呕吐毒素最新研究进展及发展趋势

呕吐毒素对动物养殖业的影响日益严重,而真正有效清除呕吐毒素的方法并不多,研究还不够深入。本文着重阐述了呕吐毒素毒物学研究进展,其毒性及对动物的危害,重点介绍了呕吐毒素的最新防治措施,以及未来的发展趋势。     

呕吐毒素对养猪生产影响的研究进展

呕吐毒素是一种常见于谷物饲料原料中的霉菌毒素。综述了呕吐毒素的概况、毒性作用机理及对猪生长性能和免疫功能的影响,并针对呕吐毒素提出防治决措施。     

呕吐毒素对奶牛的危害及脱毒方法研究进展

呕吐毒素（Deoxynivalenol,DON）是最常见的霉菌毒素之一,对奶牛健康与奶业发展均构成严重威胁。本文聚焦呕吐毒素对奶牛的影响、目前饲料中呕吐毒素污染情况以及脱毒方法进行综述,以期为减少动物生产中呕吐毒素危害提供参考。     

饲料中的呕吐毒素及其危害分析

据有关统计,在过去的几年当中,中国有很多个地区的动物遭遇了饲料中的呕吐毒素的侵害。呕吐毒素不只侵害家养的动物,而且也殃及了人类,同年,已经有众多的人口被呕吐毒素的毒副作用所困扰。在中国的广西、辽宁、山东、福建等地,是牛和羊等动物集中分布的地段,饱受饲料中的呕吐毒素侵害的群体中的大部分生存率都大大降低。由此可以看出,饲料中的呕吐毒素对动物的危害性较大,因此,注重分析饲料中的呕吐毒素及其危害势在必行。     

活性炭在吸附猪体内呕吐毒素(DON)上的功效

为了评估霉菌毒素吸附剂在动物体内的功效,根据欧洲的相关指南应该测量其特定的毒物代谢动力学参数。出于此目的,研究人员着重介绍了猪吸收模型的吸收动力学。在该模型中,试验猪单独或与活性碳(用作霉菌毒素的粘合剂)一起口服大丸粒霉菌毒素——呕吐毒素(DON)。在单独喂给呕吐毒素后,可从猪的血液中检测到了高水平的呕吐毒素,并用房室模型(compartmental model)计算霉菌毒素在体内的动力学参数。活性炭能够彻底防止呕吐毒素的吸收,因为呕吐毒素与活性碳同时喂给猪后,未能从猪体内检测到该毒素。     

饲料污染物呕吐毒素对单胃动物家禽和猪肠道的影响(续)

正上期回顾:上一期介绍了猪禽对呕吐毒素毒性的易感性,呕吐毒素对肠道上皮细胞的细胞毒性作用,对生理黏膜防御的影响,对肠道形态完整性的影响。2.4呕吐毒素对营养素肠道吸收的影响在饲喂呕吐毒素污染饲料的鸡中首次观察到D-葡萄糖等多种关键营养素的肠道转运和摄取受到影响,这种影响也与动物生长速度较差有关。不过,呕吐毒素对体内营养素吸收的影响知之甚少。我们是首个建立体外方法以研究呕吐毒素对营养素转运和摄取的影响以及利用尤斯灌流室技术研究分     

我国主要饲料原料及产品中呕吐毒素污染分布规律研究

本研究旨在了解呕吐毒素在我国的污染及分布规律。对来自全国7个地区11个省的1018个饲料原料及配合饲料样品进行呕吐毒素含量的检测。结果表明:①北方地区(西北、东北、华北)呕吐毒素污染情况较南方地区(西南、华南)严重;②我国饲料原料中玉米的呕吐毒素含量和超标率均为最高;③各种类饲料原料及产品的呕吐毒素含量不存在季节差异。这表明,呕吐毒素在我国的污染仍较为普遍,其分布存在着一定的规律性。     

肠道中呕吐毒素的真正危害

在12 947篇关于霉菌毒素的科学论文中,有3 000多篇涉及呕吐毒素.科学家们仅仅是最近十年才开始研究呕吐毒素对动物肠道的作用,数据仍然很有限. 几种镰刀菌能够产生呕吐毒素(DON),呕吐毒素是一种B型单端孢霉烯毒素.所有单端孢霉烯毒素的共同活性基团是环氧基,它使呕吐毒素结合在核糖体上阻止蛋白质合成.脱环氧代谢物DOM-1由于没有环氧基不能结合在核糖体上,所以没有毒性. 需要注意的是,呕吐毒素可以被真菌、植物、动物和细菌进一步衍生为几种不同的代谢物.这些呕吐毒素衍生物也被称为隐蔽霉菌毒素(表1).     

