日粮中添加半胱胺对肉鸡血浆中抗氧化指标的影响

将160只7日龄体重一致,健康AA肉鸡随机分为四组(CSO、CS60、CS90和 CS120),半胱胺的添加剂量分别为0、60、90和120 mg/kg(以纯的半胱胺添加量计算)。试验鸡饲养至42日龄,翅静脉采血。分别对血浆中的谷胱苷肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)的活力、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活力、总抗氧化能力(TAOC)、谷胱苷肽(GSH)及其丙二醛(MDA)的含量进行测定分析。结果表明半胱胺添加组肉鸡血浆中GSH的含量显著低于不添加组(P< 0．01),各添加水平间的差异也是极显著(P<0．01),其中以CS60最低,CS120其次;GSH-Px 和SOD的活性高于不添加组,CS60组血浆SOD酶的活性显著高于CS0组(P<0．05),其他处理组差异不显著;血浆中TAOC添加组低于不添加组,CS60组血浆中TAOC显著低于CS0 组(P<0．05),与其他两处理组差异不显著;MDA的含量在各组间差异不显著。结果说明日粮中添加半胱胺能降低肉鸡机体的抗氧化能力,加重氧化损伤,且其程度与半胱胺的添加量有关,其中以60 mg/kg添加水平的抗氧化能力最低,氧化损伤最重。     

AA种公鸡痛风的临床与病理学观察

<正> 痛风是由于鸡体内尿酸盐代谢障碍,使血液内尿酸盐浓度增高,尿酸盐沉着于关节囊、关节软骨、内脏和其它间质组织。1991年元月安徽某种鸡场饲养的130日龄AA种公鸡群发痛风,发病率达41%,淘汰率3%,死亡率0.4%。由于及时诊断、改变饲料、增加维生素A、D,很快恢复了健康。     

利用H/L值分析鸡抗应激能力差异

通过H/L值的比较,对不同品种鸡的抗应激能力进行评价。随机抽取如皋鸡、文昌鸡以及安卡鸡各80只,分别检测了41、56、71和89日龄的异嗜性粒细胞(H)、淋巴细胞(L)及H/L值。结果表明:(1)在41、56日龄时,如皋鸡与文昌鸡、安卡鸡相比H、L及H/L值呈极显著差异(P<0.01);89日龄的H/L值在文昌鸡和安卡鸡之间呈极显著差异(P<0.01)。(2)如皋鸡在41日龄和71日龄间H、L及H/L值呈极显著差异(P<0.01),其余差异均不显著。文昌鸡H、L及H/L值在各日龄间变化较大,41和71日龄间呈显著差异(P<0.05),41和89日龄、56和71日龄以及56和89日龄间呈极显著差异(P<0.01)。安卡鸡各值只在56和89日龄间呈显著差异(P<0.05),其余差异均不显著。研究初步表明家禽的抗应激能力存在品种间差异,如皋鸡的抗应激能力优于安卡鸡,文昌鸡晚期表现出较好的抗应激能力,随着日龄的增加,品种之间的抗应激能力差异会减小。     

品种和日龄对鸡肉滋味呈味物及香味前体物含量的影响

比较不同日龄石歧黄鸡和AA肉鸡滋味呈味物及香味前体物含量差异。如果表明:日龄对鸡风味相关物含量有显著影响,随着日龄的增加,鸡肉pH值及游离氨基酸、硫胺素含量显著降低(P<0 05),而DM、CP、肌苷酸及其相关物含量显著增加(P<0 05)。品种对鸡肉DM、EE、脂肪酸、游离氨基酸、还原糖、肌苷酸等物质含量具有显著影响(P<0 05),石歧黄鸡游离氨基酸含量显著低于AA肉鸡(P<0 05),其余指标均显著高于AA肉鸡(P<0 05)。在DM、CP及游离氨基酸等指标上观测到日龄与品种的互作效应(P<0 05)。     

