基因芯片技术及口蹄疫病毒基因芯片研究进展

口蹄疫的暴发与流行给世界各国的畜牧生产、社会经济和国际贸易构成严重威胁并造成巨大的经济损失,经典的血清学和PCR检测方法越来越不适应进出口动物检疫的快速、准确、高通量的要求.建立一种快速的诊断方法,使其在很短时间能够区别各血清型口蹄疫和其他水泡性疾病是非常必要的.口蹄疫病毒基因芯片包括155个寡核苷酸探针,总长35 bp～45 bp,设计在VP3-VP1-2A区,既有共有的病毒型别,也包含特异的血清型别.这项技术的优点是能在单一的芯片上检测多元病原体.     

口蹄疫病毒抗原胶体金试纸条的研究

利用单克隆抗体技术制备抗口蹄疫病毒的单克隆抗体,特异性试验表明其只与O、A、Asia 1型3种血清型FMDV抗原结合。进而采用胶体金标记技术,以胶体金标记的抗口蹄疫病毒单克隆抗体、多克隆血清抗体和葡萄球菌A蛋白为主要材料,研制口蹄疫快速检测试纸条。该试纸条检测O、A、Asia 1型3种血清型灭活口蹄疫病毒均为阳性,检测水疱性口炎病毒、猪水疱病病毒、蓝舌病病毒、猪蓝耳病病毒4种灭活抗原及小反刍兽疫病毒疫苗株均为阴性,试验结果与口蹄疫实时荧光定量RT-PCR方法的完全一致,表明其具有良好的特异性。敏感性试验结果是,试纸条的检测极限为1∶160稀释的样品,其敏感性相当于实时荧光定量RT-PCR方法的1/64。由于试纸条具有操作方便、检测快速等优点,因此该试纸条可以用于大量临床样品的快速检测和现场检测。     

口蹄疫病毒非型特异性检测方法研究进展

口蹄疫病毒非型特异性检测方法避免了口蹄疫不同血清型影响试验的敏感性,可快速简单的诊断口蹄疫病毒,判断免疫效果,检测感染历史等,如口蹄疫非型特异性RT-PCR、口蹄疫3ABC检测、VIA抗原AGID检测等,在口蹄疫防控中有广泛的应用。目前一些新开发的非型特异性检测方法更突出了简便性、快速性的特点,如横流装置(lateral flow device,LFD)可在1min～10min完验,设备只需要一台简单的样品搅拌器,非常适合基层使用。     

沙门菌快速血清分型策略的应用

为建立一种对临床沙门菌株进行快速血清分型的策略，本研究尝试将玻片凝集法和液相芯片法进行联合应用。首先利用玻片凝集法对467株动物源沙门菌进行鉴定，然后对不能直接利用玻片凝集法鉴定血清型的沙门菌采用液相芯片法进行补充鉴定。结果显示，利用玻片凝集法可以直接检测409株沙门菌的O抗原和H抗原，包含49种血清型；结合液相芯片法在1 d内完成了其余58株沙门菌的O抗原和H抗原单因子的鉴定，共涉及10种血清型。结果表明，玻片凝集法具有快速鉴定O抗原优势，液相芯片法具有快速鉴定H抗原优势，2种方法结合应用的策略可以快速、高效地实现沙门菌血清分型的目的，可作为沙门菌血清型快速鉴定方案并予以推广。     

O、A、Asia 1型口蹄疫病毒胶体金定量检测免疫层析方法的建立

旨在建立口蹄疫病毒(foot-and-mouth disease virus, FMDV)抗原血清型的快速分型和定量的检测方法,利用双抗体夹心法,将口蹄疫病毒的兔抗及豚鼠抗体作为标记胶体金与NC膜检测带的原料,分别制备出检测O、A、Asia 1血清型的3种层析试纸卡。通过对标定的抗原标准品146S检测,拟合出定量标准曲线。免疫层析方法的质量验证通过特异性、敏感性、重复性及与蔗糖密度梯度法(sucrose density gradient, SDG)的相关性进行评价。结果显示:建立的快速定量检测方法,3种血清型口蹄疫病毒间无交叉反应,同时与其他非口蹄疫病毒,如塞内卡病毒A型(SVA)、猪水疱病病毒(SVDV)、猪水疱性口炎病毒(VSV)无非特异反应;敏感性研究,对O、A、Asia 1型病毒的最低检出量分别为0.567、0.693、0.219μg·mL^-1,拟合的3条标准曲线的线性相关系数R~2>0.97,新建立方法与蔗糖密度梯度法检测结果的相关系数均>0.9, 3种层析试纸卡的变异系数均小于10%。综上表明,建立的口蹄疫O、A、Asia1型病毒胶体金免疫层析定量检测试纸卡方法,可以用于口蹄疫病毒抗原快速鉴别、血清分型与146S定量检测。     

