牦牛

牦牛有野生和家养之分；无论野生，还是家养，按照现代动物学分类。均隶属于哺乳动物纲；单子宫亚纲，偶蹄口，反刍亚目，牛科牛属。牦牛（Bosgrunniens）别名牛，己被我国列入一级重点保护野生动物。其外形具有令人醒目的特征，可供动物园观赏。牦牛外形粗大，成年牡兽肩高1．70m以上，体重500kg左右，故诨号“千斤牛”。其肩部中央有凸起的隆肉。鼻唇面及耳均小。肢甚粗短肢之末端近蹄处则尤为粗大。头及躯体背面的毛短而光滑但在胁。腹之下，包括颔、喉、颈部、胸部及尾部均技下垂的长毛尾上亦有长毛，下垂至踵部；这是牦牛在外形上最为…     

牦牛

牦牛是青藏高原草原牧区的特产家畜,不仅生产营养丰富的乳、肉和皮毛等畜产品,而且供驮乘等役用,是高山草原牧民的主要生产资料和生活资料。天祝白牦牛是稀有而珍贵的牦牛地方类型,它生产的纯白的毛、绒和尾毛,具有很高的工艺价值和经济价值。     

牦牛及牦牛血液SOD的研究

牦牛是中国特有的品种,是青藏高原藏族同胞赖以繁育生存的主要生活依托,又是难得的生化药物资源宝库。超氧化物歧化酶(Superonide Dismutase简称SOD)是一种以自由基为底物的金属酶,亦是一种具有很好疗效和保健作用的药用酶,其早已成为生化、医药、轻工、教学界极为关注的研究热点,但以牦牛血液为原料加工、提取、研究SOD的实属罕见。笔者涉足该领域的开发与研究,取得可喜成果,为我国西部牦牛产业的深加工,延伸产业链,提高科技水平,兴办民族制药工业,拓宽新路,做出典范。     

新疆牦牛

<正>新疆维吾尔自治区地方标准DB 65/T 2256-2005前言本标准根据GB/T 1.1—2000《标准化工作导则第1部分:标准的结构和编写规则》编写。本标准附录A为规范性附录。本标准由巴州质量技术监督局提出。本标准由新疆维吾尔自治区畜牧厅归口。本标准起草单位:巴州畜牧科学研究所,巴州质量技术监督局。本标准起草人:卓娅,吐尔逊·司马义,马静,管永平,曾泽民。     

新鲜牦牛骨头汤治疗牦牛缺钙病

近年来 ,玉树县结古地区出现一种原因不明的牦牛跛行 ,笔者调查牦牛 30 0头 ,其中有病的牦牛 83头 ,发病率为 0 2 8% ,用牦牛骨头汤治疗 83例全部治愈。1　症状与诊断每年的 1～ 5月是发病的高峰季节 ,病牛多为基础产奶母牦牛 ,特别多发于产后的泌乳母牦牛。患牛早期出现消化障碍异嗜现象 ,舔食泥土、塑料、破布、纸箱、废铁等异物 ,粪中有未消化的食物。随之出现不愿行走、喜卧、跛行、强直腰背、站立不稳、步态强拘、体弱。一肢或四肢同时发病 ,跛行时轻时重 ,并与天气运动量有直接关系。患牛因缺钙程度不同 ,如脊椎塌陷、隆起、关节 (特…     

中甸牦牛

全面介绍了中甸牦牛的产地自然生态环境,品种形成,外貌特征,适应性和生产性能。     

大通牦牛提纯复壮当地牦牛效果的研究

为改良青海当地地方牦牛的生产性能和品种退化,利用大通牦牛冻精与当地母牛进行二元杂交,进行提纯复壮当地牦牛。结果表明:改良F1代母牦牛的受胎率、产犊率、犊牛成活率、繁殖成活率依次分别为75.2%、95.1%、90.15%、46.5%(n=562),比当地牦牛的上述繁殖指标依次分别提高0.04%、0.06%、0.02%、0.086%。因此,引入大通牦牛改良当地牦牛,其繁殖性能略有提高,如果再加强牦牛饲养管理,改善饲养条件,可提高当地牦牛的繁殖性能。     

白色牦牛

<正> 白牦牛是天祝藏族自治县所繁育的我国稀有而珍贵的牦牛地方类型,也是甘肃省的特产畜种之一。目前有3万2千头。生活在海拔3000—4000米高原上,气候寒冷,温度变化剧烈,最低气温达-30℃。白牦牛身高体大,吃苦耐劳。自古以来是藏族生产、生活资料,牦牛由于本身的体质结构特点,具有相当强的抗寒能力,其被毛有季节性变化,被毛是由不同类型毛纤维组成的混型被毛,具有保温良好的空气层。牦牛胸部发育良好(胸推比黄牛多2个、肋骨     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

獭兔睾丸的组织学观察

家兔作为一种实验动物 ,推动了繁殖技术的发展。本试验通过对不同年龄公獭兔的睾丸进行组织学观察、测定 ,研究精子的发生规律 ,为系统地进行繁殖生理工作提供依据。1　材料与方法选 60日龄、75日龄、90日龄 3个年龄公獭兔各5只 ,用外科手术法摘取两侧睾丸 ,放入 Bouin氏液中固定 ,二甲苯透明 ,石蜡包埋 ,切成 5～ 8μm切片 ,H.E.染色。在显微镜下观察 ,并进行定量组织学指标测定及差异性比较。2　结果和讨论2 .1　睾丸定量组织学指标的测定结果　见表 1。表 1　獭兔睾丸定量组织学指标　　　μm,个 /精细管60日龄 75日龄 90日龄曲细精管…     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Observations of fracture of the anconeal process of the ulna of swine

Fractures of the anconeal process of 5 pigs ranging in age from 4 to 8 months were studied radiographically and histologically. Clinically, animals with a fracture of the anconeal process had a "tight," restricted gait. In pigs at 4.5 months of age, a radiolucent line through the base of the anconeal process was composed of fibrocartilage, fibrous connective tissue, and hyaline cartilage. Subperiosteal proliferation of woven bone was located along the cranial surface of the olecranon, adjacent to the base of the anconeal process. In older animals, the radiolucent line through the anconeal process contained variable amounts of fibrous connective tissue and fibrocartilage. The proliferation of subperiosteal bone at the base of the anconeal process formed a "buttress callus" which retained a radiolucent area between the callus and the proximal surface of the anconeal process. The latter region of radiolucency was continuous with the transversely oriented line that traversed the base of the anconeal process.