丁酸对动物肠道影响的研究进展

丁酸属短链脂肪酸,是一种新型的肠道保健剂。在生理条件下,丁酸可提高养分消化率、增加消化酶分泌、调整肠道微生物区系、改善上皮细胞完整性以及增强防御系统功能,从而提高动物生长及生产性能。在消化道内,丁酸可直接或间接促进组织发育及修复。因此丁酸是一种有效的饲料添加剂,尤其可提高初生动物生长性能、控制细菌性病原引起的肠道紊乱疾病。笔者通过总结丁酸在肠道中的生成、丁酸对肠道上皮细胞的影响以及对动物生长性能的影响,综述了丁酸对动物的生物学功能。     

丁酸梭菌对肠道健康调节作用及应用研究进展

正丁酸梭菌是从健康人和动物肠道中分离的一种革兰氏阳性芽孢杆菌,具有耐热、耐酸,耐多种抗生素等生物学的特性。丁酸梭菌在肠道内具有调节肠道菌群平衡、改善肠道健康,提高动物生长性能及改善肉品质等作用,具有良好的应用前景。丁酸梭菌,又名酪酸梭菌,是一种专性厌氧的革兰氏阳性芽孢杆菌。丁酸梭菌是人和动物肠道的正常菌     

丁酸梭菌对动物肠道生态的影响及作用机制

丁酸梭菌作为一种目前正被逐步广泛使用的益生菌,已被许多研究证明能促进动物生长,调节肠道菌群微生态平衡,对宿主产生各种健康作用。对肠道生态的影响,一方面能抑制有害菌的生长并对肠道有益菌的生长有一定的促进作用,另一方面也对肠道黏膜上皮损伤有明显的修复作用。主要对丁酸梭菌对动物肠道菌群的影响及可能的作用机制进行综述,并展望丁酸梭菌今后的研究方向。     

三丁酸甘油酯对断奶仔猪生长性能及肠道健康的调控

三丁酸甘油酯是丁酸的前体物质,在动物肠道内被胰脂肪酶分解成1分子的甘油和3分子丁酸。丁酸作为一种短链脂肪酸具有广泛的生理功能。文章阐述了三丁酸甘油酯的理化性质、生物学功能及其对断奶仔猪生长性能的影响,并探讨了三丁酸甘油酯对动物肠道的调节机制。     

丁酸梭菌对家禽肠道屏障功能的影响

丁酸梭菌作为一种饲料添加剂,是一种可以改善和维护肠道健康的有益菌。目前对丁酸梭菌的应用十分广泛,本文阐述了丁酸梭菌对家禽肠道健康的改善功能,促进动物机体的生长作用和加强动物的免疫功能,以期为丁酸梭菌在家禽上的应用提供参考。     

丁酸甘油酯对猪健康的作用

正肠道健康对于高产动物发挥其遗传上的生长潜力必不可少。丁酸因其会对动物肠道健康和发育产生有益作用而闻名。如今,多种以丁酸为主要成分的产品已经上市。以α-单丁酸甘油酯和三丁酸甘油酯形式的丁酸甘油酯混合物已显示出能够改善断奶仔猪生产性能的作用。     

丁酸酵母肽对泌乳牛饲料消化率的影响

通过调控瘤胃微生物区系来增强泌乳牛对饲料的利用是近年来研究的热点,酵母培养物能刺激纤维分解菌活力,改善纤维的消化率,调节奶牛瘤胃乙酸与丙酸的比例,从而达到对瘤胃发酵的调控,改善泌乳性能;丁酸梭菌在动物肠道内可以促进动物肠道有益菌群(双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌)的增殖和发育,抑制肠道内有害菌和腐败菌的生长、繁殖,纠正肠道菌群紊乱,减少肠毒素的产生;同时,丁酸梭菌的主要代谢产物丁酸是肠道上皮组织细胞再生和修复的主要营养物质;另外,丁酸梭菌对多种饲用抗生素有较强的耐受性,可配伍使用。     

