阿合奇县色乡牦牛环形泰勒虫病流行病学调查报告

牛环形泰勒焦虫病在新疆多发,但有关牦牛环形泰勒虫病的报道甚少,尤其是南疆克州几乎未见报道。笔者于2006年3-5月期间,为了摸清牦牛环形泰勒焦虫病的传播媒介及感染率进行本次调查研究。经常规寄生虫病原学检查,发现在阿合奇县色乡采样的30头样品牦牛中20头为阴性,10头为阳性,其感染率为33.33%;其主要传播媒介是小亚璃眼蜱与亚洲璃眼蜱;确诊为牦牛环形泰勒虫病(Yak the ileriosis annulata)。基本查清了牦牛环形泰勒虫病在克州阿合奇县色乡流行情况,为制定综合防治措施提供科学依据。     

和静县草原牦牛寄生虫区系调查研究

本文拟采用寄生虫常规流行病学研究法，首次对和静县巴音布鲁克、巴仑台山区草原牧区部分牦牛进行了寄生虫种类、感染率以及危害情况的调查，基本了解了该区寄生虫的优势虫种及牦牛寄生虫病的感染率等流行病学参数，以便正确估计造成的危害，从而为拟定新疆牦牛寄生虫病的防治措施提供科学依据。     

四川省甘孜州牦牛梨形虫感染情况的调查

试验旨在调查甘孜藏族自治州（甘孜州）全部18个县（市）牦牛梨形虫的感染情况。2018年6月至11月采集甘孜州18个县（市）临床健康牦牛全血1 381份,采用靶向18S rRNA的巢式PCR进行梨形虫核酸检测,并挑选梨形虫核酸检测阳性样本PCR产物共计124份测序鉴定虫种。结果显示,1 381份牦牛样本中梨形虫核酸阳性样本438份,平均阳性率为31.72%,其中半农半牧业县1 093份牦牛样本中梨形虫核酸阳性样本385份,平均阳性率为35.22%,纯牧业县288份牦牛样本中梨形虫核酸阳性样本53份,平均阳性率为18.40%;124份牦牛梨形虫核酸阳性样本中鉴定出感染的虫种有中华泰勒虫76份、吕氏泰勒虫25份、东方泰勒虫3份、绵羊泰勒虫2份、双芽巴贝斯虫1份和水牛泰勒虫1份,其中中华泰勒虫感染率为61.29%,吕氏泰勒虫感染率为20.16%。本试验结果表明,甘孜州牦牛梨形虫感染率较高,不同地区之间存在差异,优势虫种为中华泰勒虫和吕氏泰勒虫,为甘孜州牦牛梨形虫病防控提供了重要参考。     

新疆和静县和吐鲁番地区牛感染巴贝斯虫病的血清学调查

为了解双芽巴贝斯虫和牛巴贝斯虫在新疆疫区牛感染的状况,从吐鲁番市周边散养户、和静县部分散养户采集了273份牛(牦牛)血清。采用间接ELISA方法对血清样本进行牛巴贝斯虫和双芽巴贝斯虫抗体检测。结果显示:和静县部分散养户被检牦牛血清抗牛巴贝斯虫(B.bovis)抗体阳性率为18.68%(17/91);被检牦牛血清抗双芽巴贝斯虫(B.bigemina)抗体阳性率为9.89%(9/91)。吐鲁番市周边散养户被检奶牛血清抗牛巴贝斯虫(B.bovis)抗体阳性率为15.38%(28/182);被检奶牛血清抗双芽巴贝斯虫(B.bigemina)抗体阳性率为9.34%(17/182)。通过调查发现牛巴贝斯虫和双芽巴贝斯虫均有混合感染的现象,其中和静牦牛混合感染率为6.59%(6/91);吐鲁番奶牛混合感染率为8.24%(15/182);不同品种牛均可感染牛巴贝斯虫和双芽巴贝斯虫,其感染程度及感染率具有一定的差异。本次试验结果可为有效防治新疆疫区牛梨形虫病提供重要依据。     

