醋酸诱导犬急性溃疡性结肠炎模型的建立

试验旨在探索醋酸诱导犬急性溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis,UC)的方法,建立稳定的犬急性UC模型。选取16只健康犬,随机分成对照组和3个不同浓度醋酸组,每组4只。注射犬眠宝麻醉后,醋酸组分别灌注4%、7%和10%的2mL/kg醋酸,对照组无需麻醉,直肠灌注相应剂量无菌生理盐水;用药后第1、3、7天观察各组排便情况,并用电子内窥镜观察试验犬结肠黏膜的损伤程度;于第7天牺牲试验犬,切取病变结肠做组织切片检查。结果显示,灌注4%醋酸的犬均出现短暂的稀便,病理切片观察只有轻微炎性细胞浸润;灌注10%醋酸的犬,炎症反应过于强烈导致肠穿孔和死亡;灌注7%醋酸的犬,粪便性状及结肠内窥镜检查均显示明显的结肠炎症状,3d后出现溃疡灶,7d后可见溃疡灶脱落,组织学检查发现溃疡灶周围有明显的炎性细胞浸润,随着时间的推移炎性细胞浸润明显减少,成纤维细胞增生。以上结果表明,直肠灌注7%醋酸能成功稳定诱导犬急性UC。     

仔猪溃疡性结肠炎模型的建立

试验旨在建立乙酸诱导仔猪溃疡性结肠炎模型。选取18头健康仔猪（杜洛克×长白×大白），随机分成3组：对照组（3头）、三硝基苯磺酸（TNBS）组（6头）和乙酸组（9头），分别注射30 mg/kg BW戊巴比妥钠，待完全麻醉后，对照组仔猪直肠灌注10 ml无菌生理盐水，TNBS组分别灌注25 mg/kg BW（3头）和50 mg/kg BW（3头）TNBS的50%乙醇溶液，乙酸组分别灌注10 ml 5%（3头）和10%的乙酸（6头）。随时观察仔猪状态与粪便情况，灌注3 d或7 d后屠宰，并取结肠组织固定，制作病理切片观察损伤变化，分别进行黏膜损伤评分，以判定造模是否成功。结果表明，采用直肠灌注不同浓度TNBS（25 mg/kg BW和50 mg/kg BW）、5%乙酸，均只出现短暂的稀便，病理切片观察只有轻微炎性症状，与对照组没有显著差异；灌注10%乙酸的6头仔猪，根据粪便性状及结肠肉眼观察均显示明显的结肠炎症状，同时通过组织学观察发现，3d后出现溃疡灶，并有明显的炎性细胞浸润等炎症反应，而7d后可见溃疡灶已脱落，炎性细胞浸润明显减少，大量成纤维细胞增生。由此可见，直肠灌注10%乙酸能成功诱导仔猪结肠炎。     

犬急性结肠炎模型建立方法初探

为了探讨犬急性结肠炎模型的建立方法,采用10%乙酸按体重10 m L/kg对试验犬进行深部灌肠以建立犬急性结肠炎模型,并通过临床症状观察及彩色多普勒超声诊断仪、结肠内窥镜和组织病理学方法进行检查确诊。结果表明:试验犬建模后均出现精神变差、食欲废绝,排水样粪便并且次数较多的症状;B型超声波检查可见结肠壁增厚、分层不清,呈弥散性的低回声,肠腔变窄;结肠内窥镜检查可见降结肠黏膜充血、水肿明显,表面有白色的伪膜,并有片状糜烂,伴有出血;组织病理学检查可见结肠黏膜结构不完整,黏膜层仅残存有少量的上皮细胞,肠隐窝减少甚至消失,杯状细胞明显减少,黏膜下层水肿、增厚,出现大量增生的小血管。说明10%乙酸按体重10 m L/kg采用深部灌肠的方法可以建立犬急性结肠炎模型。     

