棉籽粕和棉籽壳诱发绵羊尿结石对泌尿系统的影响

利用棉籽粕和棉籽壳诱发雄性细毛羊尿结石,通过观察尿液结晶、尿结石和泌尿系统组织形态的变化,研究棉籽粕和棉籽壳引起雄性细毛羊尿结石的致病过程。结果表明:棉酚可使肾小球和肾小管上皮细胞通透性异常,导致磷酸根,钾、镁离子和大分子物质异常滤过;后期肾组织炎症、增生、坏死、脱落为尿结石的形成提供了结石核心和基质,最终导致尿结石形成。尿结石又使泌尿系统梗阻和感染,尿结石、泌尿系统梗阻和感染三者相互作用,加重尿结石病情。     

棉粕和棉籽壳诱发中国美利奴羊尿结石的形成

目前棉粕和棉籽壳对绵羊尿液结晶和pH影响的报道很少,而近年来在我国产棉地区尿结石发病率呈现出上升趋势.有些地区牛、羊结石发病率高达33.4%[1],国外也有相关报道[2],公羊的尿结石是一种常见问题.     

棉籽壳对雄性细毛羊肝脏功能和显微结构的影响

给雄性细毛羊添加不同水平（0、150、300g/kg）棉籽壳饲喂8个月后,对肝脏中丙二醛（MDA）含量和抗氧化防御系统相关指标进行测定,并观察其肝脏显微结构的变化。结果显示：随着饲料中棉籽壳棉酚含量的增加,雄性细毛羊肝脏中MDA含量呈上升趋势;总抗氧化能力（T-AOC）、谷胱甘肽（GSH）和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-PX）水平呈下降趋势;过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性也呈下降趋势,但差异不明显（P〉0.05）。随着棉酚含量的增加,雄性细毛羊肝脏病理损伤逐渐加剧。结果表明,饲料中棉籽壳的棉酚可能通过诱导雄性细毛羊肝脏产生氧化损伤进而发挥其毒性作用,且对肝脏发挥正常的结构和功能产生严重的生理障碍。     

犬尿结石的化学成分分析研究

应用物理学特征观察、化学定性分析、X射线衍射分析等方法,分析了临床收集的1份犬肾结石样品、2份犬膀胱结石样品的化学成分,并根据结石的形成原因、机理探讨其防治方法.结果表明:肾结石样品为混合型结石,主要成分为水合磷酸氢镁、水合磷酸铁及水合磷酸钙,另外还可能含有少量水合硫酸钙;2份膀胱结石样品主要成分均为六水磷酸铵镁.对尿结石的成分分析,有助于了解结石形成机制,为尿结石的防治奠定一定基础.     

犬尿结石的化学成分分析研究

应用物理学特征观察、化学定性分析、X射线衍射分析等方法,分析了临床收集的1份犬肾结石样品、2份犬膀胱结石样品的化学成分,并根据结石的形成原因、机理探讨其防治方法。结果表明:肾结石样品为混合型结石,主要成分为水合磷酸氢镁、水合磷酸铁及水合磷酸钙,另外还可能含有少量水合硫酸钙;2份膀胱结石样品主要成分均为六水磷酸铵镁。对尿结石的成分分析,有助于了解结石形成机制,为尿结石的防治奠定一定基础。     

犬尿结石的化学成分分析

<正>犬尿石症是指犬尿路中的无机盐或有机盐类结晶的凝结物,即结石、积石或多量结晶刺激尿路黏膜而引起出血、炎症或阻塞的一种泌尿器官疾病。尿石症是一种常见的泌尿系统疾病,结石可沉积于泌尿系统的任何部位,其中以膀胱结石多见。准确检测尿结石的化学成分,对于正确诊断尿结石成因,预防尿结石形成和延缓其复发具有重要的临床意义。目前结石成分检测的主要方法有化学分析法、傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、拉曼光谱(RS)、X射线衍射分析及差热-热重等方法。另外用于尿结石形貌和结构分析的方法有光学显微镜、偏光显微镜、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)及原子力显微镜(AFM)等。本文观察了15份尿结石样品的表征,然后用化学分析法分析了结石的化学成分,结果如下。     