川西北红原县和理塘县牦牛4类体内寄生虫感染的研究

采集川西北阿坝州红原县和甘孜州理塘县总计402份牦牛粪便样本,采用廖氏计数法（改良）对4类常见体内寄生虫虫卵进行形态学观察并计数,以了解该地区牦牛体内寄生虫感染情况。结果表明,红原县牦牛体内线虫、绦虫、吸虫、球虫虫卵或卵囊（EPG或OPG）的平均感染量分别为11.59、23.77、42.45和14.72,总感染量为92.53（48.91~154.90）;平均感染率分别为18.01%、36.62%、44.68%、17.37%,总感染率为76.39%,表明吸虫是红原的优势寄生虫虫种,绦虫也是重要虫种。理塘县牦牛线虫、绦虫、吸虫、球虫的虫卵或卵囊（EPG或OPG）的感染量分别为52.38、13.10、20.24和1.19,总感染量为86.90;感染率分别为52.38%、19.05%、23.81%和2.38%,总感染率为78.57%,表明线虫为该地区的优势虫种。红原县和理塘县两地牦牛体内寄生虫虫卵感染主要以单一感染和二重感染为主,二者的总和分别为69.31%和78.57%,分别占总感染率的90.73%和100%。本研究结果证实牦牛寄生虫病目前仍是危害牦牛生产和当地牧民健康的一类重要疫病。该研究丰富了川西北高原地区牦牛体内寄生虫病的流行病学资料,为该地区牦牛寄生虫病的防控提供了理论依据。     

新疆牦牛双芽巴贝斯虫及蠕虫感染情况的调查

为了调查新疆部分牧场自然放牧牦牛感染双芽巴贝斯虫及蠕虫的种类、感染率和危害,采用病原学常规方法和免疫学方法 (间接ELISA试剂盒),对巴音布鲁克和104团三分场的210头牦牛进行了双芽巴贝斯虫病及蠕虫感染流行情况的调查。结果:巴音布鲁克地区牦牛双芽巴贝斯虫的阳性率为18.68%(17/91),而蠕虫感染率为46.15%(42/91);乌市104团三分牧场牦牛双芽巴贝斯虫的阳性率为19.33%(23/119),而其蠕虫感染率为81.51%(97/119)。结果说明在被检样品来源区的牛类动物均感染双芽巴贝斯虫和蠕虫,应该加强防范。     

四川省阿坝州牦牛和藏绵羊梨形虫分子流行病学调查

为调查阿坝州牦牛和藏绵羊梨形虫感染率,采用巢式PCR,对采自阿坝州5个县的200份全血样本进行检测,扩增梨形虫18S rRNA基因部分序列并克隆测序,经比对后确定虫种。结果5个县的梨形虫总阳性率为49.0%(98/200),其中红原县47.5%(19/40)、壤塘县67.5%(27/40)、阿坝县8.3%(2/24)、金川县8.3%(4/48)、小金县95.8%(46/48);牦牛感染的虫种全部为中华泰勒虫,总感染率为26.9%(29/108)。其中红原为35%、阿坝为8.3%、壤塘为100%、金川为8.3%,;藏绵羊感染的虫种全部为吕氏泰勒虫,总感染率为75.0%(69/92)。其中红原为60.0%、壤塘感染率为45.8%,小金县95.8%。阿坝州牦牛和藏绵羊梨形虫感染率较高,感染虫种单一,分别为中华泰勒虫和吕氏泰勒虫,地方株之间的同源性明显高于种间同源性。     

天祝白牦牛肠道寄生虫感染情况调查

为了了解天祝白牦牛肠道寄生虫感染情况,笔者拟采用离心沉淀法、饱和盐水漂浮法及抗酸染色法对天祝3个采样点共252份白牦牛粪样展开调查。结果显示:天祝白牦牛肠道寄生虫感染率达100%,混合感染率达68.5%。共检出3种肠道寄生虫,以球虫与圆线虫为优势虫种,其感染率分别为75.4%和87%,且犊牛球虫感染率较成年牛高。阳性粪便中虫卵与卵囊均以轻度感染为主。     