PK结肠溶胶囊对犬结肠炎的疗效评价

为评价PK结肠溶胶囊对犬结肠炎的治疗效果,探索更安全有效的治疗药物,以16只中华田园犬作为试验动物制作急性溃疡性结肠炎模型,随机平均分为4组,试验组分别口服PK结肠溶胶囊1颗/kg(正常剂量组)、2颗/kg(2倍剂量组)及柳氮磺吡啶结肠溶胶囊(阳性药物组,1颗/kg),测定给药后犬血液白细胞总数(WBC)、C-反应蛋白(CRP)参数变化,用内窥镜观察肠黏膜愈合状况。结果:2倍剂量组和阳性药物组给药后第4dWBC恢复到正常范围,正常剂量组给药后第7d未恢复到正常范围;2倍剂量组给药后第7dCRP恢复到正常范围,正常剂量组和阳性药物组未恢复到正常范围;内窥镜观察肠黏膜愈合状况疗效最好的是2倍剂量组。结论:PK结肠溶胶囊以2颗/kg剂量治疗犬结肠炎疗效明显,效果优于1颗/kg的正常剂量和柳氮磺吡啶。     

雏鸭胰脏组织损伤在新型鸭肝炎病毒感染过程中的变化特点

对新型鸭肝炎病毒人工感染9日龄樱桃谷雏鸭的胰脏损伤特点进行了研究。对感染雏鸭在接毒后12、24、48、72、96、168h以及14d时胰脏病理组织学变化的观察结果表明：感染雏鸭的胰脏组织在接毒后24h出现胰腺细胞的局灶性坏死及嗜酸性小体，且在接毒后48h分布广泛而严重；接毒后72～168h期间，胰脏组织中出现炎性细胞浸润并且逐渐增多，而胰腺的局灶性坏死及嗜酸性小体逐渐减少；接毒后14d，仅见到组织炎性细胞的浸润。应用透射电镜对接毒后48h胰脏的超微结构观察结果显示，胰腺细胞发生坏死．同时出现凋亡细胞的形态特征。本试验结果表明，在新型鸭肝炎病毒感染雏鸭时，胰脏的局灶性坏死是典型病理变化之一，胰腺细胞在发生坏死的同时，可能也发生凋亡，二者同时出现在同一胰脏组织内。     

马齿苋水提液对DSS诱导结肠炎大鼠的保护作用

为研究马齿苋水提液对试验性结肠炎大鼠的保护作用,利用硫酸葡聚糖钠(DSS)饮水饲喂建立大鼠急性结肠炎模型,每天给予不同浓度马齿苋水提液灌胃7 d后,测定大鼠疾病活动指数(DAI),结肠组织长/重比、结肠组织中髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性及炎性因子(TNF-α和IL-1)的浓度。试验证明马齿苋水提液对DSS诱导的大鼠急性结肠炎有明显的保护作用。     

“动物食品安全”栏目征稿启事

犬结肠炎特征是结肠壁有淋巴细胞、浆细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞和嗜中性粒细胞可变性浸润,所属淋巴结受侵,有全身并发症。分急性结肠炎和慢性结肠炎。见于应激、环境气温剧变、饮食更换、病原菌及寄生虫感染。纯种犬多发,偶尔在猫也发生。所有年龄的犬猫均可发病,但以4个月龄至6岁犬最多见。     

乌司他丁治疗试验犬急性坏死性胰腺炎的病理学试验

为了观察犬急性坏死性胰腺炎(SAP)的组织病理学变化,与乌司他丁治疗组进行比较,探讨乌司他丁对犬急性坏死性胰腺炎的治疗效果。选用18只健康试验犬,分成3组,分别为对照组,低剂量乌司他丁治疗组和高剂量乌司他丁治疗组。3组试验犬通过改良后胰管逆行注射法,造出急性坏死性胰腺炎模型。7 d后,观察各组试验犬胰腺、肝脏、肾脏、脾脏和十二指肠的病理变化。乌司他丁治疗组试验犬各组织病理损伤均轻于对照组,包括胰腺坏死、管型浸润的程度,肝脏细胞坏死程度、脾脏淋巴细胞减少、红髓红细胞浸润情况,肾小管上皮细胞坏死和管腔管型浸润程度,十二指肠杯状细胞增多和淋巴细胞浸润程度。乌司他丁能有效减轻试验犬急性坏死性胰腺炎时胰腺、肾脏、肝脏、脾脏和十二指肠的病理损伤程度,对各脏器具有保护作用。     

