蛋白质水平分别为12.50%、14.85%和17.83%的3种日粮.用4 mol/L HCI ALA方法测定日粮的养分消化率.结果表明:粗蛋白质水平为15.10%和代谢能水平为10.03 MJ/kg的日粮,具有较高的养分消化率,但不同代谢能水平对试鹅的生长性能影响差异不显著(P>0.05);代谢能水平为11.50 MJ/kg和粗蛋白质水平为12.50%的日粮也具有较高的养分消化率,但不同粗蛋白质水平对试鹅的生长性能影响差异也不显著(P>0.05).因此,28日龄以后的合浦鹅的日粮粗蛋白质和代谢能水平分别为15.10%和10.03 MJ/kg,或分别为12.50%和11.50 MJ/kg时,均具有较高的养分消化率,但对合浦鹅的生长性能无显著影响.     

塞北乌骨鸡适宜日粮代谢能水平研究

为研究塞北乌骨鸡育雏期和育成期适宜日粮代谢能水平,本试验选取体重基本一致的1日龄雏鸡900只(公母各半),分别随机分为5组,每组90只,设3个重复,每个重复30只,分别饲喂不同能量水平(育雏期:10.60、10.85、11.51、12.00、12.65 MJ/kg,育成期:10.38、10.94、11.51、12.34、12.96 MJ/kg)的日粮,计算增重和耗料增重比。结果表明:日粮能量水平对塞北乌骨鸡生长发育有显著影响(P0.05)。塞北乌骨鸡宜采用公母分群饲养,育雏期公鸡日粮适宜代谢能水平为12.00 MJ/kg,母鸡日粮适宜代谢能水平为12.65 MJ/kg;育成期公鸡日粮适宜代谢能水平为12.34MJ/kg,母鸡日粮适宜代谢能水平为12.96 MJ/kg。     

日粮能量与蛋白质水平对生长期拜城油鸡营养物质表观消化率的影响

为了研究日粮能量与蛋白质水平对拜城油鸡生长期营养物质表观消化率的影响,试验选取270只8周龄拜城油鸡并随机分成9个处理组,每个处理组设3个重复,每个重复10只鸡。试验期共8周。试验组日粮根据生长阶段设计为8～11周龄:3个能量水平(11.70MJ/kg、12.12MJ/kg、12.54MJ/kg)、3个蛋白质水平(17%、18%、19%)共9种日粮;12～15周龄:3个能量水平(10.20MJ/kg、10.60MJ/kg、11.00MJ/kg)、3个蛋白质水平(16%、15%、14%),共9种日粮。结果表明:8～11周:第6组能量、干物质和有机物表观消化率极显著高于第2组(P0.01),第7组粗蛋白表观消化率极显著高于第1～3组(P0.01);对钙和磷的表观消化率无显著影响(P0.05)。12～15周:第4组能量表观消化率显著高于第1～2组(P0.05),第8组的干物质表观消化率显著高于第1～2组(P0.05);对钙和磷的表观消化率无显著影响(P0.05)。综合以上指标,在本试验条件下,生长期拜城油鸡日粮能量和蛋白质水平建议为:8～11周龄拜城油鸡适宜能量和蛋白质水平分别为12.12MJ/kg和17%;12～15周龄拜城油鸡适宜能量和蛋白质水平分别为11.00MJ/kg和15%。     

日粮中不同能量蛋白水平对蛋用公鸡肥育效果的影响

通过对不同营养水平日粮饲喂蛋用公鸡的试验表明 ,育肥日粮的适宜营养水平为 :0～ 2 8日龄代谢能 11.4 95～ 11.70 4 MJ/ kg,粗蛋白 2 1%;2 9～ 4 9日龄代谢能 11.70 4～ 11.913MJ/ kg,粗蛋白 19%;5 6～ 67日龄代谢能 12 .331MJ/ kg,粗蛋白 16%～ 17%。     

