圈养肉食动物多种寄生虫混合感染调查及驱虫效果

本试验调查福州动物园10种24头(只)肉食动物寄生虫感染情况,运用麦克马斯特法获得寄生虫的种类,感染率和感染强度;利用驱虫前后感染强度对比获得驱虫效果。数据结果显示:(1)10种肉食动物中感染寄生虫6种,寄生虫总感染率为60%(6/10)。(2)6种动物共感染寄生虫14种,每种动物均混合感染。(3)感染强度以猞猁曼氏迭宫绦虫EPG为45710个/g最高,其次猞猁吸虫EPG为26740个/g,猞猁犬弓蛔虫EPG为450个/g。选取驱虫药进行驱虫效果观察结果显示:甲苯咪唑和丙硫苯咪唑线虫驱虫效果明显。     

福州动物园圈养野生动物人兽共患寄生虫感染情况调查

对福州动物园中57种哺乳动物人兽共患寄生虫感染情况进行调查,通过麦氏计数法、麦氏改良计数法和改良凝集试验(MAT)检查野生动物消化道寄生虫和弓形虫的感染情况。结果:24种动物感染人兽共患寄生虫,涵盖了线虫、绦虫、吸虫和原虫4大类。其中感染强度最高为猞猁曼氏迭宫绦虫,每克粪便虫卵数(EPG)为45 710;其次为猞猁犬弓蛔虫,EPG为26 740。12种(21只)哺乳动物感染弓形虫,运用复方磺胺间甲氧嘧啶钠可溶性粉对感染较为严重的9只动物进行治疗,有效率为55.56%,抗体转阴率为11.11%。     

圈养野生杂食动物肠道寄生虫感染情况调查

为了解福州动物园杂食动物寄生虫感染情况,采集8种杂食动物粪样20份,经麦克马斯特漂浮法检验发现3种杂食动物感染寄生虫种类8种,分别是棕熊感染线虫、蛔虫2种寄生虫;小熊猫感染贝蛔虫、类圆线虫和短膜壳绦虫3种寄生虫;豪猪感染蛲虫、鞭虫和球虫3种寄生虫。杂食动物寄生虫总感染率为37.5%(3/8),感染强度最高者为小熊猫贝蛔虫卵,高达12 210个/g。福州动物园杂食动物大多成群饲养,感染寄生虫的动物多属于寄生虫混合感染,驱虫工作难度大。     

福州动物园草食动物消化道寄生虫感染情况及驱虫效果调查

运用麦克马斯特计数法调查福州动物园17种62头(只)草食动物消化道寄生虫的感染情况,调查内容包括寄生虫的种类、感染率和感染强度,利用驱虫前后感染强度对比观察驱虫效果。结果:草食动物以土源性寄生虫感染为主;17种草食动物中,11种动物感染14种寄生虫,总感染率64.7%;感染强度最高为长颈鹿圆线虫,感染强度为4 050个/g,其次是骆驼鞭虫,感染强度为1650个/g,第三是角马肝片吸虫,感染强度为1 296个/g;驱虫试验表明,丙硫苯咪唑8~10 mg/kg,甲苯咪唑5~10 mg/kg对草食动物线虫虫卵转阴率达100%,三氯苯达唑5~10 mg/kg对角马肝片吸虫的驱杀效果显著。     

上海市部分鸟类寄生蠕虫感染情况调查

为了解上海市鸟类寄生虫感染现状,于2012年从上海市部分花鸟市场分批购买了11科21种103只鸟,采用完全剖检法对鸟类消化道及各脏器进行寄生虫检查。结果显示,有14种33只鸟检出蠕虫,鸟种类的蠕虫感染率为66．67％（14／21）,鸟个体的蠕虫感染率为32．04％（33／103）,其中黄鹂、灰背鸫、灰喜鹊、丝光椋鸟、喜鹊、野鹌鹑等6种鸟的检出率较高,感染率为60％～100％。在检出蠕虫的14种33只鸟中,共检获蠕虫932条,其中从9种16只鸟检获吸虫268条,从8种17只鸟检获绦虫631条,从7种12只鸟检获线虫17条,从4种7只鸟检获棘头虫16条。在检获的932条蠕虫,分别来自肺脏、肾脏、肝脏（胆囊）、肠道,而在心脏、气管、胃、皮下等组织器官未检出蠕虫。肠道是寄生虫寄生的主要场所,从27只鸟的肠道检获746条蠕虫,分别占阳性鸟和蠕虫数的81．82％（27／33）、80．04％（746／932）;其次为肝脏（胆囊）,从8只鸟的肝脏（胆囊）检获182条蠕虫．分别占阳性鸟和蠕虫数的24．24％、19．53％。在感染强度上,野鸽子和鸟灰鸫的蠕虫感染强度最高,平均每只分别检出171条和123条,其次为灰背鸫（53条／只）。调查结果表明,上海市鸟类寄生虫的种类多,且蠕虫的各大类（吸虫、绦虫、线虫、棘头虫）均有检出,依据检获的虫体数量,绦虫和吸虫是鸟类的主要寄生虫,调查结果为初步掌握上海市鸟类寄生虫的感染现状、做好鸟类寄生虫病的防控提供了基础数据。     