人工感染吉氏巴贝斯虫后犬脾脏病理学变化

为了明确吉氏巴贝斯虫感染后犬脾脏的病理学变化，本试验采用静脉接种的方法感染健康犬，每只犬接种含吉氏巴贝斯虫的血液5 mL(红细胞染虫率约2%),接种后每3天采集1次血液，通过血涂片、血常规、PCR等方法监测吉氏巴贝斯虫是否感染成功；每7天采用B超检查脾脏的大小；对发病死亡犬进行病理剖检和组织病理学检查，观察脾脏病理组织结构的变化。结果显示，人工接种吉氏巴贝斯虫3 d后PCR可检测到虫体DNA,6 d后血涂片可见虫体，15 d后血常规指标(红细胞总数、血红蛋白含量和红细胞压积)开始降低。B超检查结果显示，犬感染吉氏巴贝斯虫后其脾门、脾尾厚度随病程延长逐渐增大。于感染后第31、36天和第42天试验犬分别死亡1只，死亡率为50%,剖检死亡犬可见其皮下黏膜黄染，脾脏肿大，被膜紧张，边缘钝圆，脾梗死。组织病理学观察可见脾脏充血，白髓、红髓界限不清，大量中性粒细胞、单核巨噬细胞浸润，结缔组织增生，脾小梁增粗，梗死灶内大面积坏死，淋巴细胞减少，中性粒细胞浸润。由此可见，在吉氏巴贝斯虫感染过程中脾脏首先发生急性炎性脾肿，随着病程延长逐渐演变成坏死性脾炎和慢性脾炎。     

丁酸梭菌-龙眼多糖发酵液对小鼠溃疡性结肠炎的防治作用

试验旨在观察丁酸梭菌-龙眼多糖发酵液预防给药对溃疡性结肠炎（ulcerative colitis，UC）模型小鼠的防治作用。30只SPF级雄性BALB/c小鼠随机分成空白组、模型组和发酵液组，10只/组。按10 mL/kg体重的剂量标准，空白组和模型组灌胃无菌去离子水，发酵液组灌胃丁酸梭菌-龙眼多糖发酵液，灌胃持续7 d。第8天开始，模型组和发酵液组连续7 d自由饮用5%葡聚糖硫酸钠（dextran sulfate sodium，DSS）溶液诱导UC模型，空白组自由饮用无菌水。试验第14天，称量所有小鼠体重，进行疾病活动指数（disease activity index，DAL）评分、临床评分，摘眼球采血后处死并解剖小鼠，取结肠肠段测量长度并进行组织学损伤评分，同时用甲醛固定后制作切片。ELISA检测血清中白细胞介素-6（interleukin-6，IL-6）、IL-10及肿瘤坏死因子-α（tumor necrosis factor-α，TNF-α）含量。结果表明，UC模型造模成功，模型组发病症状明显。与模型组相比，发酵液组小鼠体重下降程度显著降低（P<0.05），DAL评分、临床评分、结肠缩短程度及组织学损伤评分均极显著下降（P<0.01）。发酵液组小鼠结肠组织表现出相对完整的上皮层结构及隐窝，仅有部分炎症细胞侵入上皮组织。ELISA检测结果显示，发酵液组IL-6和TNF-α含量显著低于模型组（P<0.05），IL-10的含量显著高于模型组（P<0.05）。说明丁酸梭菌-龙眼多糖发酵液对DSS诱导的小鼠溃疡性结肠炎具有一定的防治作用，其作用机制可能与降低促炎因子IL-6和TNF-α含量、提升抗炎因子IL-10含量抑制炎症有关。     