不同能量摄入水平对围产期奶牛生产性能及血浆瘦素浓度影响的研究

将健康的围产期奶牛30头随机分为3组, 每组10头。其中Ⅱ组为对照组, Ⅰ组和Ⅲ组分别为试验组。Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组均于产前28d开始分别饲喂NRC标准减少20%日粮(能量摄入80%组)、NRC标准日粮(能量摄入100%组)、NRC标准增加20%日粮(能量摄入120%组), 产后各组奶牛均饲喂标准日粮, 至产后56d结束。观察妊娠后期奶牛不同能量水平对干物质摄入量、产奶量、乳成分及体重等生产性能和血浆瘦素浓度的影响。试验结果表明: 奶牛产后干物质摄入量、产奶量、乳中蛋白质、乳脂率和非固体物质为Ⅰ组高于Ⅱ组、Ⅱ组又高于Ⅲ组(P>0 05 ); 同时血浆瘦素浓度为Ⅰ组高于Ⅱ组、Ⅱ组又高于Ⅲ组, 经统计分析组间差异极显著(P<0 01) 或差异显著(P<0 05); 但产前28~14d瘦素浓度组间差异均不显著(P>0 05 ), 此后Ⅰ组和Ⅲ组差异显著(P<0 05 )。此外, Ⅰ组体重消耗最小, Ⅲ组体重消耗最大, 各组间差异极显著(P<0 01)。可见, 围产期健康奶牛不同能量水平与干物质摄入量、产奶量、乳成分、体重等生产性能及血浆瘦素浓度之间存在着密切的关系。     

添喂益绿素对蛋鸡产蛋性能的影响

选择天康试验蛋鸡场的51周龄健康海赛褐蛋鸡共384只。共设4组,每组6个重复,每个重复16只试验蛋鸡。试验Ⅰ组(基础日粮+0·1%益绿素产品),试验Ⅱ组(基础日粮+0·2%益绿素产品),试验Ⅲ组(基础日粮+0·4%益绿素产品),对照组(基础日粮)。结果表明从平均产蛋率看,试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组与对照组相比,差异显著(P<0·05);试验Ⅲ组显著于试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组(P<0·05),极显著于对照组(P<0·01);试验Ⅰ组、对照组与试Ⅱ组、试验Ⅲ组相比,料蛋比高,差异显著(P<0·05);试验Ⅰ组、对照组与试验Ⅱ组、试验Ⅲ组相比,软破壳蛋比率高,差异显著(P<0·05),且试验Ⅲ组显著于试验Ⅱ组(P<0·05),极显著于试验Ⅰ组、对照组(P<0·01);从啄肛数量看,试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组、试验Ⅲ组比对照组发生比率都低。说明作为纯天然植物提取物——益绿素产品能提高产蛋率,降低料蛋比,有助于鸡的消化吸收,增强鸡的免疫力,提高鸡的品质。     

氟苯尼考和中草药黄芪淫羊藿合剂对鸡体液免疫反应的影响

试验分别对免疫期间的各组鸡连续两周给予不同剂量的氟苯尼考、黄芪淫羊藿合剂后,在不同日龄采取血样,用血凝抑制(HI)试验分别对鸡新城疫(ND)抗体水平和禽流感(AI)抗体水平进行监测。结果表明,混饮给药,小剂量(50mg/L)氟苯尼考对ND抗体水平影响不显著(P>0 05),而中(150mg/L)、高(250mg/L)剂量氟苯尼考对ND抗体产生有显著的抑制作用(P<0 01);氟苯尼考追加给药1周后,中、高剂量组ND抗体水平又有显著降低(P<0 05),而小剂量组ND抗体水平差异不显著;中(15ml/L)、高(22 5ml/L)剂量黄芪淫羊藿合剂对ND、AI抗体产生有显著增强作用(P<0 01);对因氟苯尼考造成的免疫抑制,黄芪淫羊藿合剂可使抗体水平恢复至对照组水平(P>0 05)。     

甘氨酰谷氨酰胺和牛磺酸对断奶仔猪抗氧化功能的影响

为了研究甘氨酰-谷氨酰胺(Gly-Gln)和牛磺酸(Tau)对断奶仔猪血液抗氧化功能的影响,以28日龄杜长大断奶仔猪为研究对象,采用随机区组设计法将72头健康、体重相近仔猪分为4组,每组3个重复,每重复6头,公母各半,进行为期28 d的饲养试验。4个处理组分别为:基础日粮(对照组)、基础日粮+0. 25%甘氨酰谷氨酰胺(Gly-Gln组)、基础日粮+0. 1%牛磺酸(Tau组)、基础日粮+0. 25%甘氨酰谷氨酰胺+0. 1%牛磺酸(复配组)。结果:Tau组中的血浆中超氧化歧化酶活性(SOD)显著高于对照组(P<0. 05);对于谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSHPx)活性,除Gly-Gln组在第7天显著高于对照组,第14、21及28天差异均不显著(P>0. 05)。对于还原型谷胱甘肽含量(GSH),在第14和21天Gly-Gln组极显著高于对照组(P<0. 01);对于血浆碱性磷酸酶活性(AKP),Gly-Gln组在第7和14天显著低于对照组(P<0. 05),第21和28天极显著低于对照组(P<0. 01)。研究表明:饲粮中分别或同时添加甘氨酰谷氨酰胺和牛磺酸有提高断奶仔猪血浆中的SOD、GSH-PX活性和GSH含量的趋势(P>0. 05),降低了血浆AKP活性(P<0. 05),从而提高了仔猪的抗氧化能力。     