丁酸梭菌在家禽生产中应用的研究进展

丁酸梭菌作为一种益生菌,存在于人和动物的肠道中,不易受到胃酸、消化酶和胆汁酸等因素的影响,不仅可以通过把营养物质降解成丁酸为动物提供营养与能量,而且可以保护肠道健康,促进营养物质的吸收和动物的生长,以及增强免疫功能等,因此丁酸梭菌可以作为饲料添加剂用于畜禽生产。本文对丁酸梭菌对家禽生理、生产性能的影响及其机制进行综述,以便为丁酸梭菌在家禽生产中的应用提供参考。     

丁酸梭菌在畜牧生产上的研究进展及展望

丁酸梭菌作为一种微生态制剂,具有安全、无残留、耐酸、耐高温等特点。畜牧生产中使用丁酸梭菌制剂,不仅能促进动物生长,调节动物肠道的微生态平衡,保护肠道上皮组织,产生多种有益物质,还可以减少饲料中抗生素类产品的使用。本文主要就丁酸梭菌的特点及其在畜牧生产中的使用现状进行综述,旨在为丁酸梭菌制剂应用于动物养殖生产提供参考。     

丁酸梭菌在改善畜禽肠道健康方面的研究进展

丁酸梭菌对胆盐、高温、胃酸均具有较好的耐受性、抗逆性，在保护动物肠道菌群稳定、减少肠道致病菌、增强动物免疫力、降低腹泻率、促进动物机体对日粮的消化吸收、提高生长性能等方面具有较好的作用。文章综述了丁酸梭菌的生物学特性及其对畜禽生产性能的影响，旨为丁酸梭菌在畜牧养殖中的进一步应用提供参考。     

丁酸介导下肠道菌群与宿主免疫互作机制的研究进展

肠道菌群或其代谢产物在动物机体生长发育与功能完善方面起重要作用,当宿主与肠道菌群间的动态平衡被打破,可诱发局部或全身性炎症反应。丁酸不仅作为能源物质为机体提供能量,还能调控宿主先天性免疫和适应性免疫状态,促进机体免疫应答;并影响宿主分泌抗菌肽（AMPs）等预防肠道病原菌易位,维持肠道菌群的稳态。本文将系统介绍丁酸介导下肠道菌群与宿主免疫系统间互作机制的研究进展,并阐明其在肠道健康稳态中的重要作用。     

谷氨酰胺对早期断奶仔猪肠黏膜免疫的调节作用

作者综述了早期断奶仔猪肠黏膜免疫系统、谷氨酰胺的营养生理功能、早期断奶对仔猪肠黏膜免疫的影响,以及谷氨酰胺对早期断奶仔猪肠黏膜免疫系统的结构和功能、肠道屏障功能、肠道抗氧化能力及生产性能的影响。     

片球菌抑菌机制及其在畜禽生产中的应用

寻找抗生素替代品是养殖业面临的一大课题。片球菌（Pediococcus）是饲料添加目录中允许的益生菌之一,它是一种革兰氏阳性乳酸菌。大量研究表明,片球菌在食品、医疗和养殖行业中有着巨大的应用价值,它们在宿主肠道黏膜细胞表面具有的良好的定植能力,减少了其他细菌的黏附。同时,片球菌能够产生包括片球菌素、有机酸和过氧化氢在内的许多抗菌物质,因而在抑制病原菌生长、改善肠道微生物群落结构、刺激宿主免疫、促进养殖动物生产健康并提升动物生长性能等方面表现出良好的益生性能,但是相比较其他益生菌而言其关注程度不高。作者总结了片球菌产生抑菌物质的种类及其抑菌机制,介绍了片球菌的黏附和免疫调控作用方式,以及片球菌在猪和鸡等畜禽养殖动物生产上的应用,旨在为其在动物生产中的合理应用提供理论参考。片球菌具有广谱、稳定的抑菌效果,丰富的益生性能,它们有利于畜禽动物健康生长,预防病原菌感染,减少疾病发生,因此值得加大推广和应用的力度。     