Colonic ulceration and increase of neutrophil elastase activity in the acetic acid-induced colitis model in Syrian hamsters

A novel colitis model using Syrian hamsters was developed. Colitis was induced by intracolonic administration of 1% acetic acid, and the ulcer area, tissue myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and luminal neutrophil elastase (NE) activity of the colon were determined at 1, 3, 8, 24 and 48 hr after colitis induction. The histopathological changes of the colon were also examined in this model. An increase of tissue MPO activity and NE activity was evident at 3 hr after induction of colitis, peaked at 24 hr, and decreased subsequently. The increase of luminal NE activity was well correlated with the colonic ulcer area. In histopathological examination, ulceration, erosion, crypt abscesses, neutrophil infiltration, hemorrhage, and edema were seen. The effects of prednisolone were examined to evaluate the adequacy of our colitis model. Syrian hamsters were treated orally with prednisolone at 18 and 1 hr before and at 6 hr after induction of colitis, and the ulcer area, tissue MPO activity, and luminal NE activity were evaluated at 24 hr after colitis induction. Prednisolone therapy had little effect on the tissue MPO activity. However, the NE activity of the prednisolone-treated group was significantly decreased. In addition, although prednisolone did not significantly decrease the ulcer area, a tendency toward decrease was noted. We conclude that this new model of experimental colitis in Syrian hamsters is useful for investigating the pathophysiology of colitis, especially useful for studying the relationship between colitis and NE activity.     

Successful management of histiocytic ulcerative colitis with enrofloxacin in two Boxer dogs

Two Boxer dogs with histologically confirmed histiocytic ulcerative colitis were treated with enrofloxacin, one as sole therapy and one in conjunction with prednisolone, after failure of standard therapy. Clinical remission occurred rapidly in both dogs after commencement of enrofloxacin and in one case where repeat colonoscopy was performed the endoscopic appearance of the mucosa was normal within 2 weeks. Histological examination of the colonic mucosa in this dog after 7 months showed resolution of the cellular infiltration characteristic of histiocytic ulcerative colitis. Histological improvement following therapy in Boxer dogs with histiocytic ulcerative colitis has not been reported previously.     

Alteration of nitrergic neuromuscular transmission as a result of acute experimental colitis in rat

Nitric oxide (NO) is a non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic neurotransmitter found in the enteric nervous system that plays a role in a variety of enteropathies, including inflammatory bowel disease. Alteration of nitrergic neurons has been reported to be dependent on the manner by which inflammation is caused. However, this observed alteration has not been reported with acetic acid-induced colitis. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to investigate changes in nitrergic neuromuscular transmission in experimental colitis in a rat model. Distal colitis was induced by intracolonic administration of 4% acetic acid in the rat. Animals were sacrificed at 4 h and 48 h post-acetic acid treatment. Myeloperoxidase activity was significantly increased in the acetic acid-treated groups. However, the response to 60 mM KCl was not significantly different in the three groups studied. The amplitude of phasic contractions was increased by N^ω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) in the normal control group, but not in the acetic acid-treated groups. Spontaneous contractions disappeared during electrical field stimulation (EFS) in normal group. However, for the colitis groups, these contractions initially disappeared, and then reappeared during EFS. Moreover, the observed disappearance was diminished by L-NAME; this suggests that these responses were NO-mediated. In addition, the number of NADPH-diaphorase positive nerve cell bodies, in the myenteric plexus, was not altered in the distal colon; whereas the area of NADPH-diaphorase positive fibers, in the circular muscle layer, was decreased in the acetic acid-treated groups. These results suggest that NO-mediated inhibitory neural input, to the circular muscle, was decreased in the acetic acid-treated groups.     

