家禽卵泡颗粒细胞体外培养方法研究进展

家禽卵巢中颗粒细胞在卵泡发育和闭锁中起着重要作用,包括信号传递、营养供给以及离子平衡等。卵泡颗粒细胞的增殖与分化自身也受到生殖激素和细胞因子的综合调节,其作用机制是当前研究热点。家禽卵泡颗粒细胞的体外培养可作为研究繁殖生理调节的理想细胞模型。本文对家禽卵泡颗粒细胞的体外培养研究现状及颗粒细胞在卵泡生长发育和闭锁中的作用进行简要概述,并总结了原代颗粒细胞体外培养模型的建立方法。     

颗粒细胞增殖或凋亡在家禽卵泡发育中的调控作用

作为影响家禽繁殖功能的重要器官,卵巢生理生殖活动活跃,可产生大量卵泡,而在家禽生殖过程中,绝大多数卵泡都闭锁或退化吸收。家禽卵巢中卵泡的生长和闭锁不仅受激素系统的调控,还受到卵巢内的激素类固醇、生长因子、细胞因子和细胞内蛋白等分子调控。除此之外,颗粒细胞也已被证明在卵泡生长过程中发挥着重要作用。文章讨论了影响卵泡生长和闭锁的因素,重点阐述了颗粒细胞的调节作用。     

抑制素主动免疫对山羊繁殖率的影响

抑制素主要是由雌性动物的卵泡颗粒细胞和雄性动物睾丸的支持细胞分泌的一种糖蛋白激素,主要生理作用是特异性地抑制垂体卵泡刺激素(FSH)的分泌。因此,用抑制素免疫可使动物血液中的FSH水平上升,致使排卵数增加。近年来,国外学者已在猪、牛、绵羊等家畜上证实了抑制素免疫对家畜生殖功能的重要调节作用以及提高动物繁殖力的可能性。但尚未见到抑制素免疫对山羊生殖活动影响的研究报道。研究旨在应用纯化的猪抑制素对山羊进行主动免疫,探讨对山羊排卵率和血浆FSH水平的影响及作用。1材料与方法1.1试验动物选择年龄2~4岁、平均体重为35.6 …     

miRNA调节卵泡颗粒细胞凋亡及其机制的研究进展

微小核糖核酸(microRNA,miRNA)是一类内源性非编码RNA,具有广泛的基因表达调控作用,可以在转录后水平通过影响靶基因来调控相应蛋白质的表达,进而调节细胞的生命活动。miRNA在哺乳动物卵泡颗粒细胞中表达,并调控颗粒细胞的凋亡。颗粒细胞作为卵巢卵泡中数量最多的细胞群,在卵泡发育过程中起着至关重要的作用,不仅为卵母细胞提供营养物质,还调控其发育和成熟。颗粒细胞凋亡是导致卵泡闭锁的重要原因,影响卵泡的数量和质量从而影响雌性动物的繁殖性能。颗粒细胞凋亡过程受多种因素的调控。文章简述了miRNA对卵巢颗粒细胞凋亡的调控作用及其机制,其中包括miRNA通过调控激素分泌和细胞凋亡相关因子的表达进而调节颗粒细胞的凋亡,miRNA对颗粒细胞凋亡相关信号通路的影响,miRNA调控颗粒细胞凋亡导致的卵巢相关疾病,并总结了对颗粒细胞凋亡有调控作用的miRNA,以及miRNA在疾病诊断和治疗中的潜在作用,以期为后续相关卵巢疾病的发病机制和治疗方案研究,以及提高雌性哺乳动物生殖性能提供指导和参考。     

成年猪促卵泡生成素水平的动态研究

前言促卵泡生成素(Follicula-stimulatingHormone-FSH)是腺垂体嗜碱性细胞合成和分泌的一种重要的生殖激素。它对雌性动物的一系列生殖机能产生深刻的影响,主要是刺激卵巢的生长,增加卵巢的体积和重量,促进卵泡颗粒细胞的增生和发育,对卵子的成熟     

家畜卵泡抑制素的研究进展

抑制素 (Inhibin,INH) ,是一种主要由动物性腺 (卵巢的颗粒细胞和睾丸的支持细胞 )分泌的异二聚体糖蛋白激素 ,由两个三硫键连接两个不同的亚单位 (α和 β)构成 ,对垂体促卵泡素FSH的分泌、合成起选择性负反馈调节物作用。卵泡抑制素免疫中和技术能特异性地刺激机体FSH分泌 ,促进配子生成 ,进而提高动物生殖能力。本文主要就家畜卵泡抑制素的研究进展以及其对家畜生殖的影响作一综述。     

花生四烯酸对家禽卵泡颗粒细胞的影响

花生四烯酸是一类顺式多不饱和脂肪酸,是动物细胞膜磷脂的重要组成部分。在家禽生产中,花生四烯酸作为一种必需脂肪酸调控家禽的生长发育;而且作为功能性营养因子,通过在禽蛋中的蓄积来满足人体需求。除了作为前列腺素合成的前体物调节动物生殖过程外,花生四烯酸在调节卵泡颗粒细胞功能的过程中也起重要作用。     