Antibacterial Mechanism of Pediococcus and Its Application in Livestock and Poultry Production

Finding antibiotic alternatives is a major issue in the breeding industry.Pediococcus, a kind of Gram-positive lactic acid bacteria,is one of the probiotics allowed in the feed addition catalogue.A large number of studies have shown that Pediococcus has great application value in the food,medical and breeding industries.Their good colonization ability on the surface of the host intestinal mucosal cells reduces the adhesion of other bacteria.Meanwhile,Pediococcus is able to produce many antibacterial substances including pediocin,organic acids and hydrogen peroxide.Therefore,it's showing their good probiotic performance in inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria,improving the intestinal microbial community structure,stimulating the host's immunity,promoting the health of farmed animals,and improving animal growth performance,However,compared with other probiotics,its degree of attention is not high.This article summarizes the types of bacteriostatic substances produced by Pediococcus and their bacteriostatic mechanisms,introduces Pediococcus's adhesion and immune regulation,and the application of Pediococcus in the production of animals such as pigs and chickens.The aim was to provide a theoretical reference for Pediococcus's reasonable application in animal production.The results discussed in this article indicated that Pediococcus had broad-spectrum,stable bacteriostatic effects and rich probiotic properties.It's beneficial to the healthy growth of livestock and poultry,prevents pathogenic bacterial infections,and reduces the incidence of diseases.Therefore,Pediococcus is worth increasing its promotion and application.     

菊粉在养猪生产中应用的研究进展

菊粉通常是从植物中提取的一种特殊的天然果聚糖类碳水化合物,具有益生作用,可选择性地促进肠道中有益菌增殖,抑制有害菌生长,提高动物生长性能和免疫功能。作者主要从菊粉作为一种新型饲料添加剂,对猪肠道菌群、生长性能、免疫功能、矿物质吸收利用和肉品质影响等方面进行综述。     

丁酸钠对鱼类肠道消化吸收的影响研究进展

与畜禽等动物相比,鱼类消化系统不健全,消化酶活性低,而植物性原料中常含有抗营养因子和毒性成分等,易导致肠道损伤及肠炎等疾病。丁酸等短链脂肪酸可显著改善鱼类生长性能,增强鱼体健康及抗氧化和抗应激能力。因丁酸气味不佳,影响动物适口性,丁酸钠作为丁酸的替代物,呈固态且不易挥发,易于添加使用。丁酸钠可促进肠道上皮细胞发育,改善肠道形态结构,保持肠道黏膜屏障完整,对损伤的肠道黏膜加以修复,刺激上皮细胞内mRNA和蛋白质合成,加速肠上皮细胞增殖,增加绒毛高度,促进消化吸收。丁酸钠能破坏有害菌DNA结构,蛋白质不能合成,使有害菌不能进行正常分裂,抑制肠道有害菌的生长繁殖,促进有益菌群的增殖,维持肠道菌群平衡,菌群多样性显著提高。丁酸钠可通过刺激消化酶的分泌来改善鱼类消化,降低劣质蛋白原料对肠道损伤,抑制鱼肠道细胞凋亡,减少肠道炎症发生,显著改善鱼类肠道屏障的功能。丁酸钠还可用作生长促进剂及免疫刺激剂,在低鱼粉饲料中使用可降低饲料成本,促进鱼类生长发育。因此,丁酸钠是绿色安全可替代抗生素的添加剂,同时植物蛋白适当替代鱼粉可提高经济效益。作者就丁酸钠对肠道消化吸收功能的影响进行重点阐述,以期为鱼类等水产养殖业使用丁酸钠提供科学参考。     

Effect of Cryptosporidium parvum infection on the absorptive capacity and paracellular permeability of the small intestine in neonatal calves

