柠檬醛肉桂醛丁香酚抑制耐氟康唑白色念珠菌机理的试验

柠檬醛、肉桂醛、丁香酚对白色念珠菌具有良好的抑制作用.本试验通过电镜观察这3种中药提取物对耐药型白色念珠菌茵体作用后产生的效果,并利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)进一步检测对耐药型白色念珠菌细胞膜甾醇合成的影响,以探究这3种药物抑制白色念珠菌的机理.结果显示,柠檬醛、肉桂醛对耐药型白色念珠菌菌体产生较为明显的损伤,且对其细胞膜麦角甾醇的合成有较大影响,而丁香酚作用效果不明显.     

天然植物醛酚类饲料添加剂抑菌效果研究

研究天然植物醛酚类成分作为饲料添加剂的抑菌效果。通过三种醛酚类成分对三种细菌的抑菌圈试验、三种成分对单一细菌的抑菌效果试验及三种单一成分和复配成分添加在饲料中的细菌总数检测试验,得出肉桂醛对绿脓杆菌的抑菌圈最大;丁香酚对大肠杆菌、柠檬醛对金黄色葡萄球菌及肉桂醛对绿脓杆菌的抑菌效果较好;细菌总数检测试验显示,分别添加丁香酚、柠檬醛及肉桂醛的饲料中,细菌总数明显减少,丁香酚、柠檬醛和肉桂醛按2∶1∶1复配后的效果更为理想,因此,天然植物醛酚类成分可作为饲料添加剂应用在饲料中。     

4种植物精油对荔枝主要病害抑制作用研究

本文采用琼脂扩散法、PDA平板对峙法初步测试丁香酚、香芹酚、柠檬醛和肉桂醛在0.5%浓度下对两种荔枝主要病害炭疽病菌和霜疫霉病菌的抑菌效果，含毒培养基生长速率法测定4种精油在各浓度下的抑制率及最小抑菌浓度(MIC)。结果表明，4种植物精油对荔枝炭疽病菌和霜疫霉病菌均有明显的抑制作用。抑菌效力相比较，对炭疽病菌：香芹酚＞丁香酚＞肉桂醛＞柠檬醛，对霜疫霉病菌：肉桂醛＞丁香酚＞香芹酚＞柠檬醛。因此，4种植物精油可应用于荔枝安全生产和天然保鲜。     

禽光滑念珠菌研究进展

光滑念珠菌逐渐发展成为禽念珠菌属第二大致病菌，该菌通常是口腔、食道、胃肠道的正常菌群，当机体免疫力下降时即表现出对宿主的致病性，菌株一旦进入血液便会扩散到全身，造成系统性念珠菌病。光滑念珠菌主要感染鸡和鸽，临床中以禽食欲减退、消瘦、发育迟缓、羽毛松散和精神沉郁为主要症状，剖检可见嗉囔黏膜表面形成白色假膜或白色圆形隆起溃疡，形似地毯状病变，俗称念珠菌症。光滑念珠菌侵染过程中以酵母形态存在，未见其菌丝形态，入侵时通过形成生物膜来逃避医学灭菌、消毒作用，利用黏附素家族形成的黏附素吸附入侵宿主，依靠水解蛋白酶等相关毒力因子破坏宿主细胞，从而表现出致病性。动物机体以巨噬细胞吞噬及氧化应激反应来抵抗光滑念珠菌的侵染，该菌则通过过氧化氢酶和超氧化物歧化酶两种解毒酶的表达及抗氧化剂谷胱甘肽和硫氧还蛋白的产生来解毒活性氧化物，从而在机体免疫攻击中幸存。为了应对光滑念珠菌感染造成的经济损失，长时间大规模的使用抗真菌药物导致光滑念珠菌耐药性不断增强，对一线抗真菌药物尤其是唑类药表现出高耐药性。研究者逐渐倾向于利用天然物质提取物来解决光滑念珠菌耐药性问题。现从光滑念珠菌病原学、毒力因子及致病性、流行病学、抗菌药物、检测技术等方面进行综述，以期为研制有效抗菌药物防治念珠菌病提供理论依据。     

