Concentration of Serum Transferrin in Sick Horses and its Relationship to Serum Albumin Content

Studies of transferrin (Tf) concentration in sera of sick horses were carried out using Mancini’s immunodiffusion technique. Relative values against a chosen reference serum were determined for a total of 112 horses.Horses with acute infections had Tf values significantly below the normal. The lowest individual Tf value in this group (46%) was found in a six-months-old foal with temperature 41°C and watery diarrhoea.Horses suffering from acute laminitis also had decreased Tf values. The lowest value in the whole material (45%) was found in a horse belonging to this group.There was a positive correlation between the Tf value and the albumin content in serum.     

应用除草剂灭除天然草地毒草对下层植被影响初报

在天然低地草甸上使用除草剂灭除害草光果大戟,试验结果表明,不同浓度的除草剂对草地地上植物生物量产生不同程度的影响,适宜浓度的除草剂能效地灭毒草,提高退化草地植被优良牧草含量和产量。     

高锰酸钾在林蛙人工饲养中安全使用浓度的试验研究

将中国林蛙浸于 7种不同浓度梯度的高锰酸钾溶液中 ,以印证林蛙对高锰酸钾的耐受力 ,指导在养蛙生产中高锰酸钾的安全使用浓度。结果表明 ,0 0 1%～ 0 0 2 %的高锰酸钾为安全浓度 ;0 0 2 %为疾病预防浓度 ;0 0 3%为治疗浓度 ,高于 0 0 3%使林蛙全部致死     

The effect of hypovolemia due to hemorrhage on the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in the dog

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of hypovolemia on the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of isoflurane in the dog. STUDY DESIGN: Randomized, cross-over trial. ANIMAL POPULATION: Six healthy intact mixed breed female dogs weighing 18.2-29.0 kg. METHODS: Dogs were randomly assigned to determine the MAC of isoflurane in a normovolemic or hypovolemic state with a minimum of 18 days between trials. On both occasions, anesthesia was initially induced and maintained for 40 minutes with isoflurane delivered in oxygen while vascular catheters were placed in the cephalic vein and dorsal metatarsal artery. In dogs assigned to the hypovolemic group, 30 mL kg(-1) of blood was removed at 1 mL kg(-1) minute(-1) from the arterial catheter. All dogs were allowed to recover from anesthesia. Thirty minutes after the discontinuation of isoflurane, anesthesia was re-induced with isoflurane in oxygen delivered by face mask. The tracheas were intubated, and connected to an anesthetic machine with a Bain anesthetic circuit. Mechanical ventilation was instituted at a rate of 10 breaths minute(-1) with the tidal volume set to deliver 10-15 mL kg(-1). Airway gases were monitored continuously and tidal volume was adjusted to maintain an end-tidal carbon dioxide level of 35-40 mmHg (4.67-5.33 kPa). Body temperature was maintained at 37-38 degrees C (98.6-100.4 degrees F). The MAC determination was performed using an electrical stimulus applied to the toe web and MAC was defined as the mean value of end-tidal isoflurane between the concentrations at which a purposeful movement did and did not occur in response to the electrical stimulus. The MAC values were compared between groups using a Student's t-test. RESULTS: The MAC of isoflurane was significantly less in hypovolemic dogs (0.97 +/- 0.03%) compared with normovolemic dogs (1.15 +/- 0.02%) (p < 0.0079). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The MAC of isoflurane is reduced in dogs with hypovolemia resulting from hemorrhage. Veterinarians should be prepared to deliver a lower percentage of isoflurane to maintain anesthesia in hypovolemic dogs during diagnostic and therapeutic procedures.     

华北山地阳坡中生灌草植被对CO2浓度和温度变化的光合响应

利用便携式光合气体分析系统(LI-6400),从全球变化的角度分析华北山地阳坡灌草植被群落中5种具有代表性的植物光合特征对CO2浓度和温度变化的响应.结果表明:随着温度的升高,狗尾草Setaria viridis和龙牙草Agrimonia pilosa净光合速率呈明显增大趋势,在华北山地阳坡灌草群落中具有较强的竞争力,而达乌里胡枝子Lespedeza davurica的净光合速率对CO2的响应值降低,在环境温度升高的条件下不利于其光合产物的积累.     

