牛胸腺肽的提取及活性检测

为了探求一种简便、快速、收获率高、适于大量提取的胸腺肽制备方法,在分析国内外报道的方法的基础上,确定了4种提取流程,对其收获率、所获提取物的活性进行鉴定和比较,同时对FA组分在鸡的新城疫病毒(NDV)和传染性喉气管炎(简称传喉)病毒(ILTV)混合感染中的防治作用进行了初步试验.为其在兽医临床的应用提供了试验依据.     

牛胸膜肽的提取及活性检测

为了探讨一种简便、快速、收获率高，适于大量提取的胸腺肽制备方法，在分析国内外报道的方法的基础上，确定了4种提取流程，对其收获率，所获提取物的活性进行鉴定和比较，同时对FA组分在鸡的新城疫病毒（NDV）和传染性喉气管炎（简称传喉）病毒（ILTV）混合感染中的防治作用进行了初步试验。为其在兽医临床的应用提供了试验依据。     

胸腺肽及其制剂的研究与应用现状

胸腺肽是从胸腺中提取的一组小分子活性肽,能够调节机体的免疫功能,其制剂已成为人们十分关注的免疫增强剂,正广泛应用于医学临床.本文就其有效组分、生物学功能及临床应用等方面作一综述.     

胸腺肽及其在动物生产中的应用

胸腺中含有两类细胞:淋巴细胞和上皮细胞,淋巴细胞位于上皮细胞形成的网状结构中,上皮细胞是产生胸腺激素的主要细胞。胸腺肽(Thymosm)是胸腺组织上皮细胞分泌的一组蛋白质和多肽激素,其主要活性成份是由28个氨基酸组成的胸腺肽α1(Tα1)。胸腺肽对胸腺依赖性淋巴细胞(T细胞)的     

胸腺肽研究进展

胸腺肽是由胸腺的组织上皮细胞分泌的一组小分子活性肽,能通过影响淋巴细胞以及IL-2和NK细胞等因子的活性来调节机体的免疫功能。胸腺肽的有效组分主要包括胸腺素α1、胸腺生成素、胸腺体液因子和血清胸腺因子,其在机体内的分泌及活性随年龄、光照、激素和微量元素水平的变化而发生改变。人工合成胸腺肽已广泛地应用于各种免疫性疾病以及感染性疾病的临床治疗,取得了明显的疗效;但由于价格昂贵,其在兽医上的应用受到了限制。科研工作者在研究其作用机理及治疗效果外,也在不断探索基因工程胸腺肽在临床应用方面的新途径,以改善和提高临床治疗效果。     

胸腺肽及其制剂的研究与应用现状

胸腺肽是胸腺产生的一组蛋白质和多肽激素,能刺激T淋巴细胞的成熟、平衡和调节免疫功能,是一种与机体的细胞免疫有密切关系的激素.胸腺肽主要来源于动物胸腺,医学临床上所用的胸腺肽多是从小牛或猪的胸腺中提取出来的.现在市场上广泛使用的胸腺肽是沿用的Goldstein等在1966年建立的从小牛胸腺中提取的第五组分(F5)的方法经过改良提取的.由于胸腺素F5是含有10~15个组分的一类多肽物质,所以亦称胸腺肽.胸腺肽具有多种药理免疫作用[2].当前市售的胸腺肽制剂主要有冻干和液体两种剂型,但由于生产工艺不同,原料来源也不一样,制剂在其有效成分、生物活性、多肽含量、分子量等指标方面均存在着一定的差异.     

不同瑞香狼毒提取物对肝癌细胞的抑制作用

通过比较不同瑞香狼毒提取物对肝癌细胞（SMMC-7721）的抑制作用,确定瑞香狼毒体外抗肝癌活性最强药用部分的提取方法。采用超声提取方法和聚酰胺柱层析方法对狼毒进行提取,并用不同浓度的各提取物处理SMMC-7721细胞株,通过MTT检测法,比较各提取物对肝癌细胞的抑制活性。结果表明,各提取物中总黄酮提取物的体外抗肿瘤活性最强;乙酸乙酯和石油醚提取物也具有较强的体外抗肿瘤活性,乙醇提取物的体外抗肿瘤活性较低;总黄酮提取物的体外抗肝癌作用在测定浓度范围内呈现出良好的剂量——时间依赖性。结论：总黄酮提取物是瑞香狼毒中体外抗肿瘤活性最强的成分。     

金莲花化学成分提取及抗菌作用研究

提取河北围场金莲花化学成分,考察其3种不同溶媒提取物的体外抗菌活性.通过硅胶柱色谱、Sephadex LH-20柱色谱等分离方法,进行波谱数据分析及鉴定结构,得到理化性质不同的10个化合物.醇提物a对金黄色葡萄球菌、绿脓杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌的抑菌活性较高,水提物b对金黄色葡萄球菌、绿脓杆菌的抑制作用优于双黄连提取物d,乙酸乙酯提取物c抑菌活性与双黄连提取物d相近.结果表明河北围场金莲花具有抗菌活性.     

