补中益气丸对糖尿病大鼠胃黏膜MUC1和iNOS表达的影响

观察补中益气丸对糖尿病大鼠胃黏膜胃肠黏蛋白1(MUC1)和诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)表达的影响。大鼠随机分为正常组、模型组和中药组,采用链脲佐菌素(STZ)腹腔注射结合乙醇灌胃的方法建立糖尿病大鼠胃黏膜损伤模型,给药治疗后,于试验第4周、第8周、第12周和第16周分批处死动物,取胃组织作病理检查,计算胃重量指数并应用免疫组织化学法技术检测MUC1和iNOS在胃组织的表达。结果显示,糖尿病大鼠成模率为72%并出现胃黏膜损伤和胃肠功能紊乱,模型组第12、16周胃重量指数下降(P<0.05,P<0.01),中药组胃重量指数在第16周下降(P<0.05);模型组MUC1在第8、12和16周随病程进展而降低(P<0.05,P<0.01),中药组MUC1在第8、16周降低(P<0.05);模型组iNOS在第4周时降低,第8、16周升高(P<0.05),中药组iNOS在第8、12和16周与正常组差异不明显(P>0.05)。结果说明,STZ腹腔注射结合乙醇灌胃的方法可诱导糖尿病大鼠胃黏膜损伤模型,iNOS在糖尿病胃黏膜损伤方面起重要作用,MUC、NOS之间可能存在间接和直接的相互作用,补中益气丸可能通过升高MUC1、降低iN-OS在胃组织表达,阻止胃肠黏膜损伤和糖尿病的进一步发展。     

补中益气丸对糖尿病大鼠NO、PGs、MAN1A1相关胃黏膜损伤的修复

选用SD大鼠建立糖尿病胃黏膜损伤模型,动态观察补中益气丸对糖尿病大鼠NO、α-甘露糖苷酶(MAN1A1)、PGs和AMS的影响,探讨糖尿病状态下胃黏膜损伤的发病机制及补中益气丸的作用.通过比色法和ELISA法检测NO、MAN1A1、PGs和淀粉酶(AMS)动态变化.结果显示,腹腔注射链脲佐菌素(STZ)结合30％乙醇灌胃方法可制作出糖尿病大鼠胃黏膜损伤模型;补中益气丸可显著降低糖尿病大鼠胃黏膜损伤指数,调节血清NO和胃黏膜前列腺素(PGs)含量,升高血清MAN1A1和AMS活性的作用.结果表明,糖尿病状态下胃黏膜损伤的发病机制可能跟糖尿病状态下的NO、MAN1A1、PGs缺陷有关,补中益气丸对以上异常有显著治疗作用,可能是通过促进NO生成、升高MAN1A1活性,因而促进蛋白N-糖基化.     

美洲大蠊提取物Ento-A对大鼠急性胃黏膜损伤的保护作用

为了探究美洲大蠊提取物Ento-A对大鼠急性胃黏膜损伤的保护作用。使用康复新液、西咪替丁、美洲大蠊提取物Ento-A高、低剂量灌胃大鼠,每天1次,连续8 d;末次给药后1 h,灌胃80%乙醇与20 mg/mL水杨酸钠溶液的等体积混合液建立急性胃黏膜损伤模型,90 min后观察胃黏膜损伤情况。酶联免疫法检测血清中PGE_2、COX-2、CRP的水平及胃组织匀浆中TGF-β1的水平。结果显示,与模型对照组比较,康复新液、西咪替丁及美洲大蠊提取物Ento-A能显著降低急性胃炎大鼠血清中COX-2、PGE_2、CRP的表达(P0.01),并能显著提升胃组织匀浆中TGF-β1的水平(P0. 01)。表明美洲大蠊提取物Ento-A可明显减轻大鼠急性胃炎的损伤程度,可能与降低血清PGE_2、COX-2、CRP的水平及升高胃组织匀浆中TGF-β1的水平有关。     

蒲公英提取物对急性肺损伤小鼠iNOS、COX-2mRNA及NF-kB(p65)蛋白表达的影响

研究蒲公英提取物对急性肺损伤(ALI)小鼠炎症介质NO和PGE2的限速酶iNOS和COX-2 mRNA及核转录因子NF-kB (p65)蛋白表达的影响,初步探讨其对ALI小鼠的保护作用机制.采用逆转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)法检测iNOS和COX-2的mRNA表达,Western-blot检测NF-kB (p65)的表达.结果表明蒲公英提取物抑制了ALI小鼠肺组织中iNOS、COX-2 mRNA及NF-kB蛋白的表达,分析其对ALI小鼠的保护作用可能通过此途径完成.     