不同季节营养对商品代星杂579公鸡体重的影响

本试验研究了不同季节中营养因子对商品代星杂579公鸡体重的影响。试验分别在冬、春、夏三个季节中进行 ,试验期从28日龄至56日龄。各季节均将试验鸡随机分为9组。试验用日粮采用L9(3) 4 正交试验设计 ,三个水平的代谢能分别为11 91、12 54、12 96MJ/Kg,蛋能比的三个水平分别为14、15、16g/MJ ,粗蛋白中赖氨酸比例(Lys/CP)的三个水平分别为0 045、0 050、0 055。试验结果为 :冬季 ,代谢能为12 540MJ/Kg时增重最快(P<0 05) ,蛋能比和Lys/CP水平对试验末体重无显著影响(P>0 05) ;春季 ,代谢能和Lys/CP对试验鸡体重影响不显著(P>0 05) ,随日粮中蛋能比的增加试验鸡的体重极显著地增大(P<0 01) ;夏季 ,各代谢能水平间增重差异不显著(P>0 05) ,随日粮中蛋能比水平的升高试验鸡的体重显著增加(P<0 05) ,Lys/CP水平为0 050时试验末鸡体重极显著的高于另二个水平(P<0 01)。     

一起群发性奶牛尿素中毒的临床研究

2004年南京某奶牛公寓由于饲养户在奶牛饲料中添加尿素方法不当,引起群发性尿素中毒。该牛群共有奶牛87头,发病64头,药物治疗56头,治愈54头,死亡10头,均为成母牛。作者调查了发病牛群的病史、临床症状、病理变化、治疗情况,对中毒奶牛的血液进行生化分析,并与正常奶牛比较,结果血清谷草转氨酶(AST)、γ-谷氨酰转移酶(GGT)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、磷酸肌酸激酶(CK)、磷酸肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)、肌酐(CRE)、尿素氮(UN)、葡萄糖(GLU)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH-L)等差异极显著(P<0·01),尿素(UREA)、血清K等差异显著(P<0·05),这些指标活性升高说明病牛心肌、胃肠平滑肌、肝肾等存在与病死牛的病理变化相一致的损伤。     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Prevalence of Faecal Pathogens in Calves of Racing Camels (Camelus dromedarius) in the United Arab Emirates

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Species of Ticks on Camels and Their Seasonal Population Dynamics in Eastern Ethiopia

A study was conducted to identify the species of ticks found on camels (Camelus dromedarius) and their seasonal population dynamics in Eastern Ethiopia. Collection and identification of the ticks were undertaken at 2-month intervals from December 1997 to August 1999. On each occasion, all the visible adult ticks were collected from one side of the body of each of the same 17 camels. The most abundant species of ticks on the camels were Rhipiephalus pulchellus (85.2%), Hyalomma dromedarii (5.9%), Amblyomma gemma (4.0%) and Amblyomma variegatum (1.8%). The average tick load per camel was higher during rainy months than during dry months. The smallest number of ticks per camel was observed during the driest month (December), whereas the highest was recorded in the wettest month (August). Any strategy intended to mitigate problems of tick infestation of camels in this area should take into account the identified tick species and their season of abundance.     

Accumulation of Sapogenin Conjugates and Histological Changes in the Liver and Kidneys of Lambs Suffering from Alveld,a Hepatogenous Photosensitization Disease of Sheep Grazing Narthecium ossifragum

