PCR检测技术在奶牛结核病鲜乳样本监测中的应用

奶牛结核病是一种严重的人兽共患传染病,为建立可快速评估鲜乳污染状况、追溯传播途径的试验方法,本试验根据牛分枝杆菌基因组合成特异性引物,建立普通PCR方法和实时荧光定量PCR方法,并评价该方法的性能。结果可见,本试验所建立的普通PCR方法和实时荧光定量PCR方法能有效检测牛分枝杆菌目的基因,且均具有较好的敏感性、特异性,可对鲜乳样本进行检测,且实时荧光定量PCR方法比普通PCR方法更敏感。试验结果表明,所建PCR方法可用于鲜乳样本牛分枝杆菌的定性和定量检测,这为鲜乳牛分枝杆菌污染状况和食品安全评估提供重要技术。     

牛传染性鼻气管炎gB基因TaqMan探针及SYBR Green 1荧光定量PCR方法的建立与比较

为建立牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒(IBRV)荧光定量PCR检测方法,本研究利用IBRV g B基因序列设计引物及相应探针,分别建立Taq Man探针与SYBR Green 1荧光定量PCR方法,并对两种方法的敏感性等综合比较。结果显示,SYBR Green 1荧光定量PCR方法的相关系数(R2)为0.998,扩增效率(E)为95.7%;Taq Man探针荧光定量PCR方法的R2为0.999,E为108.3%;两种方法的敏感性均为0.2 TCID50,变异系数均小于3%。综合结果显示,两种检测方法无显著差异。最后,本研究成功建立了检测IBRV的荧光定量PCR,将为IBRV的临床检测提供方法。     

副猪嗜血杆菌荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立

为了建立基于SYBR Green Ⅰ的快速检测副猪嗜血杆菌(HPS)的实时荧光定量PCR方法,参照GenBank公布的HPS的infB基因序列(DQ:781933.1),设计特异性引物;提取HPS基因组,进行PCR扩增,回收目的片段;构建阳性标准模板,建立标准曲线;验证其敏感性、重复性和特异性。结果显示,本试验得到了阳性标准质粒,并建立了标准曲线,线性关系在102copies/μL～108copies/μL检测范围内良好;该方法敏感性达到10copies/μL,比常规PCR高100倍,重复性试验变异系数均小于2.5%,同时对HPS具有良好的特异性。结果表明,本试验建立的副猪嗜血杆菌SYBR GreenⅠ荧光定量PCR检测方法可用于临床对HPS的快速诊断和定量检测。     

多重PCR技术同时检测牛传染性鼻气管炎和赤羽病方法的建立和应用

为满足同时对IBRV和AKAV进行快速诊断的需要,根据牛疱疹病毒1型(BHV 1)gB基因序列和赤羽病病毒(AKAV)的S基因序列,设计了2对针对这2种病毒的特异引物,并建立了多重PCR方法,分别对其最佳反应条件、特异性及敏感性进行了测定,结果表明:该方法能同时扩增得到2条与试验设计相符的311 bp(I BRV)和392 bp(AKAV)特异性条带;IBRV的灵敏度为0.13 pg/25μL,AKAV的灵敏度为1.04 pg/25μL。本试验方法的建立对于加强进出口牛IBRV和AKAV的检验检疫具有十分重要的意义。     

非洲猪瘟病毒K196R基因实时荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立

为建立一种准确、特异、高效、快速的非洲猪瘟病毒定量检测方法,本研究根据非洲猪瘟病毒(African swine fever virus, ASFV)早期表达基因K196R的基因序列,设计了TaqMan荧光定量PCR引物及探针,通过优化退火温度、引物及探针浓度,建立了快速检测ASFV的TaqMan荧光定量PCR检测方法。结果表明,该方法选择的引物具有高度灵敏性和特异性,以构建的重组质粒为标准品建立的TaqMan荧光定量PCR方法的标准曲线具有良好的线性关系(R~2=0.998),对ASFV核酸最低检测下限为1.3拷贝,且与猪伪狂犬病病毒、猪细小病毒、猪圆环病毒2型等多种病原不存在交叉反应。本研究建立的K196R基因实时荧光定量PCR检测方法为非洲猪瘟疫情提供了一种新型、灵敏和特异的早期检测方法。     