蒲公英提取物对急性肺损伤小鼠iNOS、COX-2 mRNA及NF-κB(p65)蛋白表达的影响

研究蒲公英提取物对急性肺损伤(ALI)小鼠炎症介质NO和PGE2的限速酶iNOS和COX-2 mRNA及核转录因子NF-κB(p65)蛋白表达的影响,初步探讨其对ALI小鼠的保护作用机制。采用逆转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)法检测iNOS和COX-2的mRNA表达,Western-blot检测NF-κB(p65)的表达。结果表明蒲公英提取物抑制了ALI小鼠肺组织中iNOS、COX-2 mRNA及NF-κB蛋白的表达,分析其对ALI小鼠的保护作用可能通过此途径完成。     

丹翘液对脂多糖诱导RAW264.7细胞炎症相关因子的抑制效应分析

为研究丹翘液的体外抗炎作用及其抗炎机制,利用LPS诱导巨噬细胞建立炎症模型,MTT法检测不同浓度丹翘液对RAW264.7细胞活力影响;NO测试盒检测丹翘液对LPS诱导的NO释放量的影响;ELISA方法检测丹翘液对LPS诱导的TNF-α、IL-6和PGE2分泌的影响;RT-PCR方法检测丹翘液对LPS诱导的TNF-α、IL-6、COX-2和iNOS基因转录的影响;Western blot检测对细胞核内NF-κB p65蛋白表达的影响。结果显示丹翘液小于700μg·mL-1对细胞无毒性作用;丹翘液各剂量组(100、300、600μg·mL-1)能不同程度地抑制LPS诱导的NO、PGE2、TNF-α和IL-6的分泌;能显著抑制iNOS、COX-2、TNF-α和IL-6基因转录和细胞核内NF-κB p65蛋白表达。丹翘液的抗炎作用机制可能与抑制NF-κB通路激活,进而抑制炎症介质和炎性细胞因子的转录和表达有关。     

糖尿病大鼠胃黏膜损伤模型的建立及评价

[目的]对糖尿病大鼠胃黏膜损伤模型进行观察及评价。[方法]采用腹腔注射链脲佐菌素结合30%乙醇灌胃的方法制作糖尿病大鼠胃黏膜损伤模型,动态观察动物临床症状、血糖、体重,以及各器官的重量指数和病理变化。[结果]糖尿病模型和糖尿病大鼠胃黏膜损伤模型的成模率分别为84%和64%;模型组动物普遍消瘦,心、肝、脾、胰各器官的重量下降,胰腺重量指数在第4周时下降,心、肝、肾重量指数在各时间点均上升,与正常组比较差异极显著(P<0.01);模型组大鼠的胰腺、胃、肾脏都出现了病理变化。[结论]采用腹腔注射链脲佐菌素结合30%乙醇灌胃的方法可成功诱导糖尿病大鼠胃黏膜损伤模型。     

7S β-伴大豆球蛋白通过NF-κB信号通路引起IPEC-J2细胞的炎性反应

采用细胞体外培养技术,研究不同浓度7Sβ-伴大豆球蛋白对猪小肠上皮细胞(IPEC-J2细胞)的影响。试验分为A、B、C、D、E、F 6组,其中A为对照组,其余各组中分别添加1、5、10、5、5 mg·mL^-1的β-伴大豆球蛋白,并且在E和F组分别添加1μmol·L^-1 NF-κB(PDTC)和iNOS(L-NAME)抑制剂。用CCK-8法检测各组细胞存活率,用ELISA法检测细胞NO、DAO、5-HT、IL-6和IL-10含量,用Western blot法检测细胞p-NF-κB p65、iNOS、COX-2的蛋白表达量,用qPCR法检测细胞NF-κB p65、IKKβ、iNOS、IKKα、COX-2 mRNA的相对转录量。结果显示:β-伴大豆球蛋白降低IPEC-J2细胞存活率,添加PDTC和L-NAME增高IPEC-J2细胞存活率,促进NO、DAO、5-HT和IL-6的分泌,并降低IL-10的分泌,同时增加p-NF-κB p65、iNOS、COX-2的蛋白表达量及NF-κB p65、IKKβ、iNOS、IKKα、COX-2 mRNA的相对转录量,添加PDTC和L-NAME后抑制了β-伴大豆球蛋白的作用。结果表明,β-伴大豆球蛋白引起IPEC-J2细胞损伤,随浓度增大损伤增加,PDTC和L-NAME可以降低β-伴大豆球蛋白对细胞的作用。     