泸西县山羊寄生虫调查

目的对泸西县山羊感染寄生虫情况进行初步了解,为制定合理的寄生虫综合防治措施提供科学依据。方法对沪西县5个地区的52只山羊进行剖解,采用常规的寄生虫实验室检查法检测,所获虫体低温保存作分类鉴定。结果49只山羊感染寄生虫,总的感染率高达94．2％。检获虫体共14种,其中线虫9种,吸虫2种,绦虫及绦虫蚴2种,蜘蛛昆虫1种。结论消化道线虫的感染率和感染强度较高,当地动物寄生虫虫种有多样性。     

楚雄州牛羊寄生虫和寄生虫病的初步调查

为初步了解楚雄州牛羊寄生虫感染种类、感染强度以及危害程度,从而为制定合理的寄生虫病综合防制措施提供依据,于2006年10月对楚雄州牛羊寄生虫感染进行了初步的调查,结果报告如下。1材料与方法1.1剖检动物分别在楚雄州大姚、双柏、禄丰三县,随机剖检山羊20只,黄牛2头、水牛5头     

辽宁省凌源市动物寄生虫感染情况的调查

根据辽宁省动物防疫站寄生虫调查方案 ,对凌源市动物寄生虫感染情况进行了调查 ,现将结果报告如下。1　调查材料与方法1 1　调查对象　共调查各种畜禽 42 6匹 (头、只、羽 ) ,其中马 78匹、牛 80头、羊 1 0 1只、猪 1 0 9头和鸡 5 8羽。1 2　调查方法　采取剖检法 (局部、全身 )和粪检法进行。2　调查结果2 1　寄生虫种类　通过虫体鉴定 ,初步确定全市动物感染体内外寄生虫共 63种 ,分属于 5门 6纲 2 4科 3 3属。其中马属动物感染寄生虫种类为 1 4种、牛 1 2种、羊 1 7种、猪 1 3种和鸡 7种。主要寄生虫种类为原生动物 (包括鸡脆弱艾美尔…     

苏州市某规模化猪场消化道寄生虫调查

为了解某规模化猪场消化道寄生虫的感染情况,以便对其科学制定防治措施提供参考,通过饱和盐水漂浮与水洗沉淀来分离猪粪便中虫卵或幼虫的方法,对苏州地区某规模化猪场进行了冬春两季消化道寄生虫调查。两次共检测猪300头,有162份查到有寄生虫感染,感染率为54.00%。其中,查出线虫阳性猪54头,平均感染率为36.00%;吸虫阳性猪21头,平均感染率为14.00%;球虫阳性猪68头,平均感染率为45.33%。通过对比分析,发现各生长阶段的猪均存在不同程度的寄生虫感染,其中球虫感染率最高,感染最普遍;冬春两季寄生虫感染差异显著。     

应重视肉孢子虫病肉的检验

肉孢子虫病是我国法定检验的三大寄生虫病之一（囊虫、旋毛虫、肉孢子虫）,是宰后检验必须检查的病种。但在目前的肉品卫生检验实践中,往往只重视囊虫病的检验,而对肉孢子虫病的检验则重视不够,有些地区甚至根本就不检。肉孢子虫病是由肉孢子虫寄生于肌肉间引起的,猪、牛、羊、马等多种动物及人均可感染,是一种人畜共患寄生虫病。肉孢子虫属二宿主寄生虫,寄生于肌细胞内。其终宿主为猫、犬、狐、狼、人等,中间宿主为草食动物、杂食动物、禽类、啮齿类等。寄生在中间宿主横纹肌肉的虫体是一种包囊结构,称为“米氏囊”。猪肉及牛肉内…     

Cholinesterase as an inflammatory marker of subclinical infection of dairy cows infected by Neospora caninum and risk factors for disease

