牛梨形虫病的诊疗

牛梨形虫病是巴贝西科和泰勒科的各种梨形虫在牛血液内引起的疾病的总称。本病是一种季节性的由蜱传播的血液原虫病。杂种牛、外来纯种牛易感性高,病情重,死亡率高。本地土种牛易感性低。我国牛梨形虫主要有双芽巴贝西虫、牛巴贝西虫、环形泰勒虫和瑟氏泰氏虫4种。现把永建镇20     

中西药结合治疗牛双芽巴贝虫病

牛巴贝虫(又称梨形虫)病是由梨形虫目(Piroplasmea)巴贝科(Babesiidae)巴贝属(Babesia)中的双芽巴贝虫(B.bigemina)和牛巴贝虫(B.bovis)寄生在牛的红细胞内所引起的一种血液原虫病。牛感染该病后发病和死亡率均很高,主要症状为高热、黄疸、贫血及血红蛋白尿等。近年来牛双芽巴贝虫病在信阳     

我国北方各省（区）牛环形泰勒焦虫病调查报告

牛环形泰勒焦虫病在我国北方各省（区）流行广。病程长、危害大,为查清这些地区蝉传性血液原虫的种类、分布特征,媒介蝉的种类和传播方式,给“牛环形泰勒焦虫裂殖体胶冻细胞苗”这一科研成果提供进一步扩大推广应用的科学依据,我们在查阅大量有关资料的同时,利用病原检查法于1984年3月一1986年10月对陕西、内蒙、河南、湖北、辽宁等省（区）的2SM头牛进行了牛蝉传性血液原虫调查,并研究了不同生态地区虫种的分布特征。调查共发现双芽巴贝西虫、牛巴贝西虫、大巴贝西虫、环形泰勒虫、瑟氏泰勒虫和边缘边虫6种病原。据IWI年统计全国养…     

盾糙璃眼蜱传播的牛泰勒虫分离鉴定及生物学特性

自新疆伊宁地区黄牛体表采集的盾糙璃眼蜱饥饿或半饱血成虫,带回实验室感染除脾牛.经血涂片检查发现,于感染后第21天,病牛血液中出现一种以圆环形与卵圆形为主的泰勒虫.经形态学观察和18 S rRNA基因测序和进化关系分析证明,它们为环形泰勒虫.将此饱血成蜱经实验室饲喂条件下,孵化出的幼虫分别饲喂于牛与家兔两种不同的动物,结果在饱血若虫阶段所有的蜱均从两种动物体表脱落,不再叮咬,饥饿成蜱又更换另一宿主,证明其是二宿主蜱.     

牛双芽巴贝西虫病

牛双芽巴贝西虫病李文生（甘肃省平凉地区动物检疫站·７４４０００）牛的双芽巴贝西虫病是双芽巴贝西虫引起的一种以贫血、黄疸和血红蛋白尿为主要特征的热性疾病．黄牛、水牛和瘤牛都可感染．１病原属于原生动物门、孢子虫纲、血孢子虫目、焦虫科（或巴贝西虫科）、巴贝...     

甘肃省羊泰勒虫媒介蜱的传播试验

用采自羊泰勒虫病疫区甘肃省永靖且的麻点璃眼蜱饥饿成虫叮咬健康羊体，试验羊体内未发现羊泰勒虫；用其饱血雌虫孵化的幼虫叮咬羊泰勒虫感染羊，收集饱血若虫，再用其饥饿成虫叮咬健康羊体，被叮咬羊体内也未查出羊泰勒虫，证明麻点璃眼蜱不传播羊泰勒虫。用采自羊泰勒虫病疫区张家川和永靖县的青海血蜱经人工孵化的幼虫叮咬羊泰勒虫自然感染羊，收集饱血幼虫蜕皮后，用其若虫叮咬健康羊，40d后在被叮咬羊血片中发现羊泰勒虫，但未显示明显的临床症状。用采自羊泰勒虫病疫区羊体的青海血蜱成虫、若虫、幼虫同时叮咬健康羊，18d时在试验羊体内发现羊泰勒虫，试验羊表现贫血、黄疸、稽留热、肩前淋巴结肿大等特征性症状，出现心包积液，肝、脾、肾肿胀及出血的典型病理变化。由此确定，甘肃省的羊泰勒虫是由青海血蜱传播的。     

微嗜氧稳定期体外培养法分离巴贝西虫试验

自然感染的牛巴贝西