PYY~(3-36)对LPS诱导的BV-2细胞中促炎酶类及促炎细胞因子的影响

为明确酪酪肽(peptide YY,PYY~(3-36))对脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)诱导的BV-2细胞中促炎细胞因子及促炎蛋白酶类的影响,本试验用不同浓度的PYY~(3-36)预处理后,再用LPS刺激BV-2细胞,利用MTT法检测PYY~(3-36)的细胞毒作用;分别用荧光定量RT-PCR和Western blot方法检测促炎细胞因子(IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α)及促炎蛋白酶类(iNOS和COX-2)基因水平和蛋白水平表达变化;分别利用NO检测试剂盒和ELISA试剂盒检测iNOS和COX-2的主要产物NO和PGE2;利用PCR方法检测PYY~(3-36)受体表达情况。结果显示,PYY~(3-36)(10-9~10-11 mol/L)呈浓度依赖性抑制LPS在BV-2细胞中诱导的促炎细胞因子和促炎蛋白酶类的基因和蛋白水平,并能浓度依赖性抑制NO和PGE2。PCR结果表明BV-2细胞中PYY~(3-36)受体Y1、Y2、Y5和Y6表达明显,并且LPS刺激后Y2R受体表达增加。表明PYY~(3-36)在BV-2细胞中能抑制LPS诱导的促炎细胞因子和促炎蛋白酶类的表达以及促炎酶类产物的生成,这个过程可能涉及到其受体Y2。     

SD大鼠2型糖尿病动物模型的建立及胰腺组织SUR1 mRNA的表达

[目的]链脲佐菌素（streptozotocin,STZ）结合高糖高脂饮食诱导建立2型糖尿病大鼠模型,检测体重、血糖、胰岛素、胰岛素敏感指数（ISI）、胰腺组织SUR1 mRNA表达的变化。[方法]30只健康雄性SD大鼠随机分为模型组（20只）、空白组（10只）。模型组喂饲高糖高脂饲料4周后,用STZ 30mg/（kg·bw）一次性左下腹腔注射。检测注射STZ后第1周、第4周、第8周、第12周空腹体重、血糖、胰岛素、胰岛素敏感指数等指标,进行统计分析。剖杀大鼠,取胰腺,RT-PCR方法检测胰腺组织SUR1 mRNA的表达。[结果]动物成模率为75%。注射STZ后1、4、8、12周,模型组血糖值均明显升高,与空白组比较,P〈0.01;ISI均明显降低,与空白组比较,P〈0.01。模型组SUR1 mRNA表达显著低于对照组（P〈0.05）。[结论]STZ一次性左下腹腔注射结合高糖高脂饮食可成功诱导2型糖尿病大鼠模型。SUR1 mRNA的降低可能是糖尿病发病的分子机制之一。     

Melatonin regulates nitric oxide synthase expression in ischemic brain injury

Nitric oxide (NO) is produced by three NO synthases (NOS), iNOS, eNOS, and nNOS. Production of NO by iNOS plays key roles in neurodegeneration, while eNOS is a protective enzyme. This study investigated the neuroprotective effect of melatonin and the levels of NOS isoforms induced by melatonin in ischemic brain injury. Adult male rats were treated with melatonin (5 mg/kg) or vehicle prior to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Brain samples were collected at 24 hr after the onset of occlusion. Results confirmed that melatonin significantly reduces infarct area. Western blot analysis was used to evaluate the expression levels of iNOS, eNOS, and nNOS. The level of iNOS and nNOS increased in vehicle-treated animals, while melatonin prevented injury-induced increase of iNOS. In contrast to iNOS levels, eNOS levels decreased in vehicle-treated animals, while melatonin prevented the injury-induced decrease of eNOS. This study provides further evidence that melatonin exerts neuroprotective effects, and the regulation of NOS isoforms by melatonin may contribute to the neuroprotective effects.     