Sixteen lambs exhibiting hepatogenous photosensitization (alveld) after grazing pasture containing Narthecium ossifragum and seven nonphotosensitized lambs grazing the same pastures were studied. All the alveld-affected lambs revealed liver damage dominated by single cell necrosis, portal fibroplasia and bile duct proliferation. Crystalloid clefts were demonstrated in the bile ducts of two and in the hepatocytes and Kupffer cells of nine photosensitized lambs. Plasma bilirubin concentration was severely increased in ten of the cases of alveld whereas the activity of aspartate aminotransferase was moderately to severely increased in seven cases. The activity of glutamate dehydrogenase was moderately elevated in one of the photosensitized lambs. The main histopathological findings in the kidneys from the alveld-affected lambs were dilated tubules, often with eosinophilic material in the tubular lumina. Regenerative changes were seen in a large proportion of the renal sections. Elevated plasma concentrations of urea and creatinine, and the renal histopathological changes, suggested that the photosensitized lambs had been through a phase of renal injury. Analysis of the free and conjugated sapogenin content in liver tissue and bile was performed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. There were significantly higher concentrations of conjugated episapogenins in both the liver and bile in the alveld-affected lambs than in the nonphotosensitized lambs.     

Measurement of Faecal Cortisol Metabolites in Cats and Dogs: A Non-invasive Method for Evaluating Adrenocortical Function

The aim of this comparative study was to gain more information about the metabolism and excretion of glucocorticoids in cats and dogs in order to establish non-invasive methods for evaluating stressful conditions. Therefore, in a first experiment, [¹⁴C]cortisol was administered intravenously to 8 animals (two of each sex and species). Over a period of 6 days, faeces and urine were collected immediately after spontaneous defecation and urination. Marked species differences were found, as cats mainly excreted cortisol in the faeces (82%±4% of the total recovered radioactivity), whereas in dogs only a small portion was found there (23%±4%). The highest urinary radioactivity was observed after 9±3 h in cats and 3±1 h in dogs. Peak concentrations in the faeces occurred after 22±6 h in cats and after 24±4 h in dogs. Most of the radioactivity was not extractable with diethyl ether, indicating that the metabolites excreted in urine and faeces were mainly of the conjugated or polar unconjugated types. This was confirmed by RP-HPLC, which also revealed marked differences between cats and dogs concerning the metabolites formed. In addition, the immunoreactivity of the metabolites was tested in cortisol, corticosterone and 11-oxoaetiocholanolone EIAs. The latter, measuring 11,17-dioxoandrostanes (11,17-DOA) detected the highest quantities of immunoreactive metabolites in cats, but not in dogs. In a second experiment, the adrenal cortex of both species was stimulated by ACTH and, three weeks later, suppressed by dexamethasone. In this study, only faeces were collected over a period of 7 days. In both species, inter-animal variability in the basal and maximal/minimal faecal cortisol metabolite concentrations and the time course was observed. The 11-oxoaetiocholanolone EIA in cats and the cortisol EIA in dogs proved best suited for monitoring changes in adrenocortical activity. ACTH injections resulted in an increase above baseline values of 355% (median) in 11,17-DOA concentrations in cats and of 702% in the concentrations of cortisol equivalents in dogs by about 25 h and 22 h (median) after injection, respectively. Minimal concentrations after dexamethasone administration were about 17% in cats and 31% in dogs (in relation to baseline values) and were reached in 66 h and 72 h, respectively. It was concluded that measuring cortisol metabolites in faeces should be a useful non-invasive tool for monitoring stress in carnivores.     

Epidemiological Studies on Gastrointestinal Parasitic Infections of Lambs in the Coastal Savanna Regions of Ghana

The types of gastrointestinal parasites (Eimeria and helminths) encountered by 70 lambs and the seasonal pattern of both Eimeria and strongylate infections in these lambs in the derived Coastal Savanna were followed for three years. Eimeria oocysts and helminth eggs were detected in the faeces of lambs at the same time, indicating the concurrence of both Eimeria and helminth infections. Eimeria oocysts were first seen in the lambs 20 days after birth (DAB) and the level of oocyst output increased by the fourth week. Eimeria species identified in the lambs were E. parva, E. pallida, E. faurei, E. ahsata, E. bakuensis, E. intricata, E. granulosa, E. ovinoidalis and, occasionally, E. marsica. E. ovinoidalis, the most pathogenic species, dominated the oocyst output during the early part of the life of the lambs. Strongyloides papillosus eggs appeared at 46 DAB, preceding strongylate nematode eggs, which were seen at 57 DAB and those of Moniezia at 69 DAB. The pattern of Eimeria oocyst output paralleled that of the worm egg output, and high oocyst and strongylate worm egg counts corresponded with the period of high rainfall during the study period. Although oocyst and worm egg output fluctuated, high Eimeria oocyst counts were seen again in the lambs when they were 1 and 2 years old. Haemonchus species formed 71% of the infective larvae revealed by larval culture.     