猪星状病毒SYBR Green Ⅰ实时荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立与初步应用

本研究旨在建立一种能够快速、简便、灵敏地检测猪星状病毒的基于SYBR GreenⅠ实时荧光定量PCR方法。根据已报道的猪星状病毒ORF2基因序列,设计并合成1对引物,通过PCR扩增ORF2基因片段,将测序正确的ORF2基因片段克隆入pMD18-T载体,转化大肠杆菌DH5α,经测序鉴定后得到阳性重组质粒,作为标准品模板建立SYBR GreenⅠ荧光定量PCR标准曲线和熔解曲线,并对其灵敏性、特异性和重复性进行验证。结果表明,猪星状病毒荧光定量PCR的标准曲线Ct值与模板浓度呈良好的线性关系,熔解曲线特异,灵敏度可达1×101拷贝,是普通PCR检测方法的100倍,特异性和重复性较好。本次建立的猪星状病毒荧光定量PCR检测方法具有快速、简便、敏感等优点,有重要的实用价值。     

鸡钙敏感受体实时荧光定量RT-PCR检测方法的建立

为建立检测鸡钙敏感受体的实时荧光定量PCR检测方法,通过对鸡钙敏感受体保守区的PCR扩增后,连入pMD18-T载体,制备阳性标准品,进行实时荧光定量PCR。通过对扩增曲线、熔解曲线等试验数据进行分析,得出该检测方法具有良好的稳定性和较高的精确度。本研究成功建立了检测鸡心肌组织钙敏感受体mRNA表达的荧光定量PCR方法,为定量研究鸡钙敏感受体mRNA表达及其与相关疾病的关系奠定基础。     

火鸡疱疹病毒荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立及初步应用

本研究针对火鸡疱疹病毒(Herpesvirus of turkey,HVT)FC-126毒株sorf1基因序列,设计特异性的扩增引物和探针,建立了检测HVT的TaqMan荧光定量PCR方法,并对其特异性、敏感性和重复性进行检测。结果表明,建立的荧光定量PCR方法灵敏度高,最低可检测到1×10~2 copies/μL,比普通PCR灵敏10倍;对鸭瘟病毒、传染性喉气管炎病毒、鹅细小病毒、4型禽腺病毒和8型禽腺病毒均无特异性扩增,具有较好的特异性;组间和组内变异系数均小于1%,表明该方法重复性好。用建立的荧光定量PCR方法对82份HVT样品进行检测,结果43份为阳性,普通PCR只检测出30份阳性样品。结果表明本研究建立的HVT TaqMan荧光定量PCR检测方法特异性好,灵敏度高,重要性好,为监测HVT的病毒含量提供了一种有效的手段。     

牛传染性鼻气管炎gE基因TaqMan-MGB与SYBR Green Ⅰ实时荧光定量PCR方法的建立及应用

为建立检测牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒(IBRV)的荧光定量检测方法，本研究根据IBRV gE基因的序列设计了相应的探针和引物，分别建立TaqMan-MGB探针和SYBR GreenⅠ荧光定量PCR方法，并对2种方法进行了综合比较。结果显示，TaqMan-MGB探针和SYBR GreenⅠ定量荧光PCR方法的灵敏度分别达到1.0×10¹ copies/μL和1.0×10² copies/μL;2种荧光定量方法对除IBRV的其他牛病毒和细菌检测结果均为阴性；重复性检测中变异系数均小于2.3%;检测了130份来自西藏的牦牛样品，2种荧光定量PCR阳性检出率均为100%。以上结果表明，2种荧光定量方法都可用于检测IBRV,且TaqMan-MGB荧光定量PCR敏感性高于SYBR GreenⅠ荧光定量PCR。     

TaqMan荧光定量PCR在饲料沙门氏菌检测中的应用评估

为评估Taq Man荧光定量PCR应用于饲料沙门氏菌检测的可行性,本研究以沙门氏菌JEO402-1基因为靶基因,并采用已建立的沙门氏菌Taq Man荧光定量PCR检测方法,进行了特异性、灵敏度、检测限等相关方法学验证。结果显示:Taq Man荧光定量PCR法特异性良好,在饲料加标样本检测中的最低检测限为2×10~(-1)cfu/m L。重复性试验表明,在不同浓度样本中的变异系数均低于1.0%,具有较高的重复性和稳定性。利用该方法和传统培养法对72份饲料样本进行检测,结果显示两种方法检测结果符合率为65.3%,Taq Man荧光定量PCR法阳性检出率比传统培养法高34.7%;传统培养法检测阳性样本,PCR法检测结果均为阳性。以上结果表明,本研究建立的Taq Man荧光定量PCR法可以应用于饲料样本的沙门氏菌检测。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.     