In vivo effects of meloxicam and aspirin on blood,gastric mucosal,and synovial fluid prostanoid synthesis in dogs

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate in vivo activity in dogs of meloxicam or aspirin, previously shown in vitro to be a selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor (COX-1 sparing drug), or a nonselective COX inhibitor, respectively. ANIMALS: 12 male dogs with unilateral osteoarthritis of the stifle joint. PROCEDURE: Each dog was treated in a crossover design with aspirin or meloxicam for 21 days. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) concentrations were measured at days 0 (baseline), 7, and 21 of each treatment period in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated blood, synovial fluid collected by arthrocentesis, and endoscopic gastric mucosal biopsy specimens. Thromboxane B2 (TXB2) was evaluated in blood on days 0, 7, and 21 of each treatment period. RESULTS: Aspirin administration significantly suppressed PGE2 concentrations in blood, gastric mucosa, synovial fluid, and suppressed TXB2 concentration in blood at days 7 and 21. Meloxicam administration significantly suppressed PGE2 concentrations in blood and synovial fluid at days 7 and 21, but had no effect on concentrations of TXB2 in blood or PGE2 in gastric mucosa. Suppression of LPS-stimulated PGE2 concentrations in blood and synovial fluid by aspirin and meloxicam administration is consistent with activity against the COX-2 isoenzyme. Suppression of concentrations of PGE2 in the gastric mucosa and TXB2 in blood by aspirin administration is consistent with activity against COX-1. Meloxicam, in contrast, had a minimal effect on functions mediated by COX-1. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Meloxicam acts in vivo in dogs as a COX-1 sparing drug on target tissues by sparing gastric PGE2 synthesis while retaining antiprostaglandin effects within inflamed joints.     

Bradykinin stimulates prostaglandin E2 production and cyclooxygenase activity in equine nonglandular and glandular gastric mucosa in vitro

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: There are few data available regarding regulation of prostaglandin (PG) generation by equine gastric mucosae and the role of the cyclooxygenase (COX) isoforms in their production. OBJECTIVES: To: 1) characterise and quantify PGE2 output in vitro; 2) examine the sensitivity of PGE2 production to exogenous bradykinin (BK) exposure; 3) determine the contribution of the COX-1 and COX-2 pathways to basal and BK-stimulated PGE2 production; and 4) measure if BK influences electrogenic ion transport in equine gastric mucosae in vitro. METHODS: Full thickness gastric sheets were obtained from horses at post mortem, stripped of muscle layers and mounted in Ussing chambers. Tissues were exposed to bradykinin (BK, 0.1 micromol/l) either alone, or following pretreatment with a selective COX-2 inhibitor (NS-398, 1 micromol/l) or a nonselective COX inhibitor (piroxicam, 1 micromol/l), or were untreated. RESULTS: BK administration increased PGE2 output from the basolateral but not the apical faces of both tissue types. Piroxicam, but not NS-398, reduced basolateral PGE2 release below control levels in both tissue types. Both piroxicam and NS-398 pretreatment inhibited BK-stimulated PGE2 release. In separate experiments, BK was without effect upon electrophysiological parameters of tissues mounted in Ussing chambers. CONCLUSIONS: PGE2 is produced by the nonglandular and glandular equine gastric mucosae in vitro. Significantly more PGE2 is released basolaterally than apically. BK stimulated the production of PGE2 from the basolateral side of both tissue types. These findings suggest that COX-1 is a significant pathway for basal PGE2 production from the basolateral faces of both nonglandular and glandular equine gastric mucosae in vitro.     

In vivo effects of carprofen, deracoxib, and etodolac on prostanoid production in blood, gastric mucosa, and synovial fluid in dogs with chronic osteoarthritis