口蹄疫灭活疫苗免疫效果的影响因素研究

口蹄疫(FMD)是由口蹄疫病毒(FMDV)引起的一种急性、热性、高度接触传染性和可快速远距离传播的动物疫病.口蹄疫病原是口蹄疫病毒,属微核糖核酸病毒科口蹄疫病毒属,有A、O、C、SAT1、SAT2、SA T3以及A sia 1型7个血清型,每个血清型又包含若干个亚型.该病毒不仅在各型间没有交叉免疫性,同血清型的各亚型之间也仅有部分交叉免疫性.本文分析了口蹄疫灭活疫苗免疫效果的影响因素.     

理论知识和防控措施有助于抗击亚洲口蹄疫

口蹄疫O型血清型是东南亚广泛存在、流行最为严重的血清型；A型血清型是所有口蹄疫血清型中最可能发生变异的一种，主要集中在泰国和马来西亚，更倾向于发生在反刍动物种群中；而亚洲血清型1的抗原性在三种流行血清型中最为稳定，主要发生在东南亚的某些国家。     

口蹄疫病毒RT-PCR检测和分型方法的建立及初步应用

参考GenBank中各个血清型口蹄疫病毒3D、vp1、2A基因的标准序列，设计引物P1／P2和S1／S2。建立用于检测口蹄疫病毒及其利用引物S1／S2克隆片段同源性比较而确定血清型的RT-PCR方法。通过敏感性试验检测，2对引物均可以检测到10TCID50的病毒量；特异性试验的检测，2对引物对正常细胞、牛黏膜病病毒、猪瘟病毒、水疱性口炎病毒、牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒的检测结果均为阴性。利用该方法对病牛的流涎液体、水疱液体、舌皮组织、感染犊牛心脏等组织进行检测初步结果显示：该方法可以对O型和AsiaⅠ型口蹄疫病毒进行特异性检测，能够用于口蹄疫急性及亚临床感染的诊断及流行病学调查。     

一种用于口蹄疫病毒实时荧光RT-PCR检测的引物和方法

本文建立了一种用于口蹄疫病毒实时荧光RT-PCR检测的引物和方法。分析所有已报道的口蹄疫病毒通用型基因组序列,分别设计引物和荧光探针,通过实时荧光RT-PCR检测,得到口蹄疫通用型的特异性荧光曲线,可以确定血清型,检测结果准确、可靠。     

液相芯片鉴别检测7种出血性大肠埃希菌血清型

为了建立一种同时检测O157、O26、O45、O103、O111、O121和O145等7种血清型的出血性大肠埃希菌的高通量检测方法,通过筛选比对大肠埃希菌O157血清型的fbE基因,O26、O103和O111血清型的WZX基因,O45、O121和O145血清型的WZY基因,设计了针对各个血清型的特异性引物和探针。通过在所有的特异性引物5′端加入超级引物的策略,达到了通过一次PCR反应,同时多重扩增7个血清型的7个目标片段的效果。将加尾多重扩增与液相芯片高通量检测相结合,建立了同时检测7种血清型的出血性大肠埃希菌的液相芯片检测方法,并对方法检测体系及反应条件进行了优化。所建立的7种出血性大肠埃希菌液相芯片检测方法灵敏,其灵敏度与荧光PCR的灵敏度相差100倍。所建立的方法特异,单个血清型的探针与相应的PCR扩增的阳性产物之间均有特异性的杂交,LQRR值介于17~63之间。7种血清型的混合探针与各个血清型菌株的PCR与扩增的阳性产物之间均有特异性的杂交,LQRR值介于11~23之间,与其他血清型出血性大肠埃希菌和非出血性大肠埃希菌均无交叉反应。试验结果表明,所建立的液相芯片检测大肠埃希菌O157、O26、O45、O103、O111、O121和O145等7个血清型的检测方法具有快速、特异性强、灵敏度高等特点,可用于主要出血性大肠埃希菌的快速鉴别检测。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.     

