浅谈养殖环节病死动物无害化处理现状、问题及对策

病死动物的无害化处理,一直是社会各界关注的热点问题。近年来我国的畜牧养殖业得到了快速发展,但传统的家庭养殖模式仍占主导地位,由于饲养规模小,饲养管理不科学、不规范,养殖技术水平不高,防疫意识不强等原因,易造成动物患病死亡。多数养殖场（户）由于没有专门的病死动物尸体处理设施,将动物尸体随意处置,甚至有些养殖场（户）为了减少损失,低价出售病死动物。     

对病死奶牛处置问题的思考

由于经济全球化发展,动物疫情日趋复杂。病死动物若不规模处置又会加重环境的污染和动物疫情的传播从而加大动物疫情的严重性与复杂性。目前。因奶牛养殖场户的生活水平、防疫意识、公德意识和病死奶牛再利用价值、有无政府补偿、有无保险以及监管处罚力度、是否统一处理等不同情况。使得他们会采取不同的处置方式,如出售、食用、丢弃、自埋或统一无害化处理等。     

家禽疫病发生率上升的原因

1 环境方面原因 (1)养禽场舍布局和结构不合理,建场时不考虑选址和禽舍间距、通风排气和粪便处理,造成环境污染和疫源传播.许多养殖场(户)相互间隔距离太近,不符合卫生防疫要求,一旦一场疫情发生,相邻场(户)也随即被传染.甚至某些地方搞养殖小区,把养殖场(户)集中在一起搞养殖示范区,这种做法极易造成疫病发生和流行.(2)人员流动频繁,多数养殖场(户)缺乏有效的消毒隔离措施.养殖工具相互借用,饲养人员相互串舍帮忙,从而为疫病的流行提供了条件.(3)病死家禽随处丢弃,多数不经过无害化处理.许多养殖户甚至为了当前的小利把病死禽直接卖给收购死禽的商贩,从而加剧了疫情的扩散.(4)禽舍卫生状况差,粪便不能按时清理,或不经无害化处理,随意堆放,任凭风刮雨淋,使养殖环境污染严重.(5)不重视环境卫生消毒,消毒只是走过场,不能根据疫病的流行情况合理地选择和使用消毒药.消毒药物单一,某些养殖场(户)长期只使用一种消毒剂,消毒效果差,不能有效杀灭病菌.     

绵竹市专项治理肉食品市场

继五月份绵竹市开展饲料、兽药、添加剂整治工作之后,6月8日,全市为期半月的畜禽定点屠宰和肉食品检疫专项整治工作又拉开了序幕:一是加强对食用动物的饲养、屠宰加工和动物产品流通销售的监督管理,规范食用动物的饲养、屠宰加工和动物产品流通秩序,二是强化种畜禽场的引种、规模养殖场和定点屠宰(场)点动物防疫条件的审核管理,三是加强食用动物疫病防治,执行屠宰生猪待观察制度,四是完善集贸市场动物及其产品防疫管理,凭“两证一章”出售动物产品,规范开展集贸市场禽免查杀检疫工作。日前,全市已查处销售病死猪肉51公斤,未发现注水肉和含瘦…     

湖南省病死动物无害化处理工作调研

为了解湖南省各地动物实际饲养数量、动物死亡率、病死动物无害化处理的方式、方法、成本和无害化处理设施设备建设等情况,对湖南省部分市、县及乡镇动物防疫站、规模养殖场病死动物无害化处理情况进行调研后,提出做好病死动物无害化处理工作的建议。     

S省J市猪场卫生状况与生物安全措施的调查分析——基于非洲猪瘟防控

非洲猪瘟发生后,为了进一步了解养猪场(户)的卫生状况和生物安全措施,笔者对S省J市11个县区的110个猪场进行了问卷调查,主要调查猪场基本情况、养殖方式、场内设施、外物进入、场地消毒、内部管理等方面。调查结果显示:猪场在场址、场内设置、入场物品、消毒等方面比较规范;部分养猪场(户)存在没有专职兽医,饲养人员场内串舍,工具交叉使用,对野生动物防护不严等问题。建议:建立有效的物理隔离,提高养殖者的疫病防控水平,建立完整并有效执行的生物安全管理制度,加强基层动物防疫检疫队伍建设,切实做好病死畜禽的无害化处理工作。     

养殖场,你对病死鸡的处理做到位了吗?

<正>2015年1月20日晚,河北电视台经济频道"今日资讯"栏目报道石家庄鹿泉市源泉渠内出现上百只死鸡,这些被丢弃的死鸡引起了部分当地人的恐慌。人们怀疑这些鸡是因重大疫情引起的,担心病毒会传染给其他家禽,甚至污染水源(源泉渠是黄壁庄水库的支流,水直接流入二街水库),影响人们的健康。其实,2013年"黄浦江死猪漂流事件"已经给人们敲响了警钟,但时至今日,在一些地方,养殖场随意丢弃病死畜禽的现象依然时有发生。究竟是什么原因让这些养殖场这么肆无忌惮地乱扔乱弃?目前各养殖场(户)在病死畜禽无害化处理方面主要采取哪些方式呢?按照相关法律法规,这些方式方法真的完全符合国家规定和要求吗?某养殖场赵场长饲养着5000羽肉鸡,当问及养殖场对病死鸡是如何处理的,他告诉记者,"十天内的病雏、弱雏和死雏鸡,基本上都扔到暖     

