支原体检验用培养基的研究

水质和血清对比试验结果表明：以水质电导率低于0．5μs／cm、猪血清总蛋白不低于49g／L、胆固醇不高于1．66mmol／L为标准制备的改良Frey培养基和支原体培养基活菌滴度均达10^9CCU／mL。对滑液支原体GX11-T株及猪鼻支原体BTS-7株1—5代对数生长期培养物检测,均达10^9CCU／mL。改良Frey培养基与支原体培养基经反复冻融8次;或改良Frey培养基经37℃保存24h;支原体培养基37℃保存8h均不影响灵敏度。改良Frey培养基在鸡胚成纤维细胞及鸡胚尿囊液中最小检测量分别为4CCU／mL和2CCU／mL;支原体培养基在BHK：,细胞中最小检测量为8CCU／mL。改良Frey培养基和支原体培养基4℃有效期为1个月,-20℃为12个月。     

支原体培养基质控菌株菌种代次与生长曲线研究

为探究支原体液体培养基和固体培养基质控菌猪鼻支原体生长规律,以活菌浓度,菌液pH值为指标,比较了不同代次与不同传代方式猪鼻支原体生长情况。结果显示:3%与10%浓度传代,0~48 h内,活菌浓度持续上升,菌液pH值持续下降,3%浓度传代的支原体生长较均匀,更利于菌种生长;1~5代支原体活菌浓度无显著差异;通过0.3 mL菌液加9.7 mL培养基传代,20组菌液平均浓度为(24.4±5.7)×10~8CFU/mL,通过0.9 mL菌液加29.1 mL培养基传代,菌液平均浓度为(7.2±2.1)×10~8CFU/mL,两种浓度差异极显著,前种传代方式更有利于支原体生长。本次试验为支原体液体和固体培养基的质控工作标准化提供参考。     

3种支原体培养基对猪肺炎支原体CJ株培养效果的比较分析

通过猪肺炎支原体CJ株接种3种猪肺炎支原体培养基后的生长活性研究发现,与其他2种培养基相比,接种改良Friis培养基培养2~3 d含菌量可达到1.0×109~10CCU/m L,具有生长迅速、含菌量高的特点,可用于猪肺炎支原体CJ株的培养。     

兽用药品无菌检验用硫乙醇酸盐培养基的研究

按《中国兽药典》（2005年版）灵敏度法以5种质控菌株对不同配方T．G进行对比试验,筛选出T．G培养基C,其对大肠杆菌C83549株、乙型溶血性链球菌C55943株、铜绿假单孢菌CMCC（B）10110株、金黄色葡萄球菌ATCC6538株、生孢梭菌CMCC（B）64941株灵敏度达10^-9的试验统计次数分别为4／6、2／7、7／13、8／17、9／9,高于其它配方。又按《欧洲药典》（2005年版）微生物促生长方法用3种质控菌株进行配制用水、pH值、高压方式的对比试验,确定配制用水的电导率低于0．5μs／cm、pH值为6．8—7．0,高压灭菌方式为116℃30min。研制的4批培养基用于接种1CFU金黄色葡萄球菌、2CFU铜绿假单孢菌、6CFU生孢梭菌均达3／3生长,结果与进口培养基一致,而国产同类培养基达1／3～2／3生长,结果显示研制的培养基促生长性能均达到或超过国外同类产品,高于国内同类产品。     

禽多杀性巴氏杆菌不同培养方法制备的种子液对高密度发酵培养菌数的影响

本试验用扁瓶固体培养法、摇床液体培养法和10L发酵罐培养法制备禽多杀性巴氏杆菌种子液,采用细菌比浊法和活菌计数法,计算高密度发酵菌液浓度,比较3种方法制备的种子液对禽多杀性巴氏杆菌抗原生产的影响。经过3批次试验,扁瓶固体培养法制备的种子液经高密度发酵培养后测得的活菌数为1.56×1010~1.65×1010 CFU/mL,比浊计数为2.10×1010~2.59×1010 CFU/mL;而摇床液体培养法制备的种子液经高密度发酵培养后测得的活菌数为1.54×1010~1.74×1010 CFU/mL,比浊计数为2.10×1010~2.45×1010 CFU/mL。发酵罐培养制备的禽多杀性巴氏杆菌种子接种200L发酵罐进行高密度发酵培养后测得的活菌数可达1.85×1010~2.05×1010 CFU/mL,比浊计数为2.45×1010~2.80×1010 CFU/mL。结果表明,10L发酵罐培养制备的种子液优于扁瓶固体培养法和摇床液体培养法制备的种子液,而后两者无明显差别;从3批次平均值看,前者比后两者活菌计数结果提高约21.60%,比浊计数结果提高约15.52%。说明采用10L发酵罐培养制备的禽多杀性巴氏杆菌种子进行高密度发酵培养可显著提高菌液浓度,增加单位抗原含量(P0.01)。     