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate in vivo activity of carprofen, deracoxib, and etodolac on prostanoid production in several target tissues in dogs with chronic osteoarthritis. ANIMALS: 8 dogs with chronic unilateral osteoarthritis of the stifle joint. PROCEDURE: Each dog received carprofen, deracoxib, or etodolac for 10 days with a 30- to 60-day washout period between treatments. On days 0, 3, and 10, prostaglandin (PG) E2 concentrations were measured in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated blood, synovial fluid, and gastric mucosal biopsy specimens; PGE1 concentrations were measured in gastric mucosal biopsy specimens; and thromboxane B2 (TXB2) was evaluated in blood. RESULTS: Carprofen and deracoxib significantly suppressed PGE2 concentrations in blood at days 3 and 10, compared with baseline, whereas etodolac did not. None of the drugs significantly suppressed TXB2 concentrations in blood or gastric PGE1 synthesis at any time point. All 3 drugs significantly decreased gastric synthesis of PGE2 at day 3 but not day 10 of each treatment period. All 3 drugs decreased synovial fluid PGE2 concentrations in the affected and unaffected stifle joints at days 3 and 10. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results indicate that carprofen and deracoxib act in vivo on target tissues as COX-1-sparing drugs by sparing gastric PGE1 and PGE2 synthesis and production of TXB2 by platelets. Etodolac also appears to be COX-1 sparing but may have variable effects on COX-2 depending on the tissue. In gastric mucosa and synovial fluid, there were no significant differences in PG production between compounds at recommended concentrations.     

Increased expression of both constitutive and inducible forms of nitric oxide synthase in the delayed phase of acute experimental testicular torsion

To elucidate the roles of both constitutive endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and neuronal NOS (nNOS), and inducible NOS (iNOS) in acute experimental testicular torsion, the expression of iNOS and constitutive eNOS and nNOS were studied in the rat testis with ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Western blot analysis showed that all three isoforms of NOS increased significantly at 24-48 hr after I/R and declined slightly thereafter. After I/R, immunoreactivity for both iNOS and nNOS was detected, mainly in the interstitial space around damaged tubules, while germ cells in the damaged tubules were immunostained intensely for eNOS. We postulate that increased expression of the three NOS isoforms in the testis after I/R, which might generate nitric oxide, affects delayed germ cell death following I/R via paracrine or autocrine fashion.     

Dietary conjugated linoleic acid enhances spleen PPAR-gamma mRNA expression in broiler chicks

1. The anti-inflammatory effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on broilers repeatedly challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were investigated. 2. Day-old broiler chicks were allotted into three treatment groups and fed on a control diet or diets containing 5.0 or 10.0 g CLA/kg diet. Six chicks from each treatment were injected with LPS (0.25 mg/kg body weight) at 16, 18 and 20 d of age. Splenic cyclooxygenase (COX) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activities, and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) and nitric oxide (NO) production as well as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) mRNA expression were measured at 21 d of age. 3. Chicks fed 10.0 g CLA/kg diet had lower COX activities and PGE(2) production that the controls. Dietary CLA (10.0 g/kg) did not significantly diminish LPS-induced enhancement of COS-2 activity, inhibited the subsequent increase in PGE(2) production. 4. Regulation of COX-1 activity contributed to the difference in PGE(2) production. 5. CLA did not markedly attenuate the increase of iNOS activity and NO production caused by LPS challenge. Chicks fed CLA had lower iNOS activity and NO production than the controls. 6. Dietary CLA activated splenic PPAR-gamma mRNA expression and increased PPAR-gamma mRNA expression after LPS injection. 7. These results suggest that dietary CLA has immunomodulatory effects in the spleen by restricting basal PGE(2) and NO to lower levels and enhancing PPAR-gamma mRNA expression. During the inflammatory response, dietary CLA did not alleviate the increase in COX-2 and iNOS activities but enhanced PPAT-gamma mRNA expression.     

Preferential and non-selective cyclooxygenase inhibitors reduce inflammation during lipopolysaccharide-induced synovitis

Synovitis in horses is frequently treated by administration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which inhibit cyclooxygenase isoforms (COX-1 and COX-2). Constitutively expressed COX-1 is involved in physiologic functions such as maintenance of gastric mucosal integrity, whereas COX-2 is up-regulated at sites of inflammation. Thus, COX-2 inhibitors reduce inflammation with reduced gastrointestinal side effects as compared to non-selective COX inhibitors. The objective of the present study was to compare the anti-inflammatory effects of the preferential COX-2 inhibitor etodolac with the non-selective COX inhibitor phenylbutazone in horses with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced synovitis. Three groups of horses (n=6) received no treatment, phenylbutazone (4.4 mg/kg, IV, q12h), or etodolac (23 mg/kg, IV, q12h), respectively, 2-h following injection of LPS into one middle carpal joint. Synovial fluid was analyzed for white blood cell (WBC) count, and TXB2 and PGE2 levels. Phenylbutazone and etodolac significantly reduced WBC count 6 and 24-h following injection of LPS compared to untreated horses. In addition, both drugs significantly reduced PGE2 levels (P<0.05) 6-h following LPS injection, whereas the probable COX-1 prostanoid TXB2 was significantly reduced by phenylbutazone (P<0.05), but not etodolac. Etodolac may serve as a more selective anti-inflammatory agent than phenylbutazone for treatment of equine synovitis.     