The aim of this study was to evaluate the seroprevalence of Neospora caninum in dairy cows, as well as to verify the risk factors for N. caninum infection and inflammatory response in dairy cows. Using the indirect immunofluorescence reaction, the seroprevalence of neosporosis was determined to be 32.82%. Based on regression analysis, the presence of dogs at a farm increased the probability of a cow testing positive for N. caninum (OR = 20.01 [5.21–123.12]). These data suggest that N. caninum has a relevant prevalence in dairy cows of the Microregion of Rio do Sul (Brazil), with elevated frequencies of anti-N. caninum IgG. The data also suggest that the parasite is widely distributed in dairy herds of the micro-region, because 94.4% of properties screened had at least one seropositive animal. The principal risk factors for disease maintenance in herds may be considered the presence of dogs and absence of a diagnostic test when introducing new animals. Blood from these cows was used to measure variables related to the inflammatory response. Serum cholinesterase activity, as well as serum levels of globulins and C-reactive protein were higher in seropositive to N. caninum than in seronegative cows. Furthermore, the infection by parasite causes an intense inflammatory process, contributing to disease pathophysiology.     

First documentation of a neospora-induced "abortion storm" (exogenous transplacental transmission of neospora caninum) in a Swiss dairy farm

In a Swiss dairy farm (canton of Geneva) consisting of 73 animals 8 abortions were observed within 2 weeks. Serological and molecular biological analyses (PCR) on aborting dams, and abortion materials, respectively, revealed that the protozoan parasite Neospora caninum was the causative agent. Besides the 8 aborting animals, 12 other non-aborting heifers were found to be serologically positive for this parasite. All positive sera were further tested in an avidity-ELISA to elucidate the recency of infection. All seropositive animals but one showed low avidities at the time the abortion storm started. This indicated at a recent N. caninum-infection within the herd. Thus, the animals most probably were exposed to N. caninum-oocysts (e.g. by dog feces-contaminated forage) and the resulting abortion storm was due to an exogenous (formerly known as "horizontal") parasite transmission into a naive herd. This is the first documented record of such an event in Switzerland.     

First detection of "Candidatus Mycoplasma haemolamae" in South American Camelids of Switzerland and evaluation of prevalence

Haemotrophic mycoplasmas (also known as haemoplasmas), small bacterias which parasite the surface of erythrocytes, have been described in several species. Recently, molecular methods were developed for the diagnosis of haemoplasma infection. The presented study describes the first detection and the investigation of prevalence of "Candidatus Mycoplasma haemolamae" in South American Camelids in Switzerland. A random sample of the latter population was tested for haemoplasma infections using real-time PCR. The infection was detected in 18.6% of the animals and was found both in indigenous and in imported camelids. Of the tested herds 39,1% harboured at least one animal positive for haemoplasmas in PCR. There was no difference in prevalence between male and female animals and llamas and alpacas, respectively. Furthermore, the prevalence of infection was not significantly different in diseased animals compared to healthy camelids. From the latter observation and the fact that the high prevalence was accompanied by an undetectable incidence, we concluded that the pathogenicity of "Candidatus Mycoplasma haemolamae" may be low.     

Giardia infection in a group of experimental dogs

Twelve experimental dogs were monitored for Giardia infection over a 17 month period by both duodenal aspirate and zinc sulphate flotation of faeces. Each animal was found to be Giardia-pos-itive at least twice during this time despite treatment of positive animals. Giardia was frequently identified by both faecal examination and aspirate, but in some cases only one technique proved positive. The results indicated that faecal examinations are as effective as duodenal aspirates in the diagnosis of infection. At the end of the 17 month period six dogs were treated with corticosteroid: three of these treated dogs and one of six untreated animals became positive for Giardia.     

采用Mini-Flotac和PCR方法检测圈养野生动物肠道寄生虫

为调查福建地区圈养野生动物肠道寄生虫感染情况,本研究采集福州动物园和龙岩梅花山华南虎繁育研究所动物粪便样品共70份(包含28种动物种类),采用Mini-Flotac检测方法对粪便样品进行饱和盐水漂浮法检测,同时采用基于SSU rRNA序列的PCR扩增方法对粪便样品进行芽囊原虫检测,并对获得的阳性分离株进行基因亚型分析。Mini-Flotac检测结果显示,70份样品中寄生虫阳性粪便为42份,总感染率为60.00%,感染强度(EPG或OPG值)范围为100~34 800。PCR扩增结果显示,70份样品中共检测到芽囊原虫阳性分离株10个,感染率为14.3%(10/70),阳性样品分别为猕猴、赤猴、孔雀粪便样品各1份以及梅花鹿源样品7份;进一步的基因亚型分析结果显示,扩增的10份芽囊原虫阳性样品来源于5个基因亚型,分别为ST1(1)、ST3(1)、ST6(1)、ST10(6)及ST14(1),其中ST1、ST3和ST6为人兽共患亚型,ST10和ST14为动物特异性亚型,且ST10在梅花鹿中感染普遍。研究结果提示福建圈养野生动物肠道寄生虫的感染情况较严重,且存在人兽共患基因亚型芽囊原虫风险。研究结果为福建野生动物肠道寄生虫病的防治提供了参考依据。     