饲用高效乳酸菌和纤维素分解菌富集培养的研究

研究以通过富集培养法来提高活菌数为主要目的而进行。新疆大学生命科学与技术学院研究室分离筛选出的2类菌株:高效饲料乳酸菌A4和A7与2株纤维素分解菌Nf和Y6等量接种于不同质量浓度的尿素和氯化钠添加的2%糖水中并测其生长曲线,探讨2类菌株在不同质量浓度的尿素和氯化钠中的生长特性。试验结果表明:试验组(2%尿素和1%氯化钠)总活菌数可达44.9亿CFU/m L大幅度高于试验组2%尿素的11.2亿CFU/m L和1%尿素的8.8亿CFU/m L。试验为混合菌饲料添加的研究开发,高品质青贮饲料的生产等方面提供优势菌种和科学依据。     

绵羊肺炎支原体最适培养基的筛选

为筛选一种适宜绵羊肺炎支原体(Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae,Mo)生长的培养基,利用活菌计数方法对MoGH3-3株在改良KM2培养基、TSB-1培养基、改良Thiaucourt氏培养基和10%马血清改良KM2培养基中不同培养阶段的生长滴度即颜色变化单位(ccu)进行了测定。结果表明,在培养24,48,72和96 h,MoGH3-3株在TSB-1培养基中的平均生长滴度高于其他3种培养基。在培养的72 h和96 h,在TSB-1培养基中平均最大生长滴度达到了109 ccu/mL,在改良KM2培养基和改良Thiaucourt氏培养基中只有108 ccu/mL,而在10%马血清改良KM2培养基中仅为106 ccu/mL。这为绵羊肺炎支原体培养特性研究和疫苗生产工艺研究提供了参考数据。     

牛支原体扩大培养效果测定及生长曲线的观察

为了监测培养过程中牛支原体的生长情况,利用含氯化三苯基四氮唑(TTC)牛支原体培养基,采用倾注培养法对牛支原体扩大培养效果进行了菌落形成单位(CFU)计数,通过颜色变化单位(CCU)法进行浓度检测,并测定了OD630值及pH值的变化,据此绘制生长曲线。结果表明:待测牛支原体培养物在梯度稀释后采用倾注培养可方便计数,且计数菌落显色特征明显;CCU法检测待测菌株在96小时时的生长效价为5.0×108CCU/m L;牛支原体纯培养物在不同时段其OD630值变化范围为0.024~0.213,呈现二段式分布,即快速上升阶段和平稳阶段,平稳阶段后有下降趋势;pH值变化范围为6.8~7.9,随时间累积而下降,且在培养48 h内下降速度较快,48~84 h下降缓慢,84 h后基本无变化。     

饲用嗜酸小球菌液体生料发酵工艺研究

为提高嗜酸小球菌液体发酵的活菌数,本试验采用生料发酵技术和单因素试验法研究了发酵培养基组成以及发酵条件对嗜酸小球菌活菌数的影响,并采用正交试验法对发酵条件进行优化。结果表明:适宜的发酵培养基配方和条件为葡萄糖2.5%、酵母抽提粉0.3%、蛋白胨0.6%、K_2HPO_40.1%、CH_3COONa 0.6%、NaCl 3%、发酵温度40℃、种龄60 h、接种量20%。在上述优化条件下发酵36 h,嗜酸小球菌的活菌数对数值为11.258 lg cfu/m L。研究结果显示了液体生料发酵技术适合于饲用嗜酸小球菌的生产。     

仔猪副伤寒活疫苗生产用菌株生长曲线的建立及合成培养基初步应用

建立了仔猪副伤寒活疫苗生产用菌株生长曲线,获取菌株培养参数,从而实现合成培养基初步应用。将猪霍乱沙门氏菌(CVCC79500株)运用试管和三角瓶分别静置和振荡培养30 h,期间取4、8、12、18、24、30 h等6个点进行活菌计数并建立生长曲线,确定37℃静置培养18~24 h,37℃、200 r/min振荡培养8~24 h为培养稳定期。不同接菌量比较结果表明,37℃静置培养24 h,37℃、200 r/min振荡培养12 h均可达到菌体稳定期。在稳定期参数条件下,比较合成培养基与常规普通肉汤培养基对该菌的增殖效果,结果表明,37℃静置培养24 h,试管及三角瓶培养菌数分别为27×108~31×108、33×108~41×108CFU/m L;37℃、200 r/min振荡培养12 h,试管及三角瓶培养菌数分别为58×108~66×108、78×108~88×108CFU/m L。而同条件3批普通肉汤培养菌数均低于合成培养基,且批次间稳定性较合成培养基差。将合成培养基振荡培养12 h的菌液接种小鼠均10/10存活;免疫后攻毒家兔达4/5~5/5保护,与普通肉汤基本一致。合成培养基保存期试验表明,25℃避光保存28 d与当天配制的液体合成培养基,振荡培养菌数基本一致。获取的培养参数适合用于合成培养基的初步评价,研制的合成培养基培养菌数优于普通肉汤,且不影响菌体安全性及免疫原性,室温保存期可达28 d。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.