卡洛芬注射液抗炎、镇痛效果及皮肤刺激性观察

探讨卡洛芬注射液的抗炎、镇痛作用与皮肤刺激性。以市售托芬那酸注射液为对照药物,抗炎作用采用小鼠耳肿胀法、大鼠踝关节肿胀法,镇痛作用采用小鼠热板法、小鼠醋酸扭体法,刺激性采用兔的皮肤刺激试验考察卡洛芬注射液I、II的抗炎、镇痛作用与刺激性。结果显示,各给药组对二甲苯所致的小鼠耳炎具有明显的抑制作用,且与生理盐水组差异显著(P<0.05);可抑制甲醛所致的大鼠踝关节肿胀,托芬那酸组的肿胀抑制率最高,其次为卡洛芬I组。卡洛芬I组和托芬那酸组在15、30 min时均可有效延长小鼠热板痛阈值;卡洛芬II组没有明显镇痛效果。卡洛芬I组和II组对小鼠扭体的潜伏期没有明显改变,但扭体次数相对较少,扭体抑制率分别为34.7%和17.5%。托芬那酸组第一次扭体的潜伏期较长,扭体抑制率为42.6%。兔的皮肤刺激性试验各给药组均未出现不良反应。卡洛芬I组药效快,抗炎、镇痛效果显著,安全无刺激性,效果优于卡洛芬II组。     

Survey of bacterial microorganisms in the conjunctival sac of clinically normal dogs and dogs with ulcerative keratitis in Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil

OBJECTIVE: The ocular microflora in dogs has not been established in north-east Brazil. Thus, the main aim of this research was to determine the bacterial microorganisms in the conjunctival sac of clinically normal dogs and dogs with ulcerative keratitis in Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil. ANIMALS STUDIED: This study included 60 healthy dogs, 15 dogs with unilateral corneal ulcer, and three dogs with bilateral corneal ulcers. Procedure Samples were taken by a calibrated platinum loop (1 microL) placed directly onto the conjunctival sac and on sterile blood agar. The clinical specimens were incubated at 37 degrees C in an atmosphere of 5% CO2 for 48 h. RESULTS: Of the 120 samples from healthy dogs, only 47 (39%) had positive culture for bacteria, while all of the specimens from eyes with corneal ulcer were positive for bacterial growth. The group of dogs with corneal ulcer had a higher (P < 0.05) number of colony-forming units (CFU) per plate than the group of healthy animals. Of the 59 isolates from healthy eyes, only nine (15.3%) had more than 50 CFU per plate, while in the group of dogs with corneal ulcer, 23 (62.2%) of the 37 isolates presented more than 50 CFU per plate. In both groups Gram-positive bacteria (86.5%) predominated over Gram-negative (13.5%). Staphylococcus spp. was the most frequently isolated genus and S. intermedius predominated in both groups. CONCLUSION: The results of our study are directly applicable to initiate rational, preventive and therapeutic measures with greater accuracy in dogs with corneal ulcer.     

Attempts to produce granulomatous colitis in Boxer dogs with a mycoplasma.

Four of six Boxer dogs with granulomatous colitis had mycoplasmas in the colon and three in the draining lymph node as well. One isolate identical with Mycoplasma strain HRC-689 was inoculated into the colon of five Boxer dogs at eight weeks of age; four controls were inoculated with medium. Animals were killed at two week intervals and examined. The mycoplasma strain produced changes of the colon characterized by lymphocytic infiltration of mucosa, lymphocytic submucosal perivasculitis, and enlargement of colonic lymphoid nodules but granulomatous colitis did not occur. The experimental dogs developed antibodies, and dogs from a kennel with a high prevalence of colitis cases had high antibody titers against strain HRC-689.     

活菌制剂“妈咪爱”中枯草杆菌的分离与应用

通过对枯草杆菌的分离、鉴定以及在临床上的应用,探究其对溃疡性结肠炎的疗效。结果显示,枯草杆菌经灌肠治疗后,小鼠溃疡性结肠炎的厌食、乏力、倦怠等症状消失,结肠功能恢复正常。与常规药物治疗比较,枯草杆菌培养液更有效。该结果表明,枯草杆菌不仅能够调节结肠的生理功能,而且能治疗溃疡性结肠炎。     

The histological appearance of large intestinal biopsies in dogs with clinical signs of large bowel disease.