Leishmania infantum in wild animals in endemic areas of southern Italy

Leishmania infantum infection in wildlife is increasingly reported in Europe, but scant data are available in Italy so far. This study aimed to investigate the circulation of L. infantum among sylvatic hosts in Sicily (southern Italy), a highly endemic area for canine leishmaniosis, through serological and molecular tools. Target tissues (skin, spleen, lymph nodes) collected from 71 European rabbits, 2 European hares, 7 red foxes, 11 European wildcats and 1 pine marten, were qPCR analysed for the detection of L. infantum DNA. Additionally, 40 rabbits, older than one year, were serologically screened for specific anti-Leishmania antibodies. Leishmania infantum was molecularly diagnosed in 5.4% (n = 5) of the examined animals (3/71 European rabbits, 2/7 red foxes). In many of the qPCR positive animals (4/5), the parasite DNA was more prevalent in visceral than cutaneous tissues. None of the positive animal showed signs of disease and/or macroscopic alterations of organs; low parasitic burden in all positive tissue samples was also recorded. Only one rabbit serum (i.e., 2.5%) tested positive for anti-Leishmania antibodies. The seropositive rabbit was in good health status and no amastigotes were observed in lymph-node aspirate and blood smears.This study provides first evidence of L. infantum infection in wild animals from Sicily (southern Italy). Despite the low prevalence of infection here reported, the circulation of the Leishmania in wild reservoirs in Sicily remains worthy of future investigations for a better understanding of their role in the epidemiology of the disease as well as to fine-tune control strategies in the area.     

The occurrence of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum as regards meat hygiene

Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum are phenotypically and phylogenetically closely related cyst-forming coccidia, both of which may cause abortion in livestock animals. T. gondii exhibits also zoonotic potential by causing diaplacental infections in the human fetus and harmful infections in immunosuppressed individuals. Humans get infected either by consuming inappropriately prepared cyst-containing meat or by ingesting oocysts originating from cat feces. Therefore, in order to assess infection risk we need to have knowledge on the prevalence of the parasite in consumable meat and thus slaughtered animals. So far, no data indicate any zoonotic potential for N. caninum. Due to its high economic impact in the bovine production in Switzerland, we included this parasite in the present study as well. The prevalence of both parasite species were investigated by PCR in muscle and brain samples of slaughtered bovines, sheep, pigs and horses. Comparatively, a serum sample from each animal was simultaneously tested serologically by a Toxoplasma-P30-ELISA and a Neospora-SA-ELISA. The prevalences determined by the T. gondii-PCR were the followings: adult cows 3%, young bulls 2%, young cows prior to gravidity 6%, calves 1%, sheep 6%, horses and pigs each 0%. For N. caninum, the PCR-prevalence was 2% for adult cows and 0% for all other animal groups. Conversely, the seroprevalences were much higher for both parasite species and all animal groups, with the exception of the fattening pigs. However, as T. gondii was principally detectable in bovine (cows and calves) as well as in sheep meat, the consumption of this meat harbours a potential infection risk for humans. In contrast, the lack of any parasite detectability in fattening pig and horse meat allows to consider this infection source as neglectable when compared to bovine and ovine meat.     

Multiple sampling and discriminatory fingerprinting reveals clonally complex and compartmentalized infections by M. bovis in cattle