扬州鹅能量、蛋白和粗纤维营养需要量研究

为探索扬州鹅能量、蛋白和粗纤维营养需要量,试验采用3×3×2设计,育雏期日粮粗蛋白含量分别设为17%、19%和21%,粗纤维含量分别为3%、4%和5%,代谢能含量分别为11 MJ/kg和12 MJ/kg。育肥期日粮粗蛋白含量分别设为14.5%、16%和17.5%,粗纤维含量分别为4%、6%和8%,代谢能含量分别为10.5 MJ/kg和11.5 MJ/kg。将刚出壳扬州鹅雏鹅随机分为18组,每组4个重复,每个重复公母各5只,每组饲喂不同营养水平的日粮,观测不同营养水平日粮对扬州鹅增重和饲料转化比的影响。结果显示:育雏期日粮粗蛋白为17%组的增重显著大于19%和21%组(P0.05),饲料转化比显著高于其他两组(P0.05),增重饲料成本低于其他两组;粗纤维为3%组的增重和4%组差异不显著(P0.05),但显著高于5%组(P0.05),饲料转化比和增重饲料成本显著低于4%和5%组(P0.05);代谢能为11 MJ/kg组的增重和12 MJ/kg组差异不显著(P0.05),饲料转化比显著高于12 MJ/kg组(P0.05),但增重饲料成本低于12 MJ/kg组。育肥期日粮粗蛋白为14.5%组的增重要显著大于16%和17.5%组(P0.05),饲料转化比和增重饲料成本显著低于其他二组(P0.05);不同粗纤维水平的增重差异不显著(P0.05),但4%组的饲料转化比和增重饲料成本显著低于6%和8%组(P0.05);代谢能为11.5 MJ/kg组的增重要显著大于10.5 MJ/kg组,饲料转化比显著低于10.5 MJ/kg组。研究表明:扬州鹅育雏期适宜营养需要量为粗蛋白17%、粗纤维3%、代谢能11 MJ/kg,育肥期适宜营养需要量为粗蛋白14.5%、粗纤维4%、代谢能11.5 MJ/kg。     

两种方法测定产蛋鸡日粮代谢能值的比较

8只57周龄的海兰褐父母代种公鸡和8只26周龄的海兰褐商品代产蛋高峰期鸡分别用"绝食法"和"常规法"测定了一种产蛋鸡日粮的表观代谢能、氮校正表观代谢能、能量的表观利用率、能量的氮校正表观利用率。结果表明,公鸡绝食法测定的表观代谢能、氮校正表观代谢能、能量的表观利用率、能量的氮校正表观利用率为11.44±0.18MJ/kg、11.53±0.12MJ/kg、74.53±1.05%、75.11±0.98%,分别极显著(P<0.01)地高于产蛋鸡常规法测定值10.58±0.16MJ/kg、10.51±0.15MJ/kg、68.97±1.02%、68.97±1.02%,说明两种方法下公鸡和产蛋母鸡对日粮的能量利用上存在着巨大的差异,公鸡绝食法测定的产蛋鸡日粮表观代谢能值显著高于产蛋鸡实际摄入值。     

不同日粮对广西合浦鹅生产性能及养分代谢的影响

本研究旨在探讨不同日粮对鹅生长性能和纤维类物质及其他养分利用能力的影响。选取4周龄、体重相近的广西合浦鹅60只,随机分为3组,每组20只(公母各1/2),分别饲喂3种不同代谢能(ME)水平的日粮:第1组10.03 MJ/kg,第2组11.00 MJ/kg,第3组11.85 MJ/kg,进行42 d的饲养试验;同时分别于5周龄和9周龄时从上述3组试验鹅中各选取4只体重相近的试鹅进行代谢试验并用内源指示剂法(4 mol/L HCl不溶灰分)测定试鹅对日粮养分的代谢率。结果表明:在整个试验期间各组试鹅平均日增重差异不显著(P>0.05);5周龄时,各组日粮养分代谢率差异也不显著(P>0.05);但在9周龄时,第1组的CF、DM和能量代谢率显著高于其余2组(P<0.05或P<0.01)。因此,本试验证明了日粮ME在10.03~11.85 MJ/kg时,不影响合浦鹅的增重和屠宰性能;在9周龄、日粮ME为10.03 MJ/kg时,其CF、DM和能量代谢率显著高于ME为11.00或11.85 MJ/kg组,而高能量日粮并未表现出养分代谢上的优势。     

日粮代谢能对1～4周龄定安鹅生长性能及血清生化指标的影响

为研究日粮代谢能对1~4周龄定安鹅生长性能及血清生化指标的影响,选取遗传背景相同、体重相近(90.57±0.70)g的1日龄定安鹅240只,随机分为4个处理组,每个处理组设4个重复,每个重复15只。分别饲喂代谢能水平为10.49 MJ/kg、11.02 MJ/kg、11.54 MJ/kg和12.05 MJ/kg的日粮。试验为期28 d。结果表明:(1)11.54 MJ/kg代谢能组末重和日增重均显著高于10.49 MJ/kg代谢能组(P0.05),而料重比显著低于10.49 MJ/kg和11.02 MJ/kg代谢能组(P0.05)。(2)11.54 MJ/kg代谢能组总蛋白和球蛋白含量都显著高于10.49 MJ/kg和12.05 MJ/kg代谢能组(P0.05),白蛋白含量也显著高于11.02 MJ/kg和12.05 MJ/kg代谢能组(P0.05)。但11.54 MJ/kg代谢能组尿酸含量显著低于10.49 MJ/kg代谢能组(P0.05)。综合认为,11.54 MJ/kg代谢能日粮可使1~4周龄定安鹅获得较好生长性能,血清生化指标也得以改善。     

