槐山羊在陕北延安的适应性观测

本文通过对陕北延安526只自繁槐山羊的外貌特征、生长发育、繁殖性能、产肉性能、发病等情况观察测定.结果表明,本地自繁槐山羊在外貌特征方面与原产地基本一致,体尺体重指数与原产地接近(P＞0.05),羔羊成活率为82.08%,公、母羔初生重分别为2.72±1.18kg和2.69±1.54kg,断奶(3月龄)体重分别为12.25±1.77kg和11.40±4.24kg,周岁体重分别为33.16±3.74kg和26.33±4.79kg,成年羊体重分别为36.15±3.81kg和29.03±6.93kg,8月龄屠宰率为48.09%,净肉率为76.68%,发病率为10.27%,死亡率为2.85%,证明槐山羊在陕北延安表现出良好的适应性.     

豫东肉用山羊生产性能测定

豫东肉用山羊是以波尔山羊、马头山羊为父本,槐山羊为母本,通过多元杂交培育的肉用山羊新品种群。为了解新品种群的种质特性,对永陵县核心育种场的豫东肉用山羊的生长发育、繁殖性能、屠宰性能等指标进行了测定。结果表明:豫东肉用山羊公羊初生、2月龄断奶、6月龄、周岁以及成年平均体重分别为3.35、14.83、35.17、66.79、84.25 kg,母羊各年龄段平均体重分别为3.21、13.87、34.88、54.19、66.61 kg;各年龄段体重均较槐山羊显著提高74.06%～155.70%(P0.05)。6～7月龄豫东肉用山羊公羊的屠宰率、净肉率分别达47.25%、34.53%,分别比槐山羊增加了3.71个百分点和1.25个百分点(P0.05)。经产能繁母羊的产羔数平均2.33只,断奶活羔数平均2.14只,与槐山羊相应指标无显著差异(P0.05)。豫东肉用山羊母羊繁殖指数和生产指数分别达11.4 kg、39.6 kg,明显高于槐山羊的相应指标。说明豫东肉用山羊总体生产性能明显高于槐山羊,可作为我国农区肉用山羊经济杂交的兼用亲本。     

波×本一代羔羊的生长性能比较试验

本试验分析了海拔3000 m以上的高寒牧区饲养波×本一代羊出生到6月龄的生长发育性能.结果表明,在同样的饲养管理条件下,波本F16月龄体高、体长和胸围分别为(48.25±2.75)cm、(51.75±2.25)cm和(59.50±2.53)cm,分别比本地山羊提高17.28%、20.26%和14.05%,差异显著;初生重及1月龄、3月龄和6月龄体重分别为(2.57±0.17)kg、(4.82±0.18)kg、(11.22±1.20)kg和(18.95±1.55)kg,分别比本地山羊提高87.59%、67.94%、60.98%和71.18%,差异极显著;经过经济效益分析,每只波×本山羊比本地山羊增重7.88 kg,增加收入70.92元.     

陕西省吴旗县引种小尾寒羊的适应性研究

通过对吴旗县引入小尾寒羊的生长发育、繁育性能、产肉性能、发病等情况调查.结果表明引入吴旗县的小尾寒羊在体重、体尺指数方面与原产地山东郓城、梁山接近(P>0.05),产盖率为224%,羔羊成活率为79.1%.公、母羔羊初生重分别为3.36±1.17 kg和3.14±1.52 kg,断奶重分别为22.97±10.37 kg和21.50±6.58 kg,3月龄体重分别为28.33±9.47 kg和25.97±3.22 kg,屠宰率为45.9%,发病率为19.8%,死亡率为2.2%.得出结论从山东引入的小尾寒羊对吴旗县的自然生态环境和饲养方式是基本适应的.     

波尔山羊与黄淮山羊杂交选育效果初报

以波尔山羊为父本，黄淮山羊为母本，开展杂交选育，波黄F1较黄淮山羊体型有明显改进，肉用特征明显，初生重和生长发育得到明显提高。公羔初生重3.12±0.22kg，2月龄断奶重14.29±1.47kg，6月龄体重32.55±4.38kg，周岁体重48.44±4.67kg，比黄淮山羊分别提高1.38kg、3.73kg、11.32kg和16.66kg；母羔初生重2.43±0.23kg，2月龄断奶重13.51±1.82kg，6月龄体重27.14±8.61kg，周岁体重40.79±5.26kg，比黄淮山羊分别提高0.83kg、3.84kg、10.60kg和13.2kg。     