The combination of new genotyping tools and a more exhaustive sampling policy in the analysis of infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis has shown that infection by this pathogen is more complex than initially expected. Mixed infections, coexistence of clonal variants from a parental strain, and compartmentalized infections are all different modalities of this clonal complexity. Until recently, genotyping of Mycobacterium bovis in animal populations was based on spoligotyping and analysis of a single isolate per infection; therefore, clonal complexity is probably underdetected. We used multiple sampling combined with highly discriminatory MIRU-VNTR to study compartmentalized infections by M. bovis in a low-tuberculosis prevalence setting. We spoligotyped the M. bovis isolates from two or more anatomic locations sampled from 55 animals on 39 independent farms. Compartmentalized infections, with two different strains infecting independent lymph nodes in the same animal, were found in six cases (10.9%). MIRU-VNTR analysis confirmed that the compartmentalization was strict and that only one strain was present in each infected node. MIRU-VNTR analysis of additional infected animals on one of the farms confirmed that the compartmentalized infection was a consequence of superinfection, since the two strains were independently infecting other animals. This same analysis revealed the emergence of a microevolved clonal variant in one of the lymph nodes of the compartmentalized animal. Clonal complexity must also be taken into consideration in M. bovis infection, even in low-prevalence settings, and analyses must be adapted to detect it and increase the accuracy of molecular epidemiology studies.     

Efficacy of injectable doramectin in the therapy and control of Dermatobia hominis infestations in Latin America

Three studies were conducted in Latin America, one in Brazil, one in Venezuela and one in Argentina, using a common protocol to investigate the efficacy of a single subcutaneous injection of doramectin at 200 μg kg⁻¹ (1 ml per 50 kg) for the treatment and control of Dermatobia hominis infestations in cattle raised under commercial conditions. In each study, two groups of 20 animals each were allocated on the basis of D. hominis nodules present 24 h before treatment to a treated group (T1), or to a control group (T2) which received saline solution at 1 ml per 50 kg of live weight. All cattle were injected in the mid-dorsal cervical region and examined on treatment day and 2, 7, 15 and 30 days post-treatment (p.t.). At each observation day the number of D. hominis nodules was counted and the viability of the larvae inside them was assessed and recorded. Treatment with doramectin was 100% effective in eliminating D. hominis larvae and in controlling the re-establishment of the parasite under field conditions of continuous reinfestation. During the first 48 h p.t., dead larvae of different ages were found outside or partially outside the nodules in animals of the doramectin groups. After 48 h p.t., no live larvae were found inside existing nodules, nor did new nodules develop in animals of the doramectin groups in any of the three studies. When compared with nodule counts in the control group on the same observation day or with parasite burdens on the same animal before treatment, doramectin-treated animals began to eliminate parasitic nodules at 48 h p.t. Efficacy reached 100% at 7 days p.t. and remained at 100% on subsequent observation days (P<0.05). None of the doramectin-treated animals exhibited any clinical signs of adverse reaction to medication.     

Evaluation of immunological, parasitological and molecular methods for the diagnosis of Schistosoma mansoni infection before and after chemotherapy treatment with praziquantel in experimentally infected Nectomys squamipes

In low endemicity areas of schistosomiasis, the recommended diagnostic method of coprological examination results in an underestimation of infection cases. Alternative diagnostic methods have been developed, such as immunodiagnostic and molecular techniques. In this study we evaluated three methods used in the diagnosis of Schistosoma mansoni infection: parasitological (Kato-Katz), immunological (ELISA) and molecular (real time PCR), and also investigated the sensitivity of each technique in the cure determination after treatment with praziquantel using the water rat Nectomys squamipes, a natural reservoir for S. mansoni, as an experimental model. Two infection laboratory experiments were carried out. The first experiment aimed to observe the evolution of the immunological response in the first moments after infection and in the first months after treatment. The second experiment aimed to compare the efficacy of the three diagnostic techniques after infection and after treatment over a more extended time period. In the first experiment, 44% of the infected animals showed IgG reactivity after two weeks of infection, and 94% were positive based on serology 30 days after infection. The serological IgG titers increased just after infection but decreased gradually after treatment. In the second experiment, 89% of the animals showed positive IgG titers 22 days after infection. Only 68% of the animals showed positive results on the coproscopic diagnostic analysis and 79% did so by qPCR, 50 days after infection. Treated animals showed negative results on coproscopy one month after treatment but remained positive by serology even 12 months after treatment, although showing a decline in immunologic reaction after treatment. By qPCR analysis, all animals showed negative results three months after treatment, except for one animal. The parasitosis can be detected by coproscopy only six weeks after infection, and by serology 14 days after infection. The qPCR was a better diagnostic method for confirming the infection cure of S. mansoni. In early infection, this method was less efficient than serology but was slightly more efficient than the Kato-Katz method. We suggest that the methods should be used in low endemic areas as follows: serology should be used in the initial diagnosis in a population with potential positive cases; subsequently, coproscopy should be used in IgG positive cases to confirm the current infection; and qPCR should be used to evaluate the infection cure after treatment and is also a very valuable tool when there are cases showing positive IgG and negative coproscopy.