论抑制素免疫及其对动物生殖活动的影响

抑制素是由雌性动物的卵泡颗粒细胞和雄性动物的睾丸支持细胞分泌的一种糖蛋白。本文从抑制素的生物学特性、免疫机理及对动物生殖的影响等几方面进行了综述,并对抑制素免疫在畜禽中的应用前景进行了分析。     

颗粒细胞对卵泡发育的影响

卵泡发育是一个复杂的生理过程,通过间隙连接,颗粒细胞在卵母细胞的生长发育过程中起营养作用,并促进卵母细胞的成熟;颗粒细胞和膜细胞的相互作用是卵泡发育和维持正常功能的重要条件。作为卵泡发育的标志,颗粒细胞的生长分化是原始卵泡启动和生长的关键,并通过受体介导途径调控生长期卵泡的发育及卵泡闭锁,从而在卵泡发育过程中起重要的调控作用。     

生殖激素调节颗粒细胞凋亡的机制研究进展

研究表明颗粒细胞凋亡是卵泡闭锁的重要原因,调控颗粒细胞凋亡的因素是多种的,而生殖激素如生长激素、抑制素、活化素、卵泡抑素等间接地和直接地对卵巢卵泡颗粒细胞凋亡发挥重要的综合调控作用,这些激素通过多种信号转导途径调节颗粒细胞的凋亡,成为卵泡的存活因子和死亡因子.这些途径相互交联,构成信号网络,与卵巢的旁分泌、内分泌、自分泌途径一起参与卵泡闭锁和颗粒细胞的凋亡.     

Research Advance on MAPK Signaling Pathways in Animal Reproduction

There were various signal transduction pathways in cells.The interaction of different signaling pathways formed a complex signal transduction system, which involved in various physiological and biochemical functions of animals, and part of them played an important role in the animal reproductive physiology.Mitogen-activated protein kinases was one of the important signaling pathways in cells, which involved in the regulation of a variety of physiological processes.Especailly, they played an important role in animal reproduction.The article will summarize the roles of MAPK signaling pathways in animal reproduction.     

MAPK信号通路在动物繁殖中的研究进展

在细胞中存在着各种信号转导通路,不同的信号转导通路相互交叉,形成复杂的信号转导网络系统,参与生物体内的各种生理生化功能,其中部分信号转导通路对动物的生殖生理有着重要作用。丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinases,MAPKs)是细胞内重要的信号通路之一,其参与了多种生理过程的调节,对动物的繁殖有重要作用。文章将主要对MAPK信号通路在动物繁殖中的作用进行综述。     

The role of oocyte-secreted factors GDF9 and BMP15 in follicular development and oogenesis

Ovarian physiology is controlled by endocrine and paracrine signals, and the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) superfamily has a pivotal role in this control. The Bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15) and Growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9) genes are relevant members of the TGFβ superfamily that encode proteins secreted by the oocytes into the ovarian follicles. Through a paracrine signalling pathway, these factors induce the follicular somatic cells to undergo mitosis and differentiation during follicular development. These events are controlled by a mutually dependent and coordinated fashion during the formation of the granulosa cell layers. Many studies have contributed to our knowledge concerning the paracrine factors acting within the follicular environment, especially regarding GDF9 and BMP15. We aimed to review the relevant contributions of these two genes to animal reproductive physiology.     

颗粒细胞凋亡影响家禽卵泡闭锁的研究进展

卵巢是家禽的重要繁殖器官,会产生大量卵泡,而卵泡在生长发育的各个阶段中都可能因为不同因素的调控而发生闭锁,最终导致繁殖性能衰退。颗粒细胞对卵泡的生长发育有重要调控作用,其凋亡会诱导卵泡发生闭锁。诱导颗粒细胞发生凋亡的因素较多,包括激素、细胞因子、氧化应激、线粒体及其他体外因素。颗粒细胞凋亡主要由线粒体途径导致,其涉及到半胱天冬酶（Caspase）家族参与,当线粒体裂解时会释放细胞色素C （Cyt-C）,随后形成凋亡小体激活Caspase-3和Caspase-8,最终激活Caspase-9导致颗粒细胞凋亡;当颗粒细胞发生凋亡,家禽体内卵泡丧失生物功能并且卵泡细胞之间的调控失衡,促使卵泡内卵母细胞和膜细胞凋亡,最终导致卵泡发生闭锁;颗粒细胞在存活状态下所分泌的生长因子、性腺类固醇、细胞因子能减少卵母细胞氧化损伤,防止细胞内活性氧（ROS）水平过高导致的线粒体DNA损伤,从而避免线粒体功能障碍而造成的颗粒细胞凋亡。作者从颗粒细胞凋亡及其影响因素、颗粒细胞凋亡和卵泡闭锁的关系、颗粒细胞凋亡对卵泡闭锁的影响3个方面进行阐述,以期为减少卵泡闭锁、提高家禽繁殖性能提供理论依据。     

