不同稀释剂对猪冷冻精液精子活率的影响

手握法采集12月龄大约克种公猪精液，在37℃下离心，弃去精清，收集浓缩段富含精子部分，用7种不同的稀释液进行稀释，应用液氮熏蒸法制作颗粒冻精。结果表明，在7种稀释液中，7号稀释液优于其他6种稀释液（P〈0．05）：与其他的冷冻保护剂相比，甘油的冷冻保护性能较好（P〈0．01），其适宜浓度为2～4mL／L：干解冻（40℃～45℃）效果优于湿解冻，解冻后精于活率达0．6～0．49（P〈0．05）；稀释液中添加安钠咖可有效地延长精于的冻后存活时间（P〈0．01）。     

不同稀释液配方对奶牛冷冻精液的影响

采用假阴道法采集成年种公牛精液,经精液品质检查后,合格精液用四种不同冷冻稀释液进行稀释、冷冻、以筛选出适宜的冷冻稀释液和最佳冷冻保护剂.结果表明:Ⅱ号稀释液优于其它3种稀释液(P＜0.05);甘油为最佳冷冻保护剂.优于乙二醇和DMSO冷冻效果(P＜0.05),其最佳浓度为7%,精子冷冻后活率平均可达0.45±0.575,畸形率15.44%,项体完整率57.82%;奶牛细管冻精的解冻效果以75℃水浴,2 S到6 S的解冻时间最佳.     

不同冷冻曲线对种公牛精液冷冻质量的影响

种公牛精液的冻后活力是评定冷冻精液品质好坏的重要指标之一,也是影响牛人工授精受胎率的重要因素.影响冻精解冻后活力的因素包括种公牛个体差异(鲜精品质、耐冻性)、稀释液(甘油浓度、稀释液成分)、生产工艺(稀释方法、平衡、冷冻方法、冷冻曲线)和解冻方法等.而冷冻速度,即精子通过对细胞产生致死性伤害的0～-60℃温度区的速度,是决定冷冻精液冻后品质好坏的关键所在.     

近交五指山小型猪精液冷冻保存技术的研究

用液氮熏蒸法在氟板上制作冻精颗粒,以解冻后的精子活率、活力和质膜完整性为判定指标,比较4种冷冻稀释液及不同冷冻-解冻程序对五指山小型猪精液冷冻的效果。结果表明:①Ⅳ号冷冻稀释液冷冻解冻后精子的活率(0.610±0.036)、活力(0.427±0.025)和质膜完整性(0.503±0.015)均显著高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ号冷冻稀释液(P<0.05)。②实验中精液在4℃冰箱中平衡降温2 h的精液精子活力、质膜完整性均好于在17℃平衡3 h再放入4℃冰箱中平衡2 h的解冻效果,而且精子活率差异显著(P<0.05)。③湿解法的效果优于干解法。     

白藜芦醇对山羊冷冻精液质量的影响

本实验旨在研究白藜芦醇对山羊冻精质量的改善效果。用假阴道法采集8只云上黑山羊精液,用添加不同浓度(0、0.1、1、10、20μmol/L)白藜芦醇的Optidyl稀释液稀释后进行细管分装,其中不添加白藜芦醇组为对照组。在5℃平衡4 h后,将细管于液氮蒸气中预冻,最后在液氮中保存1周。37℃水浴解冻后测定精子活力、顶体完整性、膜完整性和磷脂酰丝氨酸分布等指标。结果表明:与对照组相比,10μmol/L白藜芦醇冷冻组精子直线运动百分率和质膜完整性均提高(P<0.05);10μmol/L白藜芦醇抑制了冷冻解冻后精子ROS的产生(P<0.05);而20μmol/L白藜芦醇冷冻组精子解冻后直线运动百分率低于其他各处理组(P<0.05);白藜芦醇不能缓解冷冻解冻过程对精子总活力、顶体完整性和磷脂酰丝氨酸分布的不利影响。总之,冷冻稀释液中添加10μmol/L白藜芦醇可以改善山羊冻精质量,这可能与白藜芦醇的抗氧化特性有关;但过高浓度的白藜芦醇加重精子的冷冻损伤程度。白藜芦醇是否能提高山羊冻精的人工授精效果还有待进一步研究。     