添加纤维素复合酶制剂对羔羊日粮营养物质消化的影响

为研究纤维素酶制剂对羔羊消化性能的影响,选取体重相近、健康断奶的萨福克羊与小尾寒羊杂交一代4月龄羔羊60只,随机分为5组,分别为对照组(CP 18.54%,DE 13.04 MJ/kg)、低蛋白日粮加酶组(Ⅰ组CP 16.44%,DE 13.04 MJ/kg,复合纤维素酶0.2%)、低蛋白日粮组(Ⅱ组CP 16.44%,DE 13.04 MJ/kg)、低能量日粮加酶组(Ⅲ组CP18.54%,DE 12.26 MJ/kg,复合纤维素酶0.2%)、低能量日粮组(Ⅳ组CP 18.54%,DE 12.26 MJ/kg).饲喂30天后,采用全收粪法收集粪样.结果表明日粮能量水平和蛋白质水平影响羔羊对日粮营养物质的消化.降低日粮蛋白或能量水平显著降低了日粮DM、CP、EE、CF的消化率以及钙、磷吸收率.比较而言,能量水平对各种养分消化率的影响更大.同时,酶制剂作用效果受日粮能量水平的影响大于日粮蛋白质水平对其的影响;低蛋白日粮加入复合纤维素酶制剂有提高粗纤维消化率的趋势(但未达到显著水平,P＞0.05),不能提高粗脂肪的消化率和钙磷的吸收率;而低日粮能量水平添加加酶制剂,可以显著提高(P＜0.05)粗脂肪的消化率、钙的吸收率,但不能提高粗纤维的消化率,也不能改善磷的吸收率.     

日粮能量水平对产蛋高峰期蛋鸡生产性能的影响

为研究产蛋高峰期蛋鸡代谢能需要量,试验选择220只24周龄尼克粉鸡随机分为5组,分别饲喂代谢能水平为10.07,10.63,10.91,11.41,11.78 MJ/kg的日粮。结果表明:在试验前期(25～38周)、后期(39～51周)和全期(25～51周)随着日粮代谢能水平的升高,各组蛋重、产蛋率、产蛋量、能量采食量差异不显著(P>0.05);采食量、料蛋比逐渐降低;随着日粮代谢能水平的升高蛋鸡增重有增加的趋势,但组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。说明在10.07～11.78 MJ/kg能量浓度范围内,提高日粮能量水平可以降低蛋鸡采食量和料蛋比,但对能量采食量影响不大。     

Tolerance of cattle to increased dietary sulfur and effect of dietary cation-anion balance

The objective of this study was to determine if dietary cation-anion balance (DCAB) affects the concentration of S that can be tolerated by growing and finishing cattle without adversely affecting performance. Angus cross and Bradford steers (n=114; average initial BW=252.8 kg) were blocked by BW and breed, and randomly assigned within a block to treatment. The design was a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments with S (from NH(4)SO(4)) supplemented at 0, 0.15, or 0.30% of DM, and NaHCO(3) added at 0 or 1.0% of DM. Each treatment consisted of 3 pens containing 5 steers and 1 pen containing 4 steers. Steers were used in an 84-d growing study followed by a finishing study. A corn silage-based diet was fed during the growing study and a corn-based diet was fed during the finishing study. Steers were not randomized between experiments. The analyzed concentrations of S in the growing diets were 0.12, 0.30, and 0.46%, whereas the analyzed concentrations of S in the finishing diets were 0.13, 0.31, and 0.46% for treatments supplemented with 0, 0.15, and 0.30% S, respectively. Increasing DCAB by approximately 15 mEq/100 g of DM, by the addition of NaHCO(3,) did not affect (P > 0.36) performance during the growing or finishing studies. During the growing study DMI was not affected (P=0.29) by dietary S. Steers fed diets containing 0.30% S had greater ADG (P=0.02) and G:F (P=0.01) than those receiving 0.46% S, but similar (P > 0.36) performance to steers fed 0.12% S. During the finishing study, steers fed diets containing 0.46% S had less ADG than steers fed 0.13 (P=0.004) or 0.31% S (P=0.07), whereas ADG did not differ (P=0.18) among steers fed 0.13 and 0.31% S. Steers fed diets containing 0.31 (P=0.01) or 0.46% S (P=0.001) had less DMI than controls, but G:F was not affected (P=0.52) by S during the finishing study. Carcass characteristics did not differ (P > 0.18) among steers fed diets containing 0.13 and 0.31% S. Steers receiving diets containing 0.46% S had decreased HCW (P=0.001), quality (P=0.02), and yield grades (P=0.04) than steers receiving 0.13% S. Plasma Cu concentrations on d 101 of the finishing phase and liver Cu concentrations at slaughter were greater (P ≤ 0.05) in control steers compared with those fed diets containing 0.31 or 0.46% S. This study indicates that steers fed growing diets can tolerate up to 0.46% S with minimum effects on performance. Finishing steers tolerated diets containing 0.31% S without adverse affects on ADG or G:F. However, 0.46% S greatly decreased ADG and DMI, and increasing DCAB did not prevent these depressions.     