犬膀胱尿结石一例

膀胱尿结石为犬猫泌尿道结石中最易发生的膀胱疾病,常见于中老龄犬猫。尿结石大多在膀胱形成,母犬多停留于膀胱中。公犬尚可见于阴茎口后方或坐骨弓处,常阻塞和损伤尿道。尿结石的形成多与尿液葡萄球菌有关,机理尚不清楚,但确与细菌尿素酶、磷酸盐和凝血酶有关。其他影响尿结石形成的因素有：尿中含粕蛋白、粘多糖的非结晶有机基质和相关盐类的浓度。我诊所于1999年5月8日接受公犬膀胱尿结石手术一例。经过手术治疗和术后护理,该犬已完全康复。1病例介绍长毛京叭犬,雄性,5岁,灰黄色毛,该犬于3天前突然出现血尿,立即到我诊所治疗…     

五种不同方法对棉副产品棉酚脱毒效果的比较研究

试验采用硫酸亚铁、氢氧化钠、瘤胃液、微生物(酵母菌、乳酸菌)分别对棉籽饼、棉粕、棉籽壳以及尿素对棉花秸秆进行脱毒研究。结果表明:①硫酸亚铁对棉粕、棉籽饼和棉籽壳的脱毒率分别为82.08%、76.41%和89.02%。②1%、1.5%、2%和2.5%氢氧化钠对三种棉副产品进行脱毒,其中1%、1.5%和2%、2.5%之间对棉粕和棉籽饼的脱毒差异均显著(P<0.05),而1%与1.5%,2%与2.5%浓度之间差异不显著(P>0.05);各浓度对棉籽壳脱毒率之间均不显著(P>0.05)。③用100ml瘤胃液处理1d对三种棉副产品脱毒率分别为40.23%、53.28%和47.94%。④酵母菌对三种棉副产品脱毒率分别为46.99%、51.42%和76.46%;乳酸菌对三种棉副产品脱毒率分别为43.13%、48.38%和68.44%。⑤以4%、6%和8%浓度的尿素来处理棉花秸杆,其中8%尿素在20d的脱毒效果较好(其脱毒率59.73%)。从脱毒效果来看,1%氢氧化钠和硫酸亚铁分别对棉粕和棉籽饼脱毒效果明显好于其它脱毒法;硫酸亚铁和酵母菌对棉籽壳的脱毒效果均高于氢氧化钠、瘤胃液和乳酸菌。从经济效益和应用推广角度出发,采用1%氢氧化钠对三种棉副产品的脱毒是较适的方法。     

3例犬尿结石化学成分分析

用化学分析法和X射线衍射仪分析收集的3份犬尿结石样品成分。结果表明样品1膀胱和尿道结石成分为一水草酸钙;样品2尿道结石和样品3膀胱结石成分均为六水磷酸铵镁。     

犬尿道膀胱结石的诊治

犬尿结石是尿路中盐类结晶的凝结物刺激尿路黏膜,引起出血、炎症和阻塞的一种泌尿系统疾病.结石对膀胱和尿道的机械刺激,可引起犬的尿道炎或膀胱炎;当结石随尿液进入尿道而使尿道阻塞时,有的犬会并发尿毒症.据统计,发病犬为小型成年犬,年龄从1.5～12岁不等,以4～8岁多发.公犬的尿结石发生率略高于母犬,公犬以膀胱结石伴发尿道结石为主,而母犬主要是单纯的膀胱结石.     