A Simple Apparatus for Frequent Measurement of Gastrointestinal Intraluminal PCO2

The accuracy and precision of an end-tidal infrared CO₂ monitor and customized capnography tubing system designed to measure gastrointestinal intraluminal CO₂ partial pressure (P_iCO₂) were tested in vitro. Samples were taken from the customized capnography tubing placed in either 5% or 10% CO₂ gas at discrete intervals ranging from one minute to twelve minutes. For a given time interval, the tubing PCO₂ measurement was a constant fraction of the actual PCO₂ (all standard errors < 0.02). For increasing time intervals, the ratio of the tubing PCO₂ to actual PCO₂ increased logarithmically. In the 5% and 10% CO₂, the regression coefficients were 0.89 and 0.85 for 8 French tubing and 0.99 and 0.91 for 6 French tubing. Beacuase of its accuracy and precision, this system may provide automated gastrointestinal CO₂ partial pressure monitoring at short intervals (e.g. 5 minutes), facilitating testing of the role of gastrointestinal P_iCO₂ information in treatment algorithms. (Vet Emerg & Crit Care, 1998; 8: 109–116)     

Caecal disease in equids

Objective To review the breed, age, gender, clinical and laboratory findings, treatment and outcome of horses with caecal disease presented to a referral centre. Design Retrospective study of 96 cases. Procedure The breed, age, and gender of the study population were compared with the corresponding hospital population for the same period. The means (± SD) for clinical and laboratory findings were recorded for each caecal disorder. Treatment was categorised as medical or surgical, and outcome was recorded. Results Caecal diseases included impaction (40% of total cases), rupture associated with concurrent unrelated disease (13%), rupture with parturition (9%), rupture with no associated disease (5%), infarction (11%), torsion (9%), abscess or adhesion (7%), tumour (3%), and miscellaneous conditions (3%). The breed or gender of affected horses did not differ from the hospital population, although horses > 15 years were more frequently represented (P < 0.05). This age group was specifically more predisposed to caecal impaction (P < 0.05), as were Arabian, Morgan, and Appaloosa breeds (P < 0.05). In horses with caecal impaction transrectal examination was the most useful diagnostic procedure; 90% of affected horses treated medically were discharged while horses treated by typhlotomy alone, or typhlotomy and blind end ileocolostomy, had survival rates to discharge of 71% and 86%, respectively. Horses with caecal rupture associated with concurrent un-related disease showed no signs of impending rupture; all were receiving phenylbutazone, all were euthanased, and 50% had caecal ulceration at necropsy. Of horses with caecal rupture with parturition 56% had prior dystocia; in two-thirds the site of rupture was the ileocaecal junction and all were euthanased. Horses with caecal rupture with no associated disease died or were euthanased; rupture was idiopathic. Horses with caecal infarction usually had signs of abdominal pain and abdominal fluid changes consistent with peritonitis; transrectal examination was nonspecific, and typhlectomy was successful in seven of eight horses. Horses with caecal torsion had signs of severe, acute abdominal pain and typhlectomy was successful in three of five horses. Diagnosis of caecal adhesion or abscess was assisted by transrectal palpation in two of seven horses and surgical treatment was successful in two of five horses. A caecal tumour was diagnosed in three horses aged 20 years or older that presented with chronic weight loss. Other caecal diseases were uncommon. Conclusion Caecal disease is uncommon in equids but some specific features of the history and physical findings can alert the veterinarian to the possibility of caecal involvement in horses with gastrointestinal dysfunction. Medical or surgical therapy can be effective in horses where caecal rupture has not occurred.     

Studies on the Pathogenesis of Shimao Zheng (Fleece-eating) in Sheep and Goats

Research on the disease called shimao zheng, which had resulted in widespread fleece-eating and shedding by sheep and goats in the Haizi area of Akesa County of Gansu Province of China, was carried out by both laboratory studies and pathological observations. There was a marked deficiency of sulfur in the wool and tissues of the affected animals. The pathological changes were mainly loss of fleece, exposure of the skin, keratinization of the epidermal cells, narrowing and reduced numbers of the fleece follicles, and fewer sebaceous glands and sweat glands. Histologically, there was atrophy of the striated and cardiac muscles and of the epithelium of the convoluted tubules of the kidney, together with a glomerulonephritis. The disease was considered to be a local nutritional and metabolic disorder, probably mainly caused by sulfur deficiency.