月桂酸单甘油脂(GML)对致病性念珠菌生物被膜的作用

采用微量稀释法测定月桂酸单甘油酯(GML)对致病性念珠菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(MFC),利用时间-抑菌曲线分析GML对念珠菌的动态抑菌作用;通过XTT法测定GML对生物被膜形成早期1～4 h黏附阶段以及成熟生物被膜的抑制作用;采用Sport assay结合激光共聚焦显微镜检测其对念珠菌生物被膜细胞活性和形态结构的影响,进而显微镜观察不同浓度GML作用不同时间抑制菌丝和芽管生成的程度,以及对生物被膜细胞表面疏水性的影响;最后用分子生物学qRT-PCR检测白色念珠菌生物被膜形成相关基因ALS3、HWP1、ECE1、ERG11及克柔念珠菌ERG11在不同处理组中表达水平的变化。结果显示,GML对克柔念珠菌的MIC为15.625 mg/L,MFC为31.25 mg/L,对白色念珠菌的MIC为250 mg/L,MFC为500 mg/L;GML作用有效延长了真菌生长的延滞期;对不同生长阶段(前、中、成熟期)生物被膜均有显著抑制作用,克柔念珠菌生物被膜的最低黏附抑菌质量浓度(SMIC_(50))为62.5 mg/L,白色念珠菌SMIC_(50)1 000 mg/L;GML不仅可以抑制生物被膜的形成,还可以破坏成熟生物被膜的维持,有效降低生物被膜的厚度和活力;并且对菌丝的形成及芽管长度具有明显的抑制作用,显著降低生物被膜细胞表面疏水性;白色念株菌ALS3、HWP1、ECE1、ERG11和克柔念珠菌ERG11基因均出现了不同倍数的下调趋势。结果表明,GML对浮游态和生物被膜态白色念珠菌和克柔念珠菌具有较好的抑制作用,尤其对克柔念珠菌抑菌效果明显。GML可以通过降低黏附、形态转换和杀真菌作用来抑制致病性念珠菌生物被膜的形成,还可以破坏成熟生物被膜的维持,有效降低生物被膜的厚度和活力。     

植物精油对鸽源白色念珠菌的体外抑菌作用及肉鸽攻毒保护试验

通过研究茶树精油、丁香精油、百里香油、柑橘油、小茴香油和艾叶精油对白色念珠菌的体外抑制作用,筛选出抑菌效果显著的植物精油组方。采用牛津杯法检测上述植物精油对白色念珠菌(ATCC10231和临床分离株)的抑菌效果;微量肉汤稀释法检测植物精油对白色念珠菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC);观察植物精油组合处理鸽源白色念珠菌对细胞形态的影响;评价植物精油组合防治鸽子白色念珠菌感染的效果。结果显示:柑橘油对白色念珠菌的抑菌效果显著,对白色念珠菌ATCC10231及鸽源A、B和C型白色念珠菌的MIC分别为0.625、0.625、0.625和1.25μL/mL(v/v)。0.8%柑橘油和百里香油组合处理白色念珠菌可致菌丝破裂,胞内物质流出,假菌丝断裂。将0.8%柑橘油和百里香油组合饲喂攻毒患病的肉鸽,解剖嗉囊没有发现白色念珠菌病典型症状。结果表明,0.8%柑橘油和百里香油组合具有效防治肉鸽白色念珠菌病的应用潜力。     

一例北京犬白色念珠菌病的诊断与治疗

白色念珠菌病又称鹅口疮或霉菌性口炎.白色念珠菌病是由白色念珠菌所致,该菌属于半知菌纲中念珠菌属的一种.家禽是较易感动物,临床中犬被感染的病例较少见.在2007年3月2日接到一例感染白色念珠菌的患犬,经过3周的治疗,得到了治愈.现将诊断与治疗方法报告如下:     