Epigallocatechin-3-gallate from green tea negatively affects swine granulosa cell function

The use of herbs as additives in livestock nutrition as an alternative to antibiotics is becoming a new goal in animal production. It is known that green tea exerts antimicrobial activity owing to specific flavonoid compounds named catechins, primarily represented by epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG). Remarkably, despite many potential benefits of green tea and EGCG consumption, it is also important to get an insight on the possible reproductive-related consequences of feeding supplementation. To this purpose, granulosa cells were harvested from follicles > 5mm and treated with 5 and 50 microg/ml of EGCG in order to evaluate the effects on the main parameters of granulosa cell function: steroidogenesis, by measuring progesterone and estradiol-17beta production, and proliferation, one of the major feature of ovarian follicular growth. Moreover, as the genesis of new vessels has been demonstrated to be fundamental for follicle development, we evaluated the effect of EGCG on the production of the main angiogenetic factor, VEGF, by swine granulosa cells. Finally, since reactive oxygen species (ROS) might be involved in the control of female reproductive activity, we studied the effect of EGCG on superoxide anion (O2-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production by swine granulosa cells and on the activity of the scavenging enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD). EGCG significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited proliferation, steroidogenesis, VEGF and O2- production by swine granulosa cells; on the contrary, H2O2 levels and SOD activity were stimulated (p < 0.05) by the catechin. Therefore, since our data demonstrate that EGCG has a negative effect on reproductive performances in swine, feeding supplementation should be carefully considered.     

Production of progesterone and testosterone in ovarian granulosa cells in sows after administration of nonapeptide hormones in vitro]

In the present paper the effects of nonapeptide hormones and of some of their chemical analogues were investigated on progesterone and testosterone production in granulosa cells of sow ovaries; the experiments were made in vitro. This objective was given by data on potential regulatory roles of nonapeptides at the level of hypothalamus, pituitary and reproductive organs. The goal of this experiment was to analyze the effects of various doses of oxytocin (OT), arginine-8-vasopressin (AVP), arginine-8-vasotocin and of some of their analogues on progesterone and testosterone production in vitro in granulosa cells of sow ovaries. The production activity of granulosa cells was investigated which were obtained from slaughtered sows without any changes in their reproductive process and abnormalities in their reproductive organs. Follicles of the size 2-5 mm without marked paleness in the early follicular phase were selected for aspiration. Granulosa cells with determined viability (more than 75%) and concentration (2 million/ml) were cultivated in defined culture conditions (37.5 degrees C, 5% CO2) after threefold resuspension and centrifugation of follicle fluid. These hormonal preparations were used in the experiments: pFSH, synthetic OT, synthetic AVP, synthetic AVP with antidiuretic effects and synthetic AVT. Progesterone and testosterone concentrations were analyzed radioimmunoanalytically using commercial kits of the Institute of Radio ecology and Nuclear Technology at Kosice. Statistically significant differences between the groups were evaluated by Student's t-test. The administered preparations were found to influence progesterone and testosterone production in dependence on the doses applied (Figs. 1-6). OT stimulation of progesterone production in granulosa cells indicated its regulatory role in relation to secretion of this hormone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Overview of Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and association with fertility in female cattle

Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is produced by granulosa cells of early-antral follicles found on the ovary. After production, it enters circulation and can be detected from a blood sample with an ELISA. Multiple works have found that circulating AMH is a reliable marker of the antral follicle population (AFP) of an animal as well as directly correlated to an animal's response to a superovulation protocol. Research has also found high repeatability within an animal's oestrous cycle. Further use of AMH may be valuable as a reproductive management tool, based on previous research linking productive life with circulating AMH in heifers and success to various breeding protocols by AMH concentration. The aim of this review was to summarize previous works describing basic function of AMH as well as explore recent research examining AMH as a reproductive tool and measurement of fertility in dairy animals.     

Angiogenesis in Developing Follicle and Corpus Luteum

Angiogenesis is a process of vascular growth that is mainly limited to the reproductive system in healthy adult animals. The development of new blood vessels in the ovary is essential to guarantee the necessary supply of nutrients and hormones to promote follicular growth and corpus luteum formation. In developing follicles, the pre-existing endothelial cells that form the vascular network in the theca layer markedly develop in response to the stimulus of several growth factors, mainly produced by granulosa cells, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). The angiogenic factors also promote vessel permeability, thus favouring the antrum formation and the events inducing follicle rupture. After ovulation, newly formed blood vessels cross the basement membrane between theca and granulosa layers and continue a rapid growth to sustain corpus luteum development and function. The length of luteal vascular growth varies in cycling and pregnant animals and among species; both angiogenesis and subsequent angioregression are finely regulated by systemic and local factors. The control of angiogenic development in the ovary could be a useful tool to improve animal reproductive performances.