Effects of dietary cottonseed meal and iron-treated cottonseed meal in different laying hen genotypes

The effects of dietary screw-pressed cottonseed meal (CSM) and iron-treated CSM on laying performance and discolourations in eggs were examined in a range of hen genotypes. In experiment 1, six genotypes, obtained at point-of-lay from various sources, were fed on a non-CSM diet, a diet with 300 g CSM/kg, and a diet containing iron-treated CSM at 300 g/kg. In experiment 2, two of these genotypes were reared together from day-old and were fed from 10 to 18 weeks on a non-CSM diet or a diet containing iron-treated CSM at 250 g/kg. They were then fed on a non-CSM layer diet or a diet containing iron-treated CSM at 300 g/kg, in a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design that also examined the effects of the rearing diet. 2. The effects on food intakes and egg production of including CSM and iron-treated CSM in layer diets depended on the genotype of the hens. The strongest interaction between breed and diet was on food intake, the breed Hubbard Golden Comet (HGC) being the least tolerant of CSM and iron-treated CSM. 3. Inclusion of iron-treated CSM in the rearer diet to supply approximately 70% of the dietary protein had no adverse effects on growth or age at first egg. Food intake and egg production between 18 and 26 weeks were affected by the iron-treated CSM layer diet, but there were no carry-over effects attributable to the rearing diets. 4. Genotype was not a factor in the development of the gossypol-related brown yolk discolouration in fresh or warm-stored eggs of hens fed on a CSM-based diet containing 197 mg free gossypol/kg and 52 mg cyclopropenoid fatty acids (CPFA)/kg (experiment 1). 5. In both experiments, the susceptibility of eggs to the CPFA-related cold storage effects depended on the genotype of the hen, eggs from hens of the HCG breed being more affected than those of ISA hens. 6. Treatment of CSM with crystalline ferrous sulphate heptahydrate, at a 4:1 weight ratio of iron to free gossypol, prevented brown yolk discolourations in all genotypes tested, as assessed by subjecting egg yolks to atmospheres of ammonia, and cold storage of eggs.     

棉籽饼粕脱毒的研究进展

棉籽饼粕是一种重要的蛋白质资源，但含有一定量棉酚，限制棉籽饼粕利用。研究适宜的方法脱除或钝化游离棉酚，对开发优质蛋白资源具有重大意义。本文综述了棉籽饼粕的有毒物质，目前的脱毒研究及其存在的问题。     

棉籽蛋白的开发利用

我国是一个产棉大国,2000年棉花产量达441.7万t,其中新疆就占145.6万t,其次是河南、山东、江苏、湖北、河北、安徽和湖南等省。拥有如此丰富的棉花资源,我国年产棉籽量可达663万t,除一小部分留作种用,剩下的用于榨油,估计可生产出318万t左右的棉籽饼粕(含壳约15％)及106万t左右的棉籽油。棉籽饼粕可作为一种蛋白质资源用于动物饲料中,理论上讲可在一定程度上弥补蛋白资源的不足;但是由于棉籽饼粕中含     

Effects of feeding whole cottonseed and cottonseed products on performance and carcass characteristics of finishing beef cattle

Three experiments were conducted to determine the effects of whole cottonseed or cottonseed products on performance and carcass characteristics of beef cattle. In Exp. 1, 120 beef steers (initial BW = 381 +/- 31.7 kg) were fed steam-flaked corn-based finishing diets with 10% (DM basis) basal roughage, and whole cottonseed or individual cottonseed components (cottonseed hulls, meal, and oil). Over the entire feeding period, ADG did not differ (P = 0.95), but DMI increased (P = 0.07) and G:F decreased (P = 0.06) for steers fed the cottonseed diets compared with the control diet. Dressing percent (P = 0.02) and marbling scores (P = 0.02) of carcasses from steers fed the cottonseed diets were less than for steers fed the control diet. In Exp. 2, 150 beef steers (initial BW = 364 +/- 9.9 kg) were used to determine the effects of whole cottonseed or pelleted cottonseed (PCS) on performance and carcass characteristics. Cattle were fed steam-flaked corn-based finishing diets in which whole cottonseed or PCS replaced all of the dietary roughage, supplemental fat, and supplemental natural protein of the control diet. Over the entire feeding period, steers fed the cottonseed diets had lower (P = 0.04) DMI and greater (P < 0.01) G:F than steers fed the control diet. Carcass characteristics did not differ (P = 0.16 to 0.96) among dietary treatments. In Exp. 3, 150 beef heifers (initial BW = 331 +/- 17.1 kg) were used to determine the effects of PCS or delinted, whole cottonseed (DLCS) on performance and carcass characteristics. Heifers were fed rolled corn-based finishing diets in which cottonseed replaced the dietary roughage, supplemental fat, and all or part of the supplemental natural protein of the control diet. Over the entire feeding period, ADG, DMI, and G:F of heifers fed the control diet did not differ (P = 0.19 to 0.80) from those of the cottonseed diets; however, heifers fed the diets containing PCS had greater ADG (P = 0.03) and G:F (P = 0.09) than heifers fed diets containing DLCS. Carcass characteristics of heifers fed the control diet did not differ (P > or = 0.28) from those fed the cottonseed diets. Heifers fed the diets containing PCS had greater (P < or = 0.03) HCW, dressing percent, and LM area than those fed DLCS. Based on our results, whole cottonseed, or products derived from processing whole cottonseed, can replace feedstuffs commonly used in beef cattle finishing diets with no adverse effects on animal performance or carcass characteristics.     

