异壳介虫与鸭四棱线虫病的传播

检查福州市７个鸭场周围水体，发现有３．７％的异壳介虫含分棘四棱线虫感染期幼虫。人工感染试验证实异壳介虫可在鸭群中传播国棱线虫病。调查表明，异壳介虫许区鸭四棱线虫病的主要传播媒介。本文描述感染期四棱线虫特点并从流行病学角度探讨该病的控制方法。     

四种药物对绵羊胃肠道线虫驱除作用的对比试验

应用敌百虫，四咪唑，丙硫咪唑，虫克星４种药物分别对４０只绵羊进行了驱虫对比试验，设置空白对照组，结果表明：虫克星驱虫前，后每克粪便虫卵数（ｅｐｇ）相比差异极显著（Ｐ〈０．０１）；敌百虫组，四咪唑组驱虫后ｅｐｇ与虫克星组驱虫后ｅｐｇ相比差异也极显著（Ｐ〈０．０１），虫克星组驱虫卵转阴率为９０％，虫卵减少率为９７．２％，表明虫克星是一种值得推广的高效抗寄生虫药。而敌百虫，四咪唑，丙硫咪唑的驱虫效果下降     

家蚕病原性微孢子虫孢子表面蛋白的选择性分离与总蛋白比较分析

选择性分离了Ｎｏｓｅｍａｂｏｍｂｙｃｉｓ孢子表面蛋白和总蛋白，采用ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ检测发现，孢子表面蛋白由分子量不同的３种亚基（３２０００、２６０００、２４５００Ｄａ）组成，其总蛋白至少包括２５个条带。同时将从养蚕生产中收集到的两种微粒子ＭＡ－１和ＭＤ－１以及从野外昆虫收集到的微孢子虫Ｐｈａ－Ｍ和Ｈａ－Ｍ与Ｎ．ｂｏｍｂｙｃｉｓ进行了比较，发现不同微孢子虫间蛋白组成有差异。     

猪后圆线虫雌虫日产卵数试验

猪后圆线虫隶属于后圆科（Ｍｅｔａｓｔｒｏｎｇｙｌｉｄａｅ）后圆属（Ｍｅｔａｓｔｒｏｎｇｙｌｕｓ），我县已查明有长刺后圆线虫（Ｍ．ｅｌｏｎｇａｔｕｓ）、复阴后圆线虫（Ｍ．Ｐｕｄａｎｄｏｔｅｃｔｕｓ）、萨氏后圆线虫（Ｍ．ｓａｌｍｉ）［１］３种。成虫寄生...     

家蚕异形微孢子虫与交叉传染

由于检测手段的改进，七十年代初，在日本蚕种生产过程中，发现了一些与家蚕微粒子虫孢子（Ｎｏｓｅｍａ ｂｏｍｂｙｃｉｓ）形态不同的微孢子虫以来，国内外众多学者开展了异型微孢子虫的分离和鉴定工作，发现了许多异形微孢子虫。且多数研究者和蚕种生产者认为，家蚕中分离到的异形微孢子虫主要来源于野外昆虫的交叉传染，我国家蚕微粒子病发生率的上升与野外昆虫的交叉传染关系密切。本文就有关方面的研究作一综合，期望对家蚕微粒子病的防治有所助益。二 异型徽抱子虫 根据目前分舟到的微抱子虫的形态结构、血清学特点、增殖特点、对家…     

家蚕几种病原微孢子虫的比较研究

从不同地区养蚕生产及桑园害虫中分别收集到四种微孢子虫，ＭＡ—１、ＭＤ—１、Ｐｈａ—Ｍ和Ｈａ—Ｍ。从它们孢子的形态、对蚕的致病性、相互间的血清学关系、在蚕体内的寄生部位和引起的组织与细胞病变以及在蚕体内增殖的生活史等方面与典型的家蚕微粒子病病原Ｎｏｓｅｍａｂｏｍｂｙｃｉｓ进行了比较研究。结果表明，ＭＡ—１与Ｎ．ｂｏｍｂｙｃｉｓ相同；Ｈａ—Ｍ可能亦来源于Ｎ．ｂｏｍｂｙｃｉｓ；ＭＤ—１为Ｎ．ｂｏｍｂｙｃｉｓ的形态变异株，定名为Ｎ．ｂｏｍｂｙｃｉｓｍｏｒ．ｖａｒ．；而Ｐｈａ—Ｍ为与Ｎ．ｂｏｍｂｙｃｉｓ不同的种，暂称为Ｎｏｓｅｍａｓｐ。     