一例北京犬白色念珠菌病的诊断与治疗

白色念珠菌病又称鹅口疮或霉菌性口炎。白色念珠菌病是由白色念珠菌所致，该菌属于半知菌纲中念珠菌属的一种。家禽是较易感动物，临床中犬被感染的病例较少见。在2007年3月2口接到一例感染白色念珠菌的患犬，经过3周的治疗，得到了治愈。现将诊断与治疗方法报告如下：     

不同配方山苍子精油溶液剂的抑菌效果评价

通过气质联用的方法检测了山苍子精油中的主要活性成分柠檬醛的含量,并且通过山苍子精油原油的抑菌圈试验,考察了山苍子精油原油对菌金黄色葡萄球菌(ATCC 6538)、大肠埃希氏菌(8099)和白色念珠菌(ATCC 10231)的抑菌效果.通过考察辅料的溶解度,配制了6种不同配方的山苍子精油溶液剂.用最小抑菌浓度(MIC)方...     

贵妇犬白色念珠菌病的诊治

白色念珠菌病又称霉菌性口炎和鹅口疮。该菌为半知菌纲念珠菌属中最主要和最常见的条件性致病菌。临床上以鸽、鸡发病为多，犬报道甚少。笔者在门诊中施治1例贵妇犬的白色念珠菌病，取得满意疗效，现报告如下。     

细胞培养过程中白色念珠菌污染的防控

为探讨大扶康防控细胞培养过程中白色念球菌污染的可行性,采用不同浓度的大扶康共同培养,观察其抑制白色念珠菌的效果,及对小鼠成肌细胞C2C12生长情况的影响。结果：采用300 μg/ml大扶康防控效果最佳,毒性作用小,对C2C12细胞的生存率无明显影响。采用30 μg/ml大扶康与20 μg/ml硫酸阿米卡星＋50 μg/ml头孢他啶配伍的方法可有效预防细胞培养过程中的真菌污染。结论：采用大扶康可有效控制细胞培养中白色念珠菌的污染。采用大扶康与硫酸阿米卡星＋头孢他啶配伍的方法可有效预防细胞培养过程中的真菌污染。     

北京鸭胸腺和法氏囊中淋巴细胞蛋白成分的初步比较

北京鸭屠宰后，取其胸腺，法氏囊，经淋巴细胞分层液分离后层液分离后，再经尼龙棉柱得到胸腺细胞（T－C）和法氏囊细胞（B－C），其中一部分用以提取细胞膜蛋白，并用SDS－PAGE电泳进行鉴定分析。用完整细胞和提取的膜蛋白分别作为包被抗原，免抗鸭胸腺淋巴细胞多克隆抗体（RADTS）和兔抗鸭免疫球蛋白（Ig）轻链多克隆抗体（RADLCS）作为第一抗体进行间接ELISA试验，对所提膜蛋白成分加以区分，比较。结果表明，北京鸭T－C、B－C膜上存在多种共同的膜蛋白成分，并且胸腺细胞上有类似于Ig轻链的成分，但其数量低于法氏囊细胞上的数量。     

植物精油与丁酸钠的体外协同抑菌效果研究

本试验旨在研究植物精油与丁酸钠的体外协同抑菌效果。采用牛津杯法,测定肉桂醛、百里香酚和香兰素对于4种细菌(大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌、产气荚膜梭菌、乳酸菌)的抑菌效果。并将单方和复合植物精油分别与丁酸钠复配,测定其抑菌效果。结果表明:3种植物精油均对大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌、产气荚膜梭菌有明显抑制作用,但对乳酸菌无抑制作用,在相同浓度下,抑菌效果为肉桂醛香兰素百里香酚。肉桂醛与香兰素复合植物精油抑菌效果优于单方植物精油,当肉桂醛与香兰素的质量比为6∶1时抑菌效果最佳。丁酸钠没有显示出抑菌作用,但丁酸钠与植物精油复合可明显降低植物精油的使用量。综上所述,不同植物精油的复合具有协同作用,植物精油和丁酸钠之间也存在着协同作用。     