优质肉鸡S3系体重与体尺性状指标的主成分分析

为研究地方优质肉鸡S3系体重和体尺性状之间的内在相关性,12周龄时选取同一饲养条件下的150只鸡(公母各半)进行体重和体尺性状等7个指标的测定。结果表明:S3系公鸡的体重、体斜长、龙骨长、胸角均显著高于母鸡(P0.05);公母鸡体重、体斜长、胸宽、胫围这4项指标变异系数较大,有较大选育空间;体重与体斜长、龙骨长、胸宽、胸角、胫围呈极显著正相关(P0.01),相关系数分别为0.57、0.52、0.51、0.49和0.47,与胸深、胫长呈显著相关(P0.05),相关系数分别为0.44和0.39;其他各体尺指标间也存在不同程度的正负相关性(P0.05或P0.01);体重和7个体尺性能指标综合成5个复合指标,累计贡献率达92.6355%,其中第l、2、3、4、5主成分分别解释总变异的36.5353%、22.8642%、13.3115%、10.4535%和8.4710%;各主成分的特征根分布较广,经统计计算入选的5个主成分所包含信息的侧重点各有相同,分别都在一定程度上反映了S3鸡的体型特征和生长发育规律,为今后选育出更加符合市场需求的屠宰加工优质型肉鸡指明了的方向。     

Efficacy of tropicamide,homatropine, cyclopentolate,atropine and hyoscine as mydriatics in Angora goats

Abstract

AIM: To document the efficacy of five commercially available mydriatics for their potential for diagnostic and therapeutic use in Angora goats.

METHODS: Over 8 weeks, the mydriatic effects of 1% tropicamide, 2% homatropine, 1% cyclopentolate, 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine were evaluated. Given as block treatments, drugs were applied randomly to one eye of 10 Angora goats, and the contralateral eye served as a control. Vertical and horizontal pupil diameters were measured to document onset ofeffect, time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical/horizontal pupil diameter between eyes, time to maximum pupillary dilation, and duration of mydriatic action.

RESULTS: Onset of mydriasis for all drugs occurred within 15 minutes. Time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical pupil diameter between eyes was shortest for 1% tropicamide and 0.25% hyoscine (0.5 h), then 2% homatropine and 1% atropine (0.75 h), and longest for 1% cyclopentolate (1.5 h). The maximum vertical pupillary dilation occurred earliest with 1% tropicamide and 1% atropine (2 h), followed by 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (4 h), and latest with 1% cyclopentolate (8 h). The duration of vertical dilation of the pupil was shortest with 1% tropicamide (6 h), then 2% homatropine (12 h), 1% cyclopentolate (12 h), 1% atropine (24 h), and longest for 0.25% hyoscine (96 h).

The time to reach maximum horizontal dilation of the pupil in treated eyes was shortest with 1% cyclopentolate (1 h), followed by 1% tropicamide (1.5 h), 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (3.5 h), and 1% atropine (4 h). The duration of horizontal pupil dilation was shortest with 1% tropicamide (4.5 h), and longest with 0.25% hyoscine (48 h).

CONCLUSION: All five mydriatics induced clinical dilation. Tropicamide (1%) had the shortest duration of effect, but gave incomplete dilation. Good dilation was achieved with 1% cyclopentolate and 2% homatropine, but took too long to reach maximum dilation for routine mydriasis. The largest vertical dilation of the pupil was achieved with 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine, but pupils remained dilated for more than 24 h.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: For routine mydriasis in goats, it is recommended that 1% tropicamide be used, though there may be incomplete dilation. For a longer duration of mydriasis, such as in the treatment of anterior uveitis, 1% atropine or 0.25% hyoscine would be the drugs of choice.