饲料中隐蔽呕吐毒素研究进展

呕吐毒素是镰刀菌属毒素中的一种,在饲料原料中通常会被衍生为乙酰化和糖基化形态,统称为隐蔽呕吐毒素。本文主要对饲料中隐蔽呕吐毒素的形成机制、检测方法、污染分布情况、毒性机理、以及体外和体内的毒性进行了综述。     

呕吐毒素对畜禽肠道健康的影响及相关研究进展

呕吐毒素是饲料原料中最为常见，对畜禽健康危害最大的一种霉菌毒素，其给畜牧业生产造成极大经济损失。大量研究结果发现，动物肠道可能是呕吐毒素进入机体内产生毒理作用的重要靶器官，因此，呕吐毒素诱导的动物肠道健康损伤也成为目前的一个研究热点。本文结合近年来国内外相关研究进展，综述了饲料中呕吐毒素污染对畜禽肠道健康的影响与毒理机制，以及相关防治措施，为饲料生产及畜禽健康养殖提供一些参考。 [关键词] 饲料|呕吐毒素|畜禽|肠道健康     

Toxinogenic vomitoxin-producing fusaria isolated from wheat

Out of the 25 strains of the genus Fusarium isolated from wheat visibly infested by moulds, three strains of F. graminearum were found to produce vomitoxin and zearalenone; the respective amounts of these toxins per 1 kg of wheat were 70, 100 and 600 mg vomitoxin, and 600, 400 and 250 mg zearalenone. The production of vomitoxin showed a marked decrease when the cultures were re-inoculated. An analytic determination of vomitoxin in cereals was worked out by the method of high-pressure liquid chromatography with a limit sensitivity of 20 micrograms vomitoxin per kg and by the method of thin-layer chromatography with a limit sensitivity of 100 micrograms vomitoxin per kg. The embryotoxicity of vomitoxin measured in chick embryos incubated for 40 hours was in the order of 1 microgram per embryo.     

Effect of germination on vomitoxin level in grain.

The present investigation clarified the effect of enzymes or other substances formed during the germination process on the vomitoxin level of contaminated oats. The studies found that oats containing vomitoxin germinated very poorly; the decrease in toxins was also slight. The amount of pure vomitoxin added to toxin-free grain decreased (barley 53%, oats 40%, wheat 20%) during germination (5 d). In homogenized mixture of germinated grain (2.4 and 7 d) and toxic grain no decrease in toxin amount occurred during a 1-7 day period. In contrast, when germinating toxin free grains and toxic oats in a grain mixture the toxin level decreased at first, but later rose considerably. On the basis of these results, the utilization of germination processes for the improvement of grain containing vomitoxin is of questionable value.     

高效液相色谱法测定乳制品中的呕吐毒素

目的:建立乳制品中呕吐毒素的高效液相色谱法检测的方法.方法:样品经沉淀、过滤,上清液通过免疫亲和柱净化、浓缩,C18色谱柱分离,紫外检测器检测,标准曲线法定量.结果:该方法具有良好的准确度和精密度,在乳制品中添加回收率96％～106％,相对标准偏差0.45％～1.21％,检出限0.05 mg/kg.     

陕南关中地区饲料霉菌毒素污染调查与风险监测

2011-2012年三原、渭南、汉中等地因霉菌素污染造成仔猪腹泻死亡,为此对陕南、关中地区的部分饲料加工企业的饲料用玉米、仔猪配合料、育肥猪配合饲料、母猪配合饲料中的黄曲霉毒素B1、呕吐霉素、赭曲霉毒素进行了抽样调查和风险摸底监测。100批次样品全部采用酶联免疫快速试剂盒检测,检测结果显示,黄曲霉毒素B1的检出率为72．37％,超标率为4％;赭曲霉毒素虽未超标,但检出率高达48．48％;呕吐毒素的检出率最高,高达96．97％,超标率高达529,6,是所有产品中污染率和污染程度最高的。调查结果表明：我省陕南、关中地区的饲料中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇毒素的污染较为严重,黄曲霉毒素次之,赭曲霉毒素的污染相对较低。并对饲料科学管理防潮通风等提出建议。     

Survey of vomitoxin-contaminated feed grains in midwestern United States, and associated health problems in swine

During the 1981 corn harvest season in Illinois and surrounding states, cold wet weather enhanced the growth of Fusarium graminearum, with resulting contamination by vomitoxin and, to a lesser extent, zearalenone. Of 342 feed samples analyzed, 274 contained vomitoxin at a concentration ranging from 0.1 to 41.6 ppm (mean, 3.1 ppm) and 40 samples contained zearalenone at a concentration ranging from 0.1 to 8 ppm (mean, 0.66 ppm). Animal health problems and reduced growth performance were observed mainly in swine fed vomitoxin-contaminated rations. The predominant clinical complaints, in decreasing frequency were: reproductive problems (50%), feed refusal (43%), reduced weight gain (25%), diarrhea (17%), death (14%), and emesis (11%).     