Susceptibility of canine and feline bacterial pathogens to pradofloxacin and comparison with other fluoroquinolones approved for companion animals

In this study, 908 bacterial pathogens from defined infections of dogs and cats were tested for their susceptibility to the novel fluoroquinolone pradofloxacin, which was approved in 2011 for use in cats and dogs. Most of the bacteria tested (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, Escherichia coli, β-haemolytic streptococci, Pasteurella multocida and Bordetella bronchiseptica) exhibited low pradofloxacin MIC₉₀ values of ≤0.25 μg/ml. Solely Proteus spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa had higher MIC₉₀ values of ≥4 μg/ml. Only six (3.4%) of 177 S. pseudintermedius and 12 (5.3%) of 227 E. coli isolates showed pradofloxacin MICs of ≥2 μg/ml. Analysis of the quinolone resistance determining regions of the target genes identified double mutations in GyrA that resulted in amino acid exchanges S83L + D87N or S83L + D87Y and single or double mutations in ParC that resulted in amino acid exchanges S80I or S80I + E84G in all 12 E. coli isolates. The six S. pseudintermedius isolates exhibited amino acid exchanges S84L or E88K in GyrA and S80I in GrlA. Comparative analysis of the MICs of pradofloxacin and the MICs determined for enrofloxacin and its main metabolite ciprofloxacin, but also marbofloxacin, orbifloxacin, difloxacin and ibafloxacin was conducted for the target pathogens S. pseudintermedius, E. coli and P. multocida. This comparison confirmed that pradofloxacin MICs were significantly lower than those of the other tested fluoroquinolones.     

SPF鸡屏障系统净化技术研究

本文从理论上较为系统地对SPF鸡实验动物房的净化管理技术进行研究,对净化原理,洁净度、压力梯度以及该动物房各个部位、洁净室的风量风速、压力损失和静压差进行了分析和计算,使读者对SPF鸡屏障系统有了较清晰的认识。希望对相关净化管理人员有一定的参考价值。     

三种药物对西施舌稚贝的急性毒性研究

在常温静水条件下,进行敌百虫、甲醛和鳗菌净对西施舌稚贝的急性毒性试验。结果表明:敌百虫、甲醛和鳗菌净对西施舌稚贝的24hLC50分别为26.75mg/L、54.25mg/L、1.47mg/L,其安全浓度分别为0.27mg/L、0.54mg/L、0.01mg/L。本文探讨如何有效地使用药物杀灭西施舌稚贝的敌害生物,以保证西施舌人工育苗成功。     

Concentration of Serum Prealbumin (Pr) Protein in Sick Horses and Its Correlation to Blood Leucocyte Count and Albumin Content in Serum

Studies of Pr protein concentrations in sera of sick horses were carried out using Mancini et al.’s (1965) immunodiffusion technique. Relative values against a chosen standard of 100 % were determined for a total of 102 horses. Horses with acute infections had Pr protein values significantly above the normal. The highest individual Pr protein value recorded in this group was 202. Horses suffering from acute laminitis and malignant tumours also had increased Pr protein values.There was a positive correlation between the Pr protein value and the blood leucocyte count and a negative correlation between the Pr protein value and the albumin content in serum.     

The effect of midazolam on the end-tidal concentration of isoflurane necessary to prevent movement in dogs

ObjectiveTo determine the possible additive effect of midazolam, a GABA_A agonist, on the end-tidal concentration of isoflurane that prevents movement (MAC_NM) in response to noxious stimulation.Study designRandomized cross-over experimental study.AnimalsSix healthy, adult intact male, mixed-breed dogs.MethodsAfter baseline isoflurane MAC_NM (MAC_NM-B) determination, midazolam was administered as a low (LDS), medium (MDS) or high (HDS) dose series of midazolam. Each series consisted of two dose levels, low and high. The LDS was a loading dose (Ld) of 0.2 mg kg^?1 and constant rate infusion (CRI) (2.5 μg kg^?1 minute^?1) (LDL), followed by an Ld (0.4 mg kg^?1) and CRI (5 μg kg^?1 minute^?1) (LDH). The MDS was an Ld (0.8 mg kg^?1) and CRI (10 μg kg^?1 minute^?1) (MDL) followed by an Ld (1.6 mg kg^?1) and CRI (20 μg kg^?1 minute^?1) (MDH). The HDS was an Ld (3.2 mg kg^?1) and CRI (40 μg kg^?1 minute^?1) (HDL) followed by an Ld (6.4 mg kg^?1) and CRI (80 μg kg^?1 minute^?1) (HDH). MAC_NM was re-determined after each dose in each series (MAC_NM-T).ResultsThe median MAC_NM-B was 1.42. MAC_NM-B did not differ among groups (p >0.05). Percentage reduction in MAC_NM was significantly less in the LDS (11 ± 5%) compared with MDS (30 ± 5%) and HDS (32 ± 5%). There was a weak correlation between the plasma midazolam concentration and percentage MAC_NM reduction (r = 0.36).Conclusion and clinical relevanceMidazolam doses in the range of 10–80 μg kg^?1 minute^?1 significantly reduced the isoflurane MAC_NM. However, doses greater than 10 μg kg^?1 minute^?1 did not further decrease MAC_NM indicating a ceiling effect.     