四种中草药体外抑菌活性及最优组方研究

选取白头翁、马齿苋、大青叶、秦皮4种中草药,分别用水煎煮法和乙醇浸提法提取其有效成分,采用纸片法和微量稀释法测定了各提取物在体外对鸡大肠杆菌和鸡白痢沙门氏菌的抑菌活性和最低抑菌浓度,最后通过正交试验确定了4种提取物体外抑菌的最优组方.结果表明,白头翁、马齿苋、大青叶的水提物对两种试验菌的体外抑菌活性较醇提取强,秦皮的醇提物抑菌活性较水提物强,且差异极显著(P＜0.01).白头翁和大青叶的水提取物对沙门氏菌的最低抑菌浓度最低(0.025 g/mL);秦皮的乙醇提取物对大肠杆菌的最低抑菌浓度最低(0.025 g/mL).抑制大肠杆菌的最优组方为白头翁、马齿苋、大青叶、秦皮的比为4∶1∶2∶2;抑制沙门氏菌的最优组方为2∶2∶1∶4.     

大高良姜抑菌成分提取工艺优化及稳定性研究

试验旨在探究大高良姜提取物对饲料微生物污染中常见的4种细菌(大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌)和2种真菌(黑曲霉和白色念珠菌)的体外抑菌作用及稳定性,优化提取工艺。试验采用纸片扩散法测定不同溶剂的大高良姜提取物对试验菌的抑菌活性;以金黄色葡萄球菌和黑曲霉为指示菌,通过正交试验优化乙醇回流提取工艺,采用微量肉汤稀释法测定该提取物的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)、最小杀菌浓度(MBC)以及对pH值、温度和紫外光的稳定性。结果表明,在6种试验菌中,大高良姜的乙醇提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌和黑曲霉的抑菌活性较好;以金黄色葡萄球菌和黑曲霉为指示菌时,最优提取工艺为乙醇浓度95%、料液比115(mV)、55℃水浴回流提取2 h,提取物对这2种菌的MIC均为0.313 mg/ml,MBC分别为1.25 mg/ml和0.625 mg/ml;提取物对pH值极不稳定,加热和紫外光照射均使其抑菌活性有不同程度的降低。结果提示,大高良姜的乙醇提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌和黑曲霉的体外抑菌活性较好。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

The Prevalence and Intensity of Helminth and Coccidial Infections in Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

A survey of gastrointestinal parasite infections of young (<6 months old), immature (6–12 months old) and adult (>12 months old) dairy cattle on 16 farms in Kiambu District, Kenya was conducted during a dry season (September 1991 to January 1992) and during a wet season (March to July 1992). The survey was based on monthly coproparasitological examination of cohorts and worm counts in tracer calves. The effects of age, sex, farm and season on the prevalence and intensity of helminth and coccidial infections were determined. Faecal egg and oocyst counts revealed that the overall prevalences were: strongyles (including trichostrongyles) (85.5%), liver flukes (Fasciola gigantica) (34.0%), coccidia (30.9%) and tapeworms (9.6%). Eight species of the protozoan Eimeria were identified, the most prevalent species being E. bovis and E. zuernii. The most prevalent nematode genera were Haemonchus, Cooperia, Oesophagostomum and Trichostrongylus. Season, farm and age of the animals had a significant (p<0.05) influence on the intensity of infection with strongyles, liver flukes and coccidia, whereas the sex of the animals had no significant (p>0.05) effect on the prevalence or intensity of infections. A higher intensity of infection with strongyles and coccidia was found in the wet season than in the dry season (p<0.05). The age-specific intensity was in the following order: for strongyles, immature animals of 6–12 months of age had the highest egg counts, followed by young calves and adults. Calves had significantly (p<0.05) higher oocyst counts than immatures or adults. Liver fluke egg counts did not differ significant (p>0.05) between immatures and adult cattle.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。