体细胞克隆牛0～12月龄生长的测定研究

通过对5头体细胞克隆母犊牛及其同期自然繁殖出生的荷斯坦母犊牛初生期、6月龄、12月龄的体重、体尺指标测定,初步分析了其生长发育速度的变化规律。结果表明:(1)克隆牛初生重53.67±7.00kg,明显高于自繁奶牛(P<0.01),6月龄体重141.00±16.49kg,明显低于自繁奶牛(P<0.01),12月龄体重302.80±32.17kg,与自繁奶牛基本相当;(2)克隆牛0～6月龄期间平均日增重0.70±0.11kg明显低于自繁奶牛(P<0.01),6～12月龄期间平均日增重0.90±0.12kg,与自繁奶牛基本相当(P>0.05),0～12月龄期间平均日增重0.70±0.11kg,与自繁奶牛基本相当(P>0.05);(3)克隆牛初生体尺指标明显大于自繁奶牛(P<0.01),6月龄体尺指标明显小于自繁奶牛(P<0.01),12月龄体尺指标与自繁奶牛相当(P>0.05);(4)克隆牛0～6月龄期间体尺平均增长明显低于自繁奶牛(P<0.01),6～12月龄期间体尺平均增长明显高于自繁奶牛(P<0.01),0～12月龄期间体尺平均增长明显低于自繁奶牛(P<0.01)。     

陕西省吴旗县引种小尾寒羊的适应性研究

通过对吴旗县引入小尾寒羊的生长发育、繁育性能、产肉性能、发病等情况调查。结果表明:引入吴旗县的小尾寒羊在体重、体尺指数方面与原产地山东郓城、梁山接近(P>0.05),产盖率为224%,羔羊成活率为79.1%。公、母羔羊初生重分别为3.36±1.17kg和3.14±1.52kg,断奶重分别为22.97±10.37kg和21.50±6.58kg,3月龄体重分别为28.33±9.47kg和25.97±3.22kg,屠宰率为45.9%,发病率为19.8%,死亡率为2.2%。得出结论:从山东引入的小尾寒羊对吴旗县的自然生态环境和饲养方式是基本适应的。     

波×本一代羔羊的生长性能比较试验

本试验分析了海拔3 000 m以上的高寒牧区饲养波×本一代羊出生到6月龄的生长发育性能。结果表明,在同样的饲养管理条件下,波本F_16月龄体高、体长和胸围分别为(48.25±2.75)cm、(51.75±2.25)cm和(59.50±2.53)cm,分别比本地山羊提高17.28％、20.26％和14.05％,差异显著;初生重及1月龄、3月龄和6月龄体重分别为(2.57±0.17)kg、(4.82±0.18)kg、(11.22±1.20)kg和(18.95±1.55)kg,分别比本地山羊提高87.59％、67.94％、60.98％和71.18％,差异极显著;经过经济效益分析,每只波×本山羊比本地山羊增重7.88 kg,增加收入70.92元。     

甘南牦牛不同杂交组合生产性能分析

为提高牦牛生产的社会、经济和生态效益,满足人们对无污染的牦牛奶、肉等绿色食品日益增长的需要,本研究利用娟姗牛、安格斯牛和野牦牛的冻精杂交改良甘南牦牛,筛选最佳杂交组合。结果发现,与当地牦牛相比,娟姗牛、安格斯牛和野牦牛与本地牦牛杂交的F1代公母犊牛的初生重、3月龄体重和6月龄体重均显著高于本地牦牛犊(P<0.05),其中娟姗牛、安格斯、野牦牛的杂交F1代的公犊牛初生重分别提高了30.12%、18.21%和13.21%;3月龄体重分别提高了7.89%、3.70%和1.94%;6月龄体重分别达到了81.26±1.23kg、79.26±1.04kg和78.42±1.13kg,而母犊牛6月龄体重分别为77.78±2.26kg、78.07±1.97kg和75.85±1.32kg。因此,利用娟姗牛、安格斯牛与牦牛种间杂交育种可显著改善犏牛生产性能,这将为提高甘南牦牛生产性能、生产优质牛肉提供依据。     

金堂黑山羊生产性能研究

通过对金堂黑山羊生产性能的研究,结果得出:金堂黑山羊初生重公羔为2.37±0.36kg,母羔为2.28±0.35kg;6月龄体重公羊为26.84±3.75kg,母羊为22.22±3.52kg;周岁体重公羊为41.38±6.04kg,母羊为33.54±6.09kg;成年体重公羊为70.64±5.44kg,母羊为49.62±4.27kg;母羊初配年龄为5～6月龄,公羊初次配种利用年龄为8～10月龄;母羊发情周期为20.8d,妊娠期为149.19d,产后第一次发情时间平均为28.67d,年产1.89胎;初产母羊产羔率为179.69%,第2、3、4胎产羔率分别为233.80%、241.38%、251.79%,平均产羔率为225.71%;6、12月龄羯羊胴体重分别为11.13kg、17.50kg,屠宰率分别为42.81%、48.6%,净肉率分别为31.12%、36.16%;周岁公羊、母羊,成年公羊、母羊的屠宰胴体重分别为19.36kg、15.33kg,36.39kg、23.42kg,屠宰率分别为48.10%、47.52%,52.50%、49.37%,净肉率分别为35.91%、34.98%,39.91%、37.12%。研究结果表明金堂黑山羊有很强的抗逆力,适应范围广,抗病力强,成年羊死亡率仅2.74%,羔羊死亡率6.89%,目前尚未发现烈性传染病。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.