湟源县黄牛血钾浓度的测定

采用火焰光度计法测定了湟源县日月乡黄牛４０份血样的血钾浓度。测定结果为：全血钾浓度９．１６ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ；红细胞钾浓度１９．７９ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ；血清钾浓度４．３５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ。全血钾浓度和红细胞钾浓度呈显著的正相关关系（ｒ＝０．９４４１Ｐ＜０．００１）     

The effect of fentanyl on the end‐tidal sevoflurane concentration needed to prevent motor movement in dogs

ObjectiveThe objectives of this study were to determine the effects of fentanyl on the end-tidal concentration of sevoflurane needed to prevent motor movement (MAC_NM) in response to noxious stimulation, and to evaluate if acute tolerance develops.Study designRandomized cross-over experimental study.AnimalsSix healthy, adult (2–3 years old), intact male, mixed-breed dogs weighing 16.2 ± 1.1 kg.MethodsSix dogs were randomly assigned to receive one of three separate treatments over a 3 week period. After baseline sevoflurane MAC_NM (MAC_NM-B) determination, fentanyl treatments (T) were administered as a loading dose (Ld) and constant rate infusion (CRI) as follows: T1-Ld of 7.5 μg kg^?1 and CRI at 3 μg kg^?1 hour^?1; T2-Ld of 15 μg kg^?1 and CRI at 6.0 μg kg ^?1 hour^?1; T3-Ld of 30 μg kg^?1 and CRI at 12 μg kg^?1 hour^?1. The MAC_NM was defined as the minimum end-tidal sevoflurane concentration preventing motor movement. The first post-treatment MAC_NM (MAC_NM-I) determination was initiated 90 minutes after the start of the CRI, and a second MAC_NM (MAC_NM-II) determination was initiated 3 hours after MAC_NM-I was established.ResultsThe overall least square mean MAC_NM-B for all groups was 2.66%. All treatments decreased (p < 0.05) MAC_NM, and the decrease from baseline was 22%, 35% and 41% for T1, T2 and T3, respectively. Percentage change in T1 differed (p < 0.05) from T2 and T3; however, T2 did not differ from T3. MAC_NM-I was not significantly different from MAC_NM-II within treatments.Conclusions and clinical relevanceFentanyl doses in the range of 3–12 μg kg^?1 hour^?1 significantly decreased the sevoflurane MAC_NM. Clinically significant tolerance to fentanyl did not occur under the study conditions.     

9种抗菌药物对大肠埃希菌最小抑菌浓度的测定

畜禽养殖中会用到一些抗菌药物,而药物选用需要进行药物敏感性试验,目前市售的药敏纸片多为人用抗菌药物,为了制备兽用抗菌药物的药敏纸片,需要对药物的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)进行测定。该研究筛选了国家兽用药物名录中规定的、兽医临床上常用6类共9种抗菌药物(头孢噻呋钠、硫酸链霉素、强力霉素、土霉素、氨苄西林、氟苯尼考、替米考星、硫酸新霉素、青霉素),以大肠埃希菌为指标菌,通过微量肉汤稀释法分别测定了9种常用抗菌药物的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)。结果表明,头孢噻呋钠、硫酸链霉素、强力霉素、土霉素、氨苄西林、氟苯尼考、替米考星、硫酸新霉素、青霉素对指标菌的MIC值分别为为2、4、4、16、8、16、64、32、250μg/mL。研究结果为这些药物的临床应用和药敏纸片的研制提供了基础资料。     

氟苯尼考联合多西环素缩小猪源大肠杆菌耐药突变选择窗

为使临床合理使用抗菌药物,防止细菌耐药性的产生提供理论依据。本研究探讨在体外初步联合氟苯尼考和多西环素缩小猪源大肠杆菌耐药突变选择窗（MSW）。应用琼脂二倍稀释法,肉汤法富集10^11：FU/mL细菌分别测定了氟苯尼考、多西环素对15株猪源大肠杆菌临床分离株的最小抑菌浓度（MIC）、防耐药突变浓度（MPC）,并计算出它们各自的MSW,对于2种药物MSW均比较大的菌株S8、S11、S12进行氟苯尼考联合多西环素用药,测定其MPC和MSW。结果显示,从吉林省分离的15株猪源大肠杆菌对氟苯尼考、多西环素耐药率分别为33．3％和46．7％;MPC大于100mg／L的分别占到40％和13．3％;MSW大于50的分别占40％和0．067％。对于S8、S11、S12氟苯尼考联合多西环素用药,联合指数分别为0．75、0．09、0．438,均呈现相加或协同作用。联合用药可使氟本尼考对S8、S11、S12菌株的MPC分别由原来的256．0、128．0、460．8mg／L,变为8．0、8．0、16．0mg／L,均关闭了MSW。结果表明,氟苯尼考联合多西环素可以缩小或关闭猪源大肠杆菌耐药选择突变窗。     