Cryptosporidium parvum is recognized as one of the most important pathogens causing enteritis and severe diarrhoea in calves up to 1 month of age. Although the infection may be responsible for some mortality, its impact is mainly associated with the impairment of intestinal functions and lower performance of animals. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of cryptosporidiosis on the intestinal functions in neonatal experimentally infected Holstein calves. Absorption tests with d-xylose and retinyl-palmitate, and the lactulose/mannitol test of intestinal permeability were simultaneously performed in 1-week intervals from challenge to full recovery. In infected animals, reduced intestinal absorptive capacity for both D-xylose and retinyl-palmitate was observed on day 7 post-infection (p.i.). At the same time, a more than 100% elevation of intestinal permeability was observed in the infected calves. All intestinal functions, except absorption of retinyl-palmitate, were significantly affected and changes were detected up to day 14 p.i. In contrast, results of all tests obtained on day 21 p.i. suggest full recovery of the infected intestine. Significantly, growth of the calves which had recovered from cryptosporidiosis was still affected between days 14 and 21 p.i.     

枯草芽孢杆菌在养猪生产中的应用研究进展

枯草芽孢杆菌是一种常见的益生菌,具有多种生物学功能,其在改善猪群的生长(生产)性能、养分利用率、肠道微生态平衡、免疫性能以及肉品质等方面均有良好效果,因此在养猪生产中应用广泛。本文就枯草芽孢杆菌的生物学特性及其在养猪生产中的应用做一综述,旨在为枯草芽孢杆菌在养猪生产中的应用提供理论依据。     

北京鸭苏氨酸营养研究进展

苏氨酸是家禽第三限制性氨基酸,对北京鸭生长发育、肠道健康、免疫机能、脂肪代谢等方面都有重要的调节作用。北京鸭是中国自主培育的肉鸭品种,具有生长发育快、育肥性能好等特点,是闻名中外的"北京烤鸭"的制作原料。作者总结了近几年国内外苏氨酸调节北京鸭营养及生理功能的研究成果,包括苏氨酸对不同日龄、不同品系北京鸭生长性能的影响,以及苏氨酸对北京鸭屠宰性能、免疫功能、肠道健康以及脂肪代谢的影响及其代谢机制等方面,汇总了近几年关于苏氨酸需要量的研究成果,利用二次曲线断线模型和直线-断线模型,以日增重、平均日采食量、胸肌率、料重比等为指标重新评估了1~14/21日龄北京鸭的苏氨酸需要量,推荐满足1~21日龄北京鸭最大日增重和产肉的苏氨酸需要量为0.60%~0.67%。然而生长后期北京鸭的苏氨酸需要量研究较少,还需要进一步研究。此外,还需要进一步研究苏氨酸调节北京鸭脂肪代谢、肠道健康和免疫功能的分子机制。     

Modes of action of growth promoting agents

The term growth promotion applies to the increase in performance or productivity achieved in food producing animals following the addition to their diet of feed antibiotics or growth promoters. Numerous methods are available for the different animal species. Steroidal substances are widely used in cattle whilst in pigs and poultry a wide range of substances are used to influence the gastro-intestinal microflora and thereby bring about a cost-effective improvement in productivity. Although certain antibiotics have been used for growth promotion for over three decades they are still highly effective and appear not to have reduced the value of other widely used antibiotics for the treatment of disease. The mechanisms by which growth promotion is produced are only poorly understood but it is now generally accepted that any improvement in performance is directly related to a variety of direct effects on the gut microbial flora and associated indirect effects on intestinal tissues. The direct effects include inhibition of bacterial growth, interference with bacterial cell wall development, induction of filament formation and interference with the metabolism of intestinal bacteria. The indirect effects include a reduction in the thickness of the intestinal mucosal layer and a decrease in the production of certain mucosal cell enzymes. Other effects seen in the gut of growth promoted animals and birds include a decrease in the prevalence of antibiotic resistance plasmids and a reduced frequency of plasmid transfer in enteric coliforms. It is clear from available data that conventional animals are depressed in performance and this depression can be alleviated by the administration of growth promoting agents in the diet of these animals. The lifting of this depression results in an improvement in performance especially daily live weight gain and feed conversion efficiency.