An investigation of the concentrations of selected Fusarium mycotoxins and the degree of mold contamination of field-dried hay

The levels of selected mycotoxins and mold contamination of Ontario field-dried hay from 10 performance horse farms were examined. The farm owner, trainer or manager was questioned regarding their opinion of the quality of the hay. Half of the hay sampled showed potentially significant levels of mycotoxins, mold and actinomycete contamination. Subjective opinion did not correlate to objective analysis. Deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin), T 2 toxin and zearalenone were measured with vomitoxin present in the highest amounts. Vomitoxin is among the mycotoxins most frequently found as contaminants in cereal crops, in temperate climates, in North America. It can be concluded that the levels found in this study could potentially have an influence on the health of horses consuming such hay.     

獭兔玉米赤霉烯酮中毒的诊断

山东某獭兔场饲养的3 000只母兔发生了一种以流产及青年兔死亡为特征的疾病,通过对发病兔进行细菌培养及兔病毒性出血症病毒的RT-PCR以及饲料中的玉米赤霉烯酮、呕吐毒素及黄曲霉毒素进行鉴别检测,首先排除细菌病及兔病毒性出血症发病的可能,并从饲料中检测3种毒素的含量分别为1 196.1、130.8、6μg/kg,经过对照饲料标准发现玉米赤霉烯酮严重超出标准(标准为300μg/kg)。通过饲喂试验发现这次发病与所饲喂的饲料有关,诊断为玉米赤霉烯酮中毒。     

奶牛场饲料霉菌毒素感染现状的调查与分析

随机抽取3家不同规模奶牛场饲料原料及自配料32份,采用进口ELISA试剂盒检测黄曲霉毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮、赭曲霉毒素和呕吐毒素等4种常见霉菌毒素含量。结果表明：所检测的4种霉菌毒素在所有样品中的检出率为100％,并同时含有2～3种霉菌毒素。其中,除豆粕、苜蓿干草、稻草、豆腐渣外,几乎在所有的饲料样本中玉米赤霉稀酮含量都超标,青贮玉米最高,超标4倍,TMR饲料中玉米赤霉酮含量超出了2倍以上;玉米副产品GGDS中赭曲霉毒素、玉米赤霉酮含量超标严重,呕吐霉素存在微量或少量超标;黄曲霉毒素在青贮玉米、稻草、豆腐渣中有超标,占总样品的15．63％。     

The effects of vomitoxin and feed intake on the performance and blood characteristics of young pigs

Thirty barrows (average weight 8.4 kg) were used in a 3-wk experiment to determine the effects of the ingestion of vomitoxin (deoxynivalenol)-contaminated feed on performance and blood chemistry. The barrows were assigned randomly to consume either: 1) a control diet (C), fed ad libitum, 2) a vomitoxin contaminated diet (V; 10.5 ppm), fed ad libitum, or 3) a vomitoxin contaminated pair-fed at levels equal to those consumed by V animals (PF). The V and PF pigs had similar daily gains (.19 vs .20 kg) and feed intakes (.40 and .39 kg), but both of these were lower (P less than .01) than those for the C-fed pigs (.38 kg daily gain and .72 kg feed intake). The V-fed pigs had lower (P less than .05) hematocrit, hemoglobin, serum glucose and serum phosphorus and tended to have lower serum calcium (P less than .06) than C-fed pigs. The V-fed pigs had higher (P less than .05) hemoglobin and tended to have higher (P less than .08) serum phosphorus and lower (P less than .07) serum calcium than PF animals. There was a high total- and free-bilirubin concentration in serum of C- and V-fed pigs in the last sampling period (3-wk), which may be due to fasting and not cholestasis. No differences among treatments were observed in any of the other blood parameters. These results suggest that the differences in animal performance and blood parameters observed between control-and vomitoxin-fed pigs are mainly due to differences in feed intake.     

Effects of deoxynivalenol in a wheat ration fed to growing lambs

A wheat diet containing deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) at 15.6 mg/kg was fed to crossbred lambs for 28 days. Feed consumption, weight gain, and feed efficiency of deoxynivalenol-treated lambs did not differ (P less than 0.05) from those values of controls. Group differences were not noted for hematologic or serum biochemical variables, and gross or microscopic lesions were not observed in treated lambs.