日粮蛋白质与赖氨酸水平对断奶仔猪益生素添加效果的影响

为探讨不同日粮养分浓度对益生素添加效果的影响 ,将 4 8头 2 8日龄断奶仔猪随机均分 4组 ,以常规日粮为对照组 ,经 2 8d试验 ,结果发现 :益生素 (0 .1% )在常规日粮中添加 ,能提高断奶仔猪 9.0 3%的增重速度 (P<0 .0 5 )和 6 .3%的饲料转化率 ;而在低蛋白质日粮 (低赖氨酸水平和理想赖氨酸水平 )中的添加 ,能比对照组分别提高 16 .4 3%和 17.97%的增重速度(P<0 .0 1) ,以及 11.2 %和 11.7%的饲料转化率 ,腹泻率也比对照组有明显降低。     

膳食纤维在母猪中的应用

膳食纤维作为第七大营养素,其在单胃动物的作用正在被广泛的关注。膳食纤维具有独特的理化性质,合理使用可以大大改善母猪实际生产中所关注的饱腹感、刻板行为、泌乳性能、繁殖性能和便秘情况。本文综述了膳食纤维的定义、理化性质、分析方法和对母猪的影响作用,旨在为母猪营养工作者和养殖人员提供参考和指导。     

猪利用日粮纤维的研究

长期以来 ,人们对日粮纤维持否定态度 ,认为不仅没有营养价值 ,而且还会降低整个饲料的营养价值。自从人的医学上发现膳食纤维与一些“文明病”(血管病、直肠癌、肥胖等 )有着某种联系后 ,膳食纤维随之成为医学的研究热点 ,同时也带动了动物营养学者对日粮纤维的研究。本文主要阐述猪利用日粮纤维的研究状况。1　猪利用日粮纤维的生理基础1 1　猪生物学特性　猪作为杂食动物 ,采食量较大 ,消化道长 ,消化速度较快 ,能部分地利用植物性饲料。我国传统养猪业比较粗放 ,因此我国的猪一般都具有食性广、耐粗饲的特点。1 2　猪大肠内的微生物区…     

Toxicity of dietary monensin in quail

Quail were fed monensin to determine liver damage, as measured by changes in activities of serum enzymes and liver microsomal enzymes. Monensin fed at a therapeutic level of 110 ppm for 2 weeks produced an increase in cytochrome P-450 and cytochrome b5 and induction of the activities of benzphetamine N-demethylase, aminopyrine N-demethylase, and aniline hydroxylase, with no changes in the activities of serum sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). On the other hand, quail fed 110 ppm, 220 ppm, and 330 ppm monensin in feed for 6 weeks showed a significant rise in SDH and AST activities at 330 ppm but not at 110 ppm and 220 ppm. The manifestations of liver toxicity observed at 330 ppm were accompanied by a significant decrease in all the aforementioned hepatic microsomal mixed-function oxidases. In contrast, quail fed monensin at 110 ppm and 220 ppm for 6 weeks produced no change in these parameters except for benzphetamine N-demethylase, aminopyrine N-demethylase, and aniline hydroxylase, which were significantly increased in birds fed 220 ppm of monensin.     