白枕鹤胃线虫病的诊治

禽胃线虫病是由四棱属的美洲四棱线虫、分棘四棱线虫等和华首属的旋形华首线虫(旋锐形线虫)、斧钩华首线虫(小钩锐形线虫)等,寄生于禽类的食道、腺胃、肌胃和小肠而引起的一种线虫病,一般多为动物吞食了含有感染性幼虫的中间宿主所致。我园饲养的白枕鹤发生1例旋形华首线虫病,现将有关情况报道如下。1发病情况及临床症状我园涉禽区饲养丹顶鹤6只,白枕鹤4只,灰鹤4只,均为成年。2004年7月底,发现一只白枕鹤精神沉郁,宿立一旁,不愿走动,两翅下垂,羽毛松乱,粪便稀薄呈白色,捉出检查发现机体消瘦,未经治疗死亡。2剖检变化皮下肌肉苍白,无血色。血…     

家蚕微粒子病的PCR诊断技术研究

在ＤＮＡ水平上，以聚合酶链反应（ＰｏｌｙｍｅｒａｓｅＣｈａｉｎＲｅａｃｔｏｎ，ＰＣＲ）技术检测家蚕微孢子虫的结果。设计、合成了两对引物，其中引物Ⅰ是针对家蚕微泡子虫（ＮｏｓｅｍａｂｏｍｂｙｃｉｓＮ．ｂ．）引物Ⅱ是针对变形孢子虫（ＶａｉｒｉｍｏｒｐｈａｎｅｃａｔｒｉｘＶ．ｎ，）的。用这两对引物分别对“桑尺蠖微孢子虫”孢子ＤＮＡ和Ｎ．ｂ．（镇江株）的纯孢子及其感染的幼虫、蛹及蛾的ＤＮＡ进行ＰＣＲ扩增，均获得预期的阳性条带；对不同引物扩增的产物进行了ＤＮＡ序列分析。初步认为引物Ⅰ可作为家蚕微孢子虫Ｎ．ｂ．特异性较高的检测引物，而引物１是微孢子虫共有的检测引物。进一步讨论了对家蚕微孢子的检测及分类上的问题。     

饲料添加剂的奇葩——EM

饲料添加剂的奇葩──ＥＭ中国农业大学倪永珍，李维炯ＥＭ是一种微生态制剂的简称，源于英文有效微生物群（ＥｆｆｅｃｔｉｖｅＭｉｃｒｏＯｒｇａｎｉｓｍｓ）的缩写。它是由日本琉球大学的比嘉照夫教授于８０年代初研制而成的。一般情况下，ＥＭ是液体，其内含有光合细...     

不同细胞培养基细胞培养动力学比较试验

应用宜兴赛尔生物化工厂产１９９、Ｆ－１０、１６４０和ＤＭＥＭ细胞培养基与美国Ｓｉｇｍａ公司产１９９、Ｆ－１０、１６４０和ＤＭＥＭ细胞培养基分别配制细胞培养液，培养ＳＰ２／０和Ｖｅｒｏ细胞系及原代鸡胚成纤维细胞（ＣＥＦ），做细胞培养动力学比较试验。比较这两种来源的细胞培养基对细胞生长的形态、分裂速度及鸡马立克氏病毒（Ｍａｒｅｋ＇ｓｄｉｓｅａｓｅｖｉｒｕｓ．ＭＤＶ）疫苗毒株ＨＶＴ－ＦＣ１２６和ＲｉｓｐｅｎｓＣＶＩ９８８在ＣＥＦ单层上增殖量的差异。研究结果表明，四种国产细胞培养基与对应的四种进口培养基对细胞生长及病毒增殖的影响无显著差异     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Clinical chemistry of companion avian species: a review