优质肉鸡S3系体重与体尺性状指标的主成分分析

为研究地方优质肉鸡S3系体重和体尺性状之间的内在相关性,12周龄时选取同一饲养条件下的150只鸡(公母各半)进行体重和体尺性状等7个指标的测定。结果表明:S3系公鸡的体重、体斜长、龙骨长、胸角均显著高于母鸡(P0.05);公母鸡体重、体斜长、胸宽、胫围这4项指标变异系数较大,有较大选育空间;体重与体斜长、龙骨长、胸宽、胸角、胫围呈极显著正相关(P0.01),相关系数分别为0.57、0.52、0.51、0.49和0.47,与胸深、胫长呈显著相关(P0.05),相关系数分别为0.44和0.39;其他各体尺指标间也存在不同程度的正负相关性(P0.05或P0.01);体重和7个体尺性能指标综合成5个复合指标,累计贡献率达92.6355%,其中第l、2、3、4、5主成分分别解释总变异的36.5353%、22.8642%、13.3115%、10.4535%和8.4710%;各主成分的特征根分布较广,经统计计算入选的5个主成分所包含信息的侧重点各有相同,分别都在一定程度上反映了S3鸡的体型特征和生长发育规律,为今后选育出更加符合市场需求的屠宰加工优质型肉鸡指明了的方向。     

Efficacy of tropicamide,homatropine, cyclopentolate,atropine and hyoscine as mydriatics in Angora goats

Abstract

AIM: To document the efficacy of five commercially available mydriatics for their potential for diagnostic and therapeutic use in Angora goats.

METHODS: Over 8 weeks, the mydriatic effects of 1% tropicamide, 2% homatropine, 1% cyclopentolate, 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine were evaluated. Given as block treatments, drugs were applied randomly to one eye of 10 Angora goats, and the contralateral eye served as a control. Vertical and horizontal pupil diameters were measured to document onset ofeffect, time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical/horizontal pupil diameter between eyes, time to maximum pupillary dilation, and duration of mydriatic action.

RESULTS: Onset of mydriasis for all drugs occurred within 15 minutes. Time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical pupil diameter between eyes was shortest for 1% tropicamide and 0.25% hyoscine (0.5 h), then 2% homatropine and 1% atropine (0.75 h), and longest for 1% cyclopentolate (1.5 h). The maximum vertical pupillary dilation occurred earliest with 1% tropicamide and 1% atropine (2 h), followed by 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (4 h), and latest with 1% cyclopentolate (8 h). The duration of vertical dilation of the pupil was shortest with 1% tropicamide (6 h), then 2% homatropine (12 h), 1% cyclopentolate (12 h), 1% atropine (24 h), and longest for 0.25% hyoscine (96 h).

The time to reach maximum horizontal dilation of the pupil in treated eyes was shortest with 1% cyclopentolate (1 h), followed by 1% tropicamide (1.5 h), 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (3.5 h), and 1% atropine (4 h). The duration of horizontal pupil dilation was shortest with 1% tropicamide (4.5 h), and longest with 0.25% hyoscine (48 h).

CONCLUSION: All five mydriatics induced clinical dilation. Tropicamide (1%) had the shortest duration of effect, but gave incomplete dilation. Good dilation was achieved with 1% cyclopentolate and 2% homatropine, but took too long to reach maximum dilation for routine mydriasis. The largest vertical dilation of the pupil was achieved with 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine, but pupils remained dilated for more than 24 h.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: For routine mydriasis in goats, it is recommended that 1% tropicamide be used, though there may be incomplete dilation. For a longer duration of mydriasis, such as in the treatment of anterior uveitis, 1% atropine or 0.25% hyoscine would be the drugs of choice.