Influence of diet type on the inclusion of plant origin active substances on morphological and histochemical characteristics of the stomach and jejunum walls in chicken

Three hundred and thirty-six 1-day-old male Hubbard HI-Ye broiler hybrids, kept in battery cages, were fed with diets based on maize (groups I and II) or wheat and barley (groups III and IV) and supplemented with or without plant extract (XT* 100 mg/kg) containing 5% carvacrol, 3% cinnamaldehyde and 2% of capsicum oleoresin. The morphological and histochemical examinations were carried out on days 21 and 42 of bird's age. The middle part of glandular part of the stomach and 30 mm long segment from the central part of the small intestine (jejunum) were taken out and then prepared for morphometrical and histochemical assays. Mobilization of mucocytes in superficial epithelium of the glandular stomach and increased secretion of neutral mucopolysaccharides and small amounts of sialomucins with or without local cell disruption with releasing of large amounts of mucus were observed in both 'grain' groups of 21-day-old birds fed with extract. In some animals, particularly those fed mixtures with plant extract, the folds of the proventriculum mucosa were fused into large, unshaped structures. In groups fed with plant extract the mucus secretion intensity and accumulation inside cells of the gastrointestinal mucosa were slightly higher. Morphological changes on gastrointestinal mucosa observed in young chickens fed XT were reduced in older animals. The results of this study showed that the increased releasing of large amounts of mucus and the creation of a thick layer of mucus on glandular stomach and wall of jejunum in chickens fed diets with plant extract could suggest villi-related protective properties of the use of the carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde and capsaicin mixture. This can explain the reduced possibility of adhesion to epithelium and number of Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringes and fungi in the intestinal content of bird fed with XT supplemented diet. In morphometrical parameters of depth of jejunum crypt and height of villi, the influence of kind of grain and extract supplementation was observed in 21-day-old chickens only. The significant interaction between higher jejunum wall villi layer was observed only in chickens fed on maize diet supplemented with plant extract.     

Evaluating the efficacy of cinnamaldehyde and Echinacea purpurea plant extract in broilers against Eimeria acervulina

Coccidiostats could be phased out as feed additives before 1 January 2013 for public health and food safety reasons, and, as a replacement, bioactive compounds found in plants are currently being investigated since they are more likely to be found acceptable by consumers. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of cinnamaldehyde (CIN) and Echinacea purpurea plant extract (EP) as additives by analyzing the performance traits, oocyst excretion and intestinal lesions following experimental infection with Eimeria acervulina. A total of 72 Ross male broilers were raised from 1 to 35 d and randomly assigned to four dietary treatments: control, without additives (C); 150 mg kg(-1) cinnamaldehyde (CIN); 1000 mg kg(-1)E. purpurea plant extract (EP); 150 mg kg(-1) cinnamaldehyde plus 1000 mg kg(-1)E. purpurea plant extract (CIN+EP). At 25 d, 12 chickens per treatment were orally infected with E. acervulina. Coccidia infestation led to lower performance but with no significant differences between the infected groups. Oocyst output reached its peak from 6 to 9 d post-infection in all treatments. At duodenal level, gross lesion scores were lower for cinnamaldehyde diets (P<0.05). A similar trend was observed in the microscopic lesion scores, with a non-significant reduction as a result of cinnamaldehyde addition (P>0.05). Scoring methods for macro- and microscopic lesions showed a positive linear relationship (G=+0.70). Further studies are necessary to assess the possible anticoccidian action of the cinnamaldehyde and its value as an alternative or adjunct in therapeutic or prophylactic strategies.     