青海省海南州兴海县牦牛寄生虫病流行情况调查

为了摸清青海省海南藏族自治州兴海县牦牛寄生虫感染现状,进而更好地为防治牦牛寄生虫病提供依据,采用寄生虫学完全剖检法、触摸法、血清学检查法和粪检法等方法,对兴海县12头牦牛进行寄生虫区系调查。结果显示:共检出寄生虫70种,隶属于4门6纲14目22科32属,其中线虫36种、绦虫蚴3种、绦虫2种、吸虫5种、原虫16种、节肢动物7种。优势虫种为奥利春细颈线虫、普通奥斯特线虫、达呼尔奥斯特线虫、草原革蜱、尖交合刺细颈线虫、牛颚虱、和田古柏线虫、珠纳(卓拉)古柏线虫、武威鞭虫、中华皮蝇蛆、美丽筒线虫、斯氏奥斯特线虫、艾氏毛圆线虫、牛毛细线虫、黑山古柏线虫、栉状古柏线虫、牛仰口线虫、辐射食道口线虫、肝片吸虫、牦牛住肉孢子虫。结果表明:兴海地区牦牛寄生虫混合感染多种内、外寄生虫,感染率高。     

西藏林芝地区牦牛寄生虫区系调查

对林芝地区鲁朗、林芝、米林等县牦牛寄生虫进行了系统的调查 ,结果发现本地区牦牛寄生虫 1 4种 ,其中吸虫 4种 ,绦虫 3种 ,线虫 6种 ,昆虫 1种。优势虫种为前后盘吸虫、肝片吸虫和捻转血矛线虫。并对本地区牦牛寄生虫防治提出了科学的建议     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1983

In late December 1983, 2 800 veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of heartworm disease in Canada in 1983 and 26% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 59 504 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 771 dogs (1.30% of those tested) were found with Dirofilaria immitis. Heartworm disease was diagnosed in all provinces except New Brunswick and Newfoundland but most (733) of the cases were in Ontario.

Heartworm disease was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 31% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 64% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continues to be the focus of the infection and most of the dogs there had not left the province previously.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1985

In late December 1985, 1485 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1985 and 44% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 137,300 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1210 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 36 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number diagnosed in 1985 as 1247 (0.91%).

Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Saskatchewan but most (1126) of the cases were in Ontario. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. From Quebec, 91 cases were reported mostly from and around Montreal. From Manitoba, 19 cases were reported from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 28% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 78% had a history of not having left Canada.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1988

In late November 1988, 1581 small and mixed animal clinics and institutional veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1988, and 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 181,577 dogs were blood-tested for heartworm disease and 367 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 60 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1988 as 441 (0.24%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1984

In late December 1984, 1853 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1984 and 35% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 97,794 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1417 dogs (1.45% of those tested) were found with heartworm. Another 34 dogs were amicrofilaremic, but were diagnosed as having heartworm disease, to give the total number diagnosed in 1984 as 1451 (1.48%). Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland but most (1310) of the cases were in Ontario. In Quebec, 126 cases were reported mostly from west of Montreal.

Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 27% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 72% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1989

In late November 1989, 1732 clinics and institutional veterinarians were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis, and 51.7% responded. Of 247,716 dogs tested, 394 had D. immitis microfilariae and 51 were amicrofilaremic for a total of 445 cases and heartworm prevalence of 0.17%. Most (408) of these dogs had no preventive medication and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 1.01%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Thirty-seven dogs with heartworm had preventive medication. Heartworm was most frequent in companion dogs over three years of age maintained outdoors in rural areas. About 75% of the cases had never left Canada, 26% had clinical signs and 125 were not treated.

Heartworm was reported from British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, but 383 cases were in Ontario. South-western Ontario was the primary focus of infection. There were 33 cases in Quebec and 24 in Manitoba, mainly found in and around Metropolitan Montreal and Winnipeg respectively.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1987

In late November 1987, 1246 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1987, and 50% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 165,428 dogs were blood tested for heartworm disease and 511 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 78 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1987 as 589 (0.35%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1986

In late December 1986, 1224 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1986; 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 150,989 dogs were blood-tested for microfilariae and 869 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 65 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease and one was found with heartworm at necropsy to give the total number diagnosed in 1986 as 935 (0.62%).

Heartworm was reported from Manitoba, New Brunswick, Ontario and Quebec, but most (810) of the cases were from Ontario. South-western Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. There were 103 cases reported from Quebec, mostly from and around Montreal, and 21 cases from Manitoba, from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 33% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 81% had a history of not having left Canada.