肉仔鸡日粮中补铬的研究

选用４００只１日龄艾维茵肉仔鸡,随机分为４组（公母各半）。Ⅰ组为对照组,喂以基础日粮;Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ组为试验组,在基础日粮中分别添加０．１,０．２和０．３ｍｇ／ｋｇ吡啶羧酸铬（以铬计）,试验期４２ｄ。结果表明：试验组肉仔鸡的腹脂率和血清中总胆固醇一显著低于对照组,其中Ⅲ组极显著低于Ⅰ组,试验组胸肌率显著高于对照组,而生产性能和屠宰率与对照组鸡差异不显著。     

Effect of increased dietary protein and decreased dietary carbohydrate on performance and body composition in racing Greyhounds

OBJECTIVE: To determine effects of increased dietary protein and decreased dietary carbohydrate on hematologic variables, body composition, and racing performance in Greyhounds. ANIMALS: 8 adult Greyhounds. PROCEDURE: Dogs were fed a high-protein (HP; 37% metabolizable-energy [ME] protein, 33% ME fat, 30% ME carbohydrate) or moderate-protein (MP; 24% ME protein, 33% ME fat, 43% ME carbohydrate) extruded diet for 11 weeks. Dogs subsequently were fed the other diet for 11 weeks (crossover design). Dogs raced a distance of 500 m twice weekly. Rectal temperature, hematologic variables before and after racing, plasma volume, total body water, body weight, average weekly food intake, and race times were measured at the end of each diet period. RESULTS: When dogs were fed the MP diet, compared with the HP diet, values (mean +/- SD) differed significantly for race time (32.43 +/- 0.48 vs 32.61 +/- 0.50 seconds), body weight (32.8 +/- 2.5 vs 32.2 +/- 2.9 kg), Hct before (56 +/- 4 vs 54 +/- 6%) and after (67 +/- 3 vs 64 +/- 8%) racing, and glucose (131 +/- 16 vs 151 +/- 27 mg/dl) and triglyceride (128 +/- 17 vs 104 +/- 28 mg/dl) concentrations after racing. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Greyhounds were 0.18 seconds slower (equivalent to 0.08 m/s or 2.6 m) over a distance of 500 m when fed a diet with increased protein and decreased carbohydrate. Improved performance attributed to feeding meat to racing Greyhounds apparently is not attributable to increased dietary protein and decreased dietary carbohydrate.     

Effect of chronic exposure to excess dietary copper and dietary selenium supplementation on liver specimens from rats

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of chronic exposure to excess dietary copper (Cu) on liver specimens from rats and the effects of dietary selenium (Se) supplementation in experimental Cu toxicosis. ANIMALS: 60 weanling male Fischer 344 rats. PROCEDURE: Rats were randomly assigned to 4 groups of 15 rats each and fed 1 of the following 4 diets: high Cu (500 microg/g)/adequate Se (0.2 microg/g); high Cu (500 microg/g)/supplemented Se (2 microg/g); adequate Cu (18 microg/g)/adequate Se (0.2 microg/g); or, adequate Cu (18 microg/g)/supplemented Se (2 microg/g). Five rats per group were euthanatized after 3, 6, and 12 months, and liver specimens were obtained for histologic examination, histochemistry, metal analysis by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, measurement of glutathione peroxidase activity, and assessment of lipid peroxidation, using quantification of malondialdehyde (MDA) by the thiobarbituric acid reaction. RESULTS: Hepatic Cu concentration was significantly higher in rats fed high Cu diets (range, 9 to 18 microg/g of tissue [wet weight]), compared with rats receiving adequate Cu diets (4.0 to 5.7 microg/g of tissue). Rats fed high-Cu diets for 3, 6, and 12 months had mild multifocal hepatitis often surrounding necrotic foci. However, an increase in hepatic MDA content, indicative of lipid peroxidation, was not detected in these rats. Development of morphologic changes was not prevented by use of dietary Se supplementation. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Long-term exposure to excess dietary Cu caused mild hepatic lesions in Fischer 344 rats. Dietary Se supplementation did not prevent hepatic damage in rats with Cu toxicosis.     

奶牛日粮原料中几种微量元素含量的测定

为了探索奶牛日粮中矿物质营养成分含量．采朋火焰原子吸收光谱法对湖南某奶牛场青、粗（干稻草）配合饲料及水中Ag、Cd、Co、Cr、Mo、Pb进行测定（其中Co、Cr、Mo是动物必需元素，Cd、Ph是有毒有害元素），结果显示：与饲料中允许量的国家标准进行对比．Co的含量正常．Mo、Cr的含量偏低．Cd的含量超标，Pb在水中的含量超标．