Responses in dairy cows to increased inclusion of wheat in maize and grass silage based diets

Abstract

The effects of including wheat in the total mixed rations of dairy cows were evaluated using a 4×4 Latin square dose response experiment with 28 dairy cows (Swedish red). The animals were averaging 150 days in milk at the start of the experiment. Diets consisted of mixtures of maize and grass silage with wheat grain at four levels (8, 16, 24 and 32% of dry matter (DM)). The animals consumed 17.8, 19.7, 21.1 and 23.8 kg of DM and produced 28.1, 29.1 29.6 and 30.2 kg of energy corrected milk, respectively. Digestibility of DM and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) was determined using indigestible NDF (iNDF) as a marker. DM digestibility, feed intake and milk and protein yields increased with increasing wheat content while the milk fat concentration, the digestibility of NDF and the feed efficiency of the diets decreased.     

四种抗菌药物对鲫鱼苗的急性毒性试验

在水温22℃~25℃条件下,选取来源一致、规格齐整、健康无病,体重4 g±0.2 g鲫鱼苗,用培氟沙星、氟苯尼考、甲砜霉素、痢菌净4种抗菌药对鲫鱼苗进行急性毒性试验。确定每种药物在不同时间对鲫鱼苗的半致死浓度(LC50),并求出4种药物相应的安全浓度(SC)。结果显示,4种药物对鲫鱼苗24 h的LC50分别为1 935.981、314.141、265.031、35.46 mg/L;48 h的LC50分别为1 863.621、154.231、177.05、130.53 mg/L;96 h的LC50分别为1 840.011、129.54、1 121.59、126.57 mg/L,SC分别为538.19、304.13、328.563、7.73 mg/L。表明培氟沙星、氟苯尼考和甲砜霉素对鲫鱼可安全使用,痢菌净毒性较大,应谨慎使用。     

鸡痘鹌鹑化弱毒细胞苗接毒培养工艺探索

在鸡胚成纤维细胞(CEF)培养鸡痘鹌鹑化弱毒细胞苗的工艺中,采用同步接毒工艺,通过调整单位细胞浓度和单位病毒含量,以细胞单层形成时间和收获时间分别为24 h和96 h为标准,确定细胞浓度和接毒浓度分别为1.2×106 ～1.5×106个/mL和102 ～103 EID50/mL较为合适.     

氨基糖苷类药物诱导大肠埃希菌生物被膜对抗菌药物敏感性变化规律

采用浓度梯度递增法对3株不同生物被膜形成能力的大肠埃希菌进行4种氨基糖苷类药物(阿米卡星、链霉素、庆大霉素和安普霉素)诱导,考察大肠埃希菌生物被膜对其余8种不同抗菌药物最小抑菌浓度和最小膜清除浓度的变化规律。结果表明,在氨基糖苷类药物诱导压力下,3株不同生物被膜形成能力的菌株对其余8种抗菌药物的最小膜清除浓度比最小抑菌浓度至少增加8倍以上,与诱导前相比,大肠埃希菌形成生物被膜后,其最小膜清除浓度增加的速率比最小抑菌浓度快。     

典型草原植物养分对生长季不同放牧强度的动态响应

为阐明典型草原生长季放牧过程中植物养分的动态变化，本研究在2017年生长季的不同放牧阶段（放牧早期、放牧中期和休牧后）对不同放牧强度影响下内蒙古典型草原主要物种克氏针茅（Stipa krylovii）、羊草（Leymus chinensis）和糙隐子草（Cleistogenes squarrosa）的碳（Carbon，C）、氮（Nitrogen，N）、磷（Phosphorus，P）浓度及N和P阶段转移率进行了测定。研究结果显示：放牧早期阶段，放牧强度对克氏针茅、羊草和糙隐子草的C，N，P浓度、C/N和C/P无显著影响；放牧中期和休牧后，随放牧强度的增加，3种植物的C浓度、C/N和C/P显著降低，N和P浓度显著提高。休牧后3种植物的N和P阶段转移率随生长季放牧强度的增加显著降低；与克氏针茅和羊草相比，糙隐子草在重度放牧具有最高的N和P阶段转移率。本研究表明典型草原植物养分特征及策略对短期放牧具有快速调整与适应能力。