Colonic and rectal forceps and excision biopsies of 355 dogs with clinical signs of large bowel disease were investigated. Five percent of the forceps biopsies were unsuitable for examination; all excision biopsies were of good quality. Forceps biopsies were obtained from one to eight sites, up to 60 cm cranial from the anus, while excision biopsies, mostly from tumors, were from the rectoanal region. Slight to severe colitis and/or proctitis was found in 192 dogs (54%). A single type of colitis was seen in 160 dogs; in 53 cases the lesions were local, in 107 cases multiple. A combination of different types of colitis was found in 32 dogs. Atrophic colitis, diffuse colitis and canine histiocytic ulcerative colitis were the most prominent findings, followed by ulcerative, superficial and eosinophilic colitis. Follicular, hypertrophic and aspecific granulomatous colitis were found in only a few cases. Tumors were diagnosed in 57 dogs (16%). Of these tumors 50 were of epithelial and seven were of mesenchymal origin. A high percentage (61%) of the epithelial tumors consisted of adenomas of the rectoanal region. In ten other dogs (3%) a differential diagnosis of lymphosarcoma or colitis had to be made. Colitis and colorectal tumors were more prevalent in Boxers, German Shepherds, Poodles, Great Danes and Spaniels. In the Boxers simple chronic colitis, as well as canine histiocytic ulcerative colitis were more frequently found, the latter especially in females. Other biopsy findings were edema, crypt cysts, hemorrhages, an increased number of intraepithelial lymphocytes and an increased or decreased number of goblet cells.     

Establishment and Evaluation of Mouse Model of Ulcerative Colitis

The experiment was aimed to establish mouse model of ulcerative colitis(uc) by screening the optimum concentration of dextran sulfate sodium salt(DSS).Thirty BALB/c mice were randomly assigned to control group, 3.5% DSS group and 5% DSS group, ten mice each group.Mice drank water freely for 5 days, the body weights of everyday were recorded, stool was observed and stool occult blood was tested.After the experiment, the changes of TNF-α, MPO, MDA and GSH were tested, and the colon weight/length ratio was calculated.Compared with control group, the activity of MPO and content of MDA in the experiment groups were significantly increased(P<0.05), and content of GSH was significantly decreased(P<0.05).3.5% and 5% DSS both could successfully establish mouse model of ulcerative colitis.Mice in 5% DSS group had poor mental state, such as lethargy, malaise;Mice in 3.5% DSS group were appropriate, the mice mental was good, MPO, MDA and GSH were significantly different compared with control group(P<0.05), but there were no difference compared with 5% DSS group(P>0.05).So 3.5% DSS was more appropriate than 5% DSS to establish mouse model of ulcerative colitis.     

小鼠溃疡性结肠炎模型的建立与评价

本试验旨在通过筛选葡聚糖硫酸钠盐(DSS)最佳浓度建立小鼠溃疡性结肠炎模型。将30只BALB/c小鼠随机分为对照组、3.5% DSS组、5% DSS组,每组10只。小鼠自由饮水5 d,每天记录小鼠体重,观察粪便性状,测便潜血。试验结束后测血清TNF-α、结肠组织髓过氧化物酶(MPO)、丙二醛(MDA)、还原性谷胱甘肽(GSH)活性变化等指标,计算结肠重量/长度比值。与对照组相比,两试验组结肠组织中MPO活性显著升高(P<0.05),MDA含量显著升高(P<0.05),GSH含量显著降低(P<0.05)。结果表明,两种浓度葡聚糖硫酸钠盐均可造模成功,5% DSS组小鼠精神状态很差,表现嗜睡、萎靡状态,而3.5% DSS组小鼠精神状态良好,且组织中MPO、MDA、GSH与对照组相比均差异显著(P<0.05),与5% DSS组相比差异不显著(P>0.05),因此,选用浓度为3.5% DSS造模更合适。