Immunohistochemical Expressions of Main PGE(2) Biosynthesis-related Enzymes and PGE(2) Receptor in Rat Nephrogenesis

Endogenous prostaglandin (PG) E(2) plays important roles in renal homeostasis. Immunoexpressions of PGE(2) biosynthesis-related enzymes, cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and microsomal PGE(2) synthetase (mPGES)-1 and EP4 (a PGE(2) receptor), were investigated in renal development. Kidney tissues were obtained from fetuses on gestation days 18 and 21 and neonates on days 1 to 18. In fetuses and early neonates, the expressions of COX-2, mPGES-1 and EP4 were observed in developing renal tubules, indicating that COX-2 and its product, PGE(2), play important roles in blastemal cell-derived renal tubular development via EP4. Cyclin D1 expression was seen in both the nucleus and cytoplasm of the developing tubules. These findings differed from the decreased COX-2 expression and exclusive nuclear expression of cyclin D1 seen in abnormal epithelial regeneration of injured renal tubules in cisplatin-treated rats in our previous articles. Collectively, PGE(2), induced by COX-2, regulates renal tubular epithelial formation via EP4.     

一氧化氮合酶在猪早期胚胎发育中表达的初步研究

本研究运用分子生物学手段探究了一氧化氮(NO)在猪早期胚胎发育过程中的表达情况及其相关的规律。应用RT-PCR方法将猪各发育阶段的早期胚胎的内皮型一氧化氮合酶(eNOS)和诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS）进行检测,然后对产物进行半定量分析。结果表明,iNOS在猪早期胚胎发育的整个过程中都有表达,其相对表达量随着胚胎发育进程呈现上升的趋势,在桑葚/囊胚阶段达到最高;eNOS仅仅是在2-细胞期和4-细胞期有表达,其相对表达量在2～4-细胞期间的差异不明显;在猪2～4-细胞胚胎发育过程中,iNOS的相对表达量高于eNOS的相对表达量。结果表明,在猪早期胚胎发育中NO的产量主要由iNOS调节。     

In vivo effects of tepoxalin, an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase, on prostanoid and leukotriene production in dogs with chronic osteoarthritis

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate in vivo effects of tepoxalin, an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX), on prostaglandin (PG) and leukotriene production in osteoarthritic dogs. ANIMALS: 7 mixed-breed adult dogs with chronic unilateral arthritis of a stifle joint. PROCEDURE: Dogs were treated in accordance with a randomized 3-way crossover design. Each dog received an inert substance, meloxicam, or tepoxalin for 10 days. On day 0 (baseline), 3, and 10, dogs were anesthetized and samples of blood, stifle joint synovial fluid, and gastric mucosa were collected. Concentrations of PGE2 were measured in synovial fluid and after lipopolysaccharide stimulation of whole blood; PGE1 and PGE2 synthesis was measured in gastric mucosa.Thromboxane B2 (TxB2) concentration was measured in whole blood. Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) concentration was determined in gastric mucosa and in whole blood after ex vivo stimulation with a calcium ionophore. RESULTS: Tepoxalin significantly decreased LTB4 concentrations in the blood and gastric mucosa at day 10 and TxB2 concentrations in the blood and PGE2 in the gastric mucosa and synovial fluid at days 3 and 10, compared with baseline values. Meloxicam significantly decreased PGE2 concentrations in the blood at days 3 and 10 and synovial fluid at day 3. Meloxicam also decreased PGE1 and PGE2 synthesis in the gastric mucosa at day 3. Meloxicam did not affect LTB4 synthesis in the blood or LTB4 concentrations in the gastric mucosa. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Tepoxalin has in vivo inhibitory activity against COX-1, COX-2, and 5-LOX in dogs at the current approved recommended dosage.