Birds have evolved alternate physiologic strategies to contend with dehydration, starvation, malnutrition, and reproduction. Basic anatomic and functional differences between birds and mammals impact clinical chemistry values and their evaluation. Interpretation of the results of standard biochemical analyses, including BUN, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase, gamma glutamyltransferase, bilirubin, ammonia, alkaline phosphatase, cholesterol, bile acids, glucose, albumin, globulins, calcium, phosphorus, prealbumin (transthyretin), fibrinogen, iron, and ferritin, is reviewed and discussed in relation to these physiological differences. The use and interpretation of alternative analytes appropriate for avian species, such as uric acid, biliverdin, glutamate dehydrogenase, and galactose clearance, also are reviewed. Normal avian urine and appropriate use of urinalysis, an integral part of laboratory diagnosis in mammalian species that frequently is omitted from avian diagnostic protocols, is discussed.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Studies on some biochemical characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus of buffalo mammary origin

A total of 49 isolates of Staphylococcus aureus of buffalo mammary origin were studied for biochemical characteristics. Coagulase production, clumping factor, haemolytic activity, pigment production and fermentation of maltose and mannitol were employed to differentiate S. aureus from S. hyicus and S. intermedius. Out of 49 isolates, 97.95, 93.87, 93.87, 89.79, 95.91, 100.0, 95.91, 59.18, 100.0, 100.0, 100.0, 89.79, 91.83 and 100.0% isolates were positive for coagulase production, protein-A production, haemolysin production, thermostable nuclease production, deoxyribonuclease production, tellurite reduction, nitrate reduction, lipase production, phosphatase production, mannitol fermentation, glucose fermentation, M.R. test, V.P. test and pigment production respectively. The only isolate from which coagulase production could not be detected, however, showed haemolytic activity, protein-A productivity, pigmentation and mannitol fermentation. One of the protein-A negative isolate was coagulase positive and showed mennitol fermentation, pigmentation and haemolytic activity. The study revealed that the biochemical characteristics of S. aureus of buffalo mammary origin did not differ from those of cattle origin. Coagulase, haemolysin, thermostable nuclease, deoxyribonuclease, phosphatase, lipase, tellurite and nitrate reduction closely related with protein-A. The presence of protein-A seems to be as reliable an indicator for S. aureus of buffalo origin as is coagulase production.     

几种草坪草和牧草在兰州地区的引种适应性研究

国外引进的6个优良草坪草品种：Bardur(百舵)、Barfina(百妃娜)、Barcotsa、Barkole(百克星)、BarLp95-1和BarPc74及牧草品种——紫花苜蓿三得利(Sanditi)在中国兰州(寒冷半干旱带)进行品种的评定和适应性研究,结果表明：除在气候异常、高温多雨的夏季,Barcorsa表现不佳外,6个草坪草品种适宜在中国寒冷半干旱带推广;紫花苜蓿三得利(Sanditi)的植株高大,产量高、抗寒、抗倒伏,与当地品种相比,优势明显;并且在兰州地区1年刈割4次,可收到更好的增产效果。     

哺乳期犊牛健康管理

哺乳期犊牛是奶牛生命周期的开始,也是奶牛整个生命周期中最为脆弱的阶段,其健康状况可直接影响牧场的可持续发展和经营效率。在哺乳期,犊牛可面临多种疾病的挑战,但消化道疾病和呼吸道疾病是全球奶牛养殖业面临的共性问题。本文对哺乳期犊牛健康状况、初乳管理、犊牛腹泻和呼吸道疾病的管理进行了梳理,并对其防控提出了建议。初乳管理方面分析了影响初乳质量的因素、初乳储存与处理和饲喂管理;犊牛健康管理部分叙述了产圈管理、饲养环境和饲喂方式、营养及饲喂管理、疫苗免疫、通风、疾病早期诊断、应激管理和患犊管理。     