棉籽饼粕在畜禽中的应用及棉酚的脱毒方法研究

<正>我国是一个产棉大国,拥有丰富的棉花资源,2000年棉花产量达441.7万吨,其中新疆占145.6万吨。我国年产棉籽量可达663万吨,除一小部分留作种用,剩下的用于榨油,估计可生产出318万吨左右的棉籽饼粕(含壳约15%)及106万吨左右的棉籽油。用于饲料的棉籽饼粕仅占16%左右,绝大部分直接作肥料。据试验证明,棉籽饼粕作肥料只能利用氮源的     

Premature farrowings caused by feeding cottonseed meal

Increasing the level of cottonseed meal (CSM) in sow diets from less than 5% to 10% increased the incidence of premature farrowings (gestation length less than 111 days) from 1.1% to 2.7% (p less than 0.001) and reduced the mean gestation length from 114.07 +/- 1.53 to 113.70 +/- 1.59 days (p less than 0.0001). Survival of piglets born prematurely was poor. After removal of CSM from the diet there was a residual effect lasting several weeks before the gestation length returned to normal. Experimental feeding of diets containing 20% and 40% CSM to small groups of sows caused significant shortening of gestation length and 3 of 26 sows fed 40% CSM farrowed prematurely. The mechanism by which CSM causes this effect has yet to be determined.     

Effects of whole cottonseed, cottonseed oil or animal fat on digestibility of wheat straw diets by steers

Two completely random digestion trials were conducted, each with 12 beef steers (325 kg initial weight), to measure changes in digestibilities of fat and of forage components when fat was added to diets containing 62 to 76% wheat straw. Trial 1 diets contained either no added fat or 6.3% added fat from whole cottonseed (30% of the diet), cottonseed oil or animal fat; diets were formulated to contain equal levels of cottonseed hulls and cottonseed meal. Trial 2 diets contained 0, 2, 4 or 8% added animal fat. In all forms and at all levels, added fat increased apparent digestibility of dietary lipid (P less than .05). However, estimated true digestibility of lipid decreased (from 94 to 71%) as added fat was increased from 0 to 8% (P less than .05). Up to 6.3% added fat increased digestible energy (DE) content of the diet. Fat additions of 2 and 4% increased daily DE intake (P less than .05) and did not depress digestibility of diet components (P greater than .05). Fat additions of 6.3% or greater, either as free fats or as whole cottonseed, reduced (P less than .05) mean acid detergent fiber digestibility from 40 to 28%. In addition to depressing fiber digestibility, 8% added fat reduced (P less than .05) digestibilities of dry matter (from 54 to 47%), organic matter (60 to 52%) and gross energy (60 to 51%). Oil fed as whole cottonseed caused digestibility depressions similar to free fat addition at the same level.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Delinted cottonseed in diets for finishing sheep

Tropical Animal Health and Production - The use of agricultural by-products might provide an important alternative to improve animal agriculture and to reduce feeding costs. The effects of...