规模肉鸡场的饲养管理要点——以北票市为例

随着我国规模化肉鸡场的不断发展,规模肉鸡场的饲养管理要求也越来越高。本文从肉鸡品种、养殖设备、防疫程序、合理用药和病死鸡无害化处理5个方面详细介绍了规模肉鸡场的饲养管理要点,以期为肉鸡养殖业的发展提供参考。     

湖南省养殖场户牛结节性皮肤病防控问卷调查

为了解湖南省养殖场户牛结节性皮肤病（LSD）防控情况,2021年11—12月以在线问卷调查方式,对湖南省10个市州188个牛养殖场户的养殖情况、养殖方式以及LSD知晓情况、免疫与治疗情况进行问卷调查。结果显示：参与调查的牛养殖场户中,存栏小于50头的占69.68%;27.66%、45.21%的场户分别采用散养、散养圈养混合饲养方式;6.91%的场户只进行外购犊牛育肥,35.11%采用自繁自养联合外购犊牛育肥。13.92%场户的外购牛群直接与养殖场内牛群混养,不进行隔离;94.68%的场户知晓LSD,其中89.36%认为LSD可以治疗;26.06%的场户出现过疑似LSD症状;59.57%的场户进行了全群LSD免疫,9.57%进行了部分牛群免疫;96.15%的场户免疫后未再出现疑似症状,12.31%免疫后有轻微副反应。结果表明：湖南省牛养殖以小规模为主,饲养方式较为传统,存在一定的LSD传入发生风险,但养殖场户具备一定的防疫意识,LSD知晓率较高,能够主动采取免疫、隔离、治疗等预防和控制措施,能够及时发现疑似病例,因此总体发生风险可控。今后需要继续加强免疫、调运监管和防控宣传,有效控制该病的传入和流行。     

农村散养家禽发病率高的原因与防治措施

<正>农村散养家禽收入是农民经济收入的重要组成部分,但由于禽病多,散养户又没有科学养殖经验,导致发病率和死亡率高。现就散养户家禽发病的原因及防治措施作一分析,供散养家禽农户参考。1发病率高的原因1.1养殖环境差许多养殖场(户)间隔距离太小,不符合卫生防疫要求;人员流动频繁,缺乏有效的消毒隔离措施;病死家禽随处丢弃,未进行无害化处理;禽舍卫生状况差,粪便不能按时清理。     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1983

In late December 1983, 2 800 veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of heartworm disease in Canada in 1983 and 26% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 59 504 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 771 dogs (1.30% of those tested) were found with Dirofilaria immitis. Heartworm disease was diagnosed in all provinces except New Brunswick and Newfoundland but most (733) of the cases were in Ontario.

Heartworm disease was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 31% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 64% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continues to be the focus of the infection and most of the dogs there had not left the province previously.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1985

In late December 1985, 1485 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1985 and 44% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 137,300 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1210 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 36 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number diagnosed in 1985 as 1247 (0.91%).

Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Saskatchewan but most (1126) of the cases were in Ontario. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. From Quebec, 91 cases were reported mostly from and around Montreal. From Manitoba, 19 cases were reported from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 28% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 78% had a history of not having left Canada.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1988

In late November 1988, 1581 small and mixed animal clinics and institutional veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1988, and 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 181,577 dogs were blood-tested for heartworm disease and 367 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 60 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1988 as 441 (0.24%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1984

In late December 1984, 1853 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1984 and 35% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 97,794 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1417 dogs (1.45% of those tested) were found with heartworm. Another 34 dogs were amicrofilaremic, but were diagnosed as having heartworm disease, to give the total number diagnosed in 1984 as 1451 (1.48%). Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland but most (1310) of the cases were in Ontario. In Quebec, 126 cases were reported mostly from west of Montreal.

Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 27% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 72% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1989

In late November 1989, 1732 clinics and institutional veterinarians were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis, and 51.7% responded. Of 247,716 dogs tested, 394 had D. immitis microfilariae and 51 were amicrofilaremic for a total of 445 cases and heartworm prevalence of 0.17%. Most (408) of these dogs had no preventive medication and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 1.01%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Thirty-seven dogs with heartworm had preventive medication. Heartworm was most frequent in companion dogs over three years of age maintained outdoors in rural areas. About 75% of the cases had never left Canada, 26% had clinical signs and 125 were not treated.

Heartworm was reported from British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, but 383 cases were in Ontario. South-western Ontario was the primary focus of infection. There were 33 cases in Quebec and 24 in Manitoba, mainly found in and around Metropolitan Montreal and Winnipeg respectively.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1987

In late November 1987, 1246 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1987, and 50% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 165,428 dogs were blood tested for heartworm disease and 511 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 78 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1987 as 589 (0.35%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1986

In late December 1986, 1224 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1986; 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 150,989 dogs were blood-tested for microfilariae and 869 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 65 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease and one was found with heartworm at necropsy to give the total number diagnosed in 1986 as 935 (0.62%).

Heartworm was reported from Manitoba, New Brunswick, Ontario and Quebec, but most (810) of the cases were from Ontario. South-western Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. There were 103 cases reported from Quebec, mostly from and around Montreal, and 21 cases from Manitoba, from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 33% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 81% had a history of not having left Canada.