甘肃省CSF、PCV-2、PRRS、PR和PCP的流行病学调查与分析

对甘肃省内规模和散养临床发病猪病料,采用PCR和细菌分离鉴定方法进行CSFV、PR、PRRS和PCV-2四种主要病毒病病原学检测和PCP放线杆菌分离鉴定。5年共检测病死猪病料1213份,CSF、PCV-2、PRRS、PR、PCP的平均阳性率分别为42.8%、34.3%、31.8%、30.2%、33.5%;5年共检测养殖场/户326个,5种病的检出率分别为62.6%、15.3%、14.7%、18.4%、21.5%。养殖场/户猪群疫病的感染以混合感染为主,混合感染占检测病例总数的62.6%,五种病混合感染分别占各自感染例数的为54.9%、92.0%、75.0%、80.0%、82.9%。其中二重感染占80.4%。形式以CSF+PCP、CSF+PR、CSF+PRRS和PCV-2+PRRS居多,CSF单独感染占所有单独感染病例的75.4%。     

Topical treatment of canine and feline pyoderma

Abstract This paper is a review of commonly used topical antibacterial medications: benzoyl peroxide, chlorhexidine, povidone iodine, ethyl lactate, triclosan, mupirocin, neomycin, polymyxin B, bacitracin and fusidic acid. Included is a review of the pharmacokinetics, modes of action, adverse effects and clinical uses in veterinary dermatology. General recommendations for topical antibacterial therapy are presented. Résumé— Cet article est une revue des topiques antibactériens les plus couramment utilisés: peroxyde de benzoyle, chlorhexidine, povidone iodée, lactate d'éthyle, triclosan, mupirocine, néomycine, polymyxine B, bacitracine et acide fucidique. Il inclut notamment une revue des pharmacocinétiques, des modes d'action, des effets secondaires et des indications thérapeutiques de ces produits en dermatologie vétérinaire. Les indications générales du traitement topique antibactérien sont présentées. [Guaguere, E. Topical treatment of canine and feline pyoderma. (Traitement topique des pyodermites canines et félines). Veterinary Dermatology 1996; 7 : 145–151.] Resumen Este articulo es una revisión de los productos tópicos antibacterianos más frecuentemente utilizados: peróxido de benzoilo, clorhexidina, povidona yodada, etillactato, triclosan, mupirocina, neomicina, polimixina B, bacitracina y ácido fusidico. Se incluye una revisión de la farmacocinética, mecanismos de acción, efectos colaterales y sus usos clínicos en dermatologia veterinaria. Se presentan recomendaciones generales para la terapia antibacteriana tópica. [Guaguere, E. Topical treatment of canine and feline pyoderma. (Tratamiento topico de la pioderma canina y felina). Veterinary Dermatology 1996; 7 : 145–151.] Zusammenfassung— Diese Veröffentlichung besteht in einer Übersicht von häufig verwendeten topischen antibakteriellen Arzneimitteln: Benzoylperoxid, Chlorhexidin, Povidon-Jod, Ethyllaktat, Triklosan, Mupirocin, Neomycin, Polymyxin B, Bacitracin und Fusidinsäure. Mit eingeschlossen ist eine Übersicht über Pharmakokinetik, Wirkungsweise, Nebenwirkungen und klinische Anwendung in der Veterinärdermatologie. Allgemeine Empfehlungen für die lokale antibakterielle Therapie werden dargestellt. [Guaguere, E. Topical treatment of canine and feline pyoderma (Lokale Behandlung von kaninen und felinen Pyodermien). Veterinary Dermatology 1996; 7 : 145–151.]     

犬瘟热,细小病毒,腺病毒三联弱毒疫苗的研究

以犬瘟热（ＣＤＶＡ）、猫细小病毒（ＦＰＶ）、犬腺病毒（ＣＡＶ１）三个弱毒株为毒种,用ＳＰＦ鸡胚成纤维细胞、ＣＲＦＫ细胞、ＭＤＣＫ细胞分别增毒制苗,按一定比例与冻干保护剂混合,经冻干工艺精制成冻干三联弱毒疫苗。试验对制苗工艺参数、半成品与成品的检验、疫苗的安全性与免疫原性、疫苗的临床应用等内容进行了研究。结果显示：三联苗对犬、貉、狐等动物预防三种病毒性传染病效果显著。     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.