不同冷冻温度对陶赛特肉羊冻后精子活力的影响

采集2只陶赛特肉羊的精液在不同冷冻温度下制作冻精,研究不同冷冻温度对其精子的冻后活力的影响。结果表明：在-105&#177;5℃--135&#177;5℃的温度下制作的冻精,解冻后的精子活力和精子复苏率非常显著地高于在-75&#177;5℃～-105&#177;5℃的温度下制作的冻精（P〈0．01）;比在其他2种区间的温度冷冻下、解冻后的精子活力也好,差异显著（P〈0．05）。     

冷冻家猫附睾精液效果初探

为了筛选出适宜冷冻家猫精液的稀释液、冷冻保护剂和解冻温度,本试验采用家猫附睾精液,分别用2种不同的稀释液,3种不同的冷冻保护剂进行稀释、冷冻和解冻。结果显示,Ⅱ号稀释液冷冻效果优于Ⅰ号稀释液。用乙二醇作为冷冻保护剂,解冻后家猫精子活率达到52.7%±4.9%,畸形率为37.3%±4.2%,顶体完整率为52.4%±4.1%,各项指标均显著高于甘油组和二甲基亚砜组（P<0.05）;其中甘油组解冻后活率为35.5%±7.6%,顶体完整率为39.8%±4.4%,高于二甲基亚砜组的33.6%±7.3%和39.1%±4.1%,但两者之间差异不显著（P>0.05）。37 ℃水浴解冻后顶体完整率为36.4%±8.7%,显著高于30 ℃水浴解冻后的25.3%±6.7%（P<0.05）,但它们之间的活力,畸形率差异不显著,总体上37 ℃的解冻效果优于30 ℃。因此,乙二醇和稀释液Ⅱ配合使用冷冻家猫附睾精液效果较好,37 ℃为较优解冻温度。     

拉布拉多犬冷冻精液宫腔内输精试验研究

比较2种不同的冷冻稀释液:Tris-果糖-柠檬酸钠(Ⅰ号)和葡萄糖-乙酸钠-柠檬酸钠(Ⅱ号)对拉布拉多犬冷冻精液宫腔内输精效果,并分析同一稀释液配方不同解冻温度效果,在此基础上,选取犬专用宫腔输精器开展人工授精。结果显示:Ⅰ号稀释液解冻后,精子活力为0.419±0.15,顶体完整率为(58.26±8.1)%,畸形率为(10.3±0.3)%;Ⅱ号稀释液解冻后,精子活力为0.368±0.04,顶体完整率为(55.4±6.3)%,畸形率为(11.1±0.2)%,前者的冷冻效果明显优于后者。同一稀释液配方解冻温度65℃(4~5 s)解冻后的精液品质明显优于40℃(10~12 s);冻精情期受胎率达90%,比自然交配受胎率高10.0%,差异显著(P0.05)。本试验已突破多年来一直困扰犬冷冻精液人工授精技术发展运用的瓶颈,开发出高效冷冻稀释保护液以及高受胎率的宫腔内输精方法。     

无角陶赛特羊冻精制作技术

对无角陶赛特种公羊 (n =10 )精液品质、精液保存稀释液和冷冻精液制作技术进行了研究。结果表明 :精液密度为 2 0 .0 3± 0 .2 5亿个 /ml,活率 (冻前为 0 .80± 0 .0 6 ,冻后为 0 .5 1± 0 .0 1) ,畸形率 (冻前为 10 .1± 1.0 3,冻后为 2 9.6±0 .3) ,死精子百分率为 14 .1± 7.1;冻精的平均菌落数小于 5 0 0个 /剂。从 3种精液稀释液中选出了一种最佳稀释液 (三羟基氨基甲烷 卵黄 葡萄糖 柠檬酸 ) ;从 3种冷冻保护剂中筛选出甘油为理想的抗冻保护剂 ,其最佳浓度为 4 %～ 6 %。     

蓝狐细管冻精的研究

实验对蓝狐细管冻精的冷冻工艺进行了筛选。结果表明:4种以Tris-柠檬酸-甘油稀释液作为细管冻精稀释液效果良好,其中以葡萄糖代替果糖的A1配方及稀释方法效果最佳。常温和冷冻保存中结果发现,虽然乙二醇毒性较大,但含有6%乙二醇的防冻剂的精液解冻后活率最高。冻精平衡以0￣5℃和2 h为宜,初冻温度以-110￣-130℃的冷冻速度最好。解冻时,以38℃水浴中存活指数最高。冷冻过程使精子活率、畸形率、顶体完整率等指标受到明显影响。以A1为冷冻液的冻精人工授精受孕率为73.81%,每胎产仔数为5.81,与鲜精人工授精的结果差异显著(P<0.05)。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.