Isolation and functional analysis of normal canine blood monocytes and resident alveolar macrophages

The percentage of mononuclear phagocytes bearing the Fc receptor for immunoglobulin G, the percentage of cells phagocytic for Candida albicans and latex particles, and the phagocytic index for blood monocytes and alveolar macrophages from healthy dogs are reported. Blood monocytes were concentrated by density-gradient centrifugation, whereas alveolar macrophages were obtained in high yield by bronchoalveolar lavage. Adherent populations of those cells were used for functional assays after repeated washing to remove nonadherent cells. A greater percentage of adherent alveolar macrophages than adherent blood monocytes showed evidence of the Fc receptor for immunoglobulin G. Similarly, adherent alveolar macrophages showed significantly greater phagocytic ability, as measured by percent phagocytic cells and phagocytic index, using C albicans and latex particles, than did adherent canine blood monocytes.     

特比萘酚对白念珠菌Cahxt5缺失株表型的影响

应用倍比稀释方法,分析了白念珠菌CaHXT5缺失株细胞在特比萘酚处理下的袁型,同时检测了特比萘酚对该缺失株细胞菌丝形成的影响效应.结果表明,与野生型相比,CaHXT5缺失株细胞对75μg/mL的特比萘酚敏感,该浓度的特比萘酚能够明显抑制该缺失株细胞菌丝形成和致病力.     

猪轮状病毒四川株的分离鉴定及增殖规律

为了解猪轮状病毒（PoRV）在MARC-145细胞系上的培养特性及增殖规律,本试验利用MARC-145细胞,从四川仔猪腹泻样品中分离到1株PoRV,并通过PCR检测、病毒理化实验与微量中和实验证实,命名为SC-R株。用含不同浓度胰酶营养液培养SC-R株48h后,分别收集病毒液进行定量分析;同时,以SC-R分离株感染MARC-145细胞,在感染后不同时间分别收集感染病毒液,利用PoRV荧光定量检测方法对不同样品中病毒RNA进行定量分析,绘制PoRV生长曲线。结果表明,用含3％胰酶营养液培养的细胞液中PoRV的RNA含量明显高于其他组;-步生长曲线显示细胞外病毒RNA含量呈“s型”曲线增长,感染后0～8h为潜伏期,病毒RNA含量维持在较低水平;8～36h为突破期,病毒RNA含量呈对数增长;感染48h增长速度减缓,维持在较高水平,逐步进入稳定期。胰酶可增加PoRV对细胞的感染性,3％是本试验最为适用的胰酶浓度;PoRV感染MARC-145后在细胞内增殖并逐步释到细胞外。     

日粮中添加植物提取物对泌乳初期奶牛生产性能的影响

选择100头健康泌乳初期奶牛,按照产量、泌乳天数、胎次基本一致原则随机分成对照组和试验组,每组各50头,进行植物提取物＂NE300＂对产奶量和乳成份的影响研究。结果表明：植物提取物＂NE300＂作为一种瘤胃调节剂,有促进奶产量、乳脂肪含量、乳蛋白含量增加的趋势,同时有降低乳体细胞数量、乳尿素氮含量的趋势。     

The effect of lemongrass oil and its major components on clinical isolate mastitis pathogens and their mechanisms of action on Staphylococcus aureus DMST 4745

The aims of this study were to investigate the antibacterial activity of lemongrass oil (LG) and its major components which were citral, geraniol and myrcene, against four strains of clinically isolated bovine mastitis pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli by the broth microdilution method, as well as their activity on S. aureus biofilm formation. Attempts to clarify their mechanisms of action by investigation of the effects on intracellular material leakage and morphological changes of S. aureus DMST 4745 were also made. The results demonstrate that S. agalactiae and B. cereus are more susceptible to LG, citral and geraniol than S. aureus and E. coli. Moreover, they also inhibit S. aureus biofilm formation and exhibit effective killing activities on preformed biofilms. The LG appears to have multiple targets in the bacterial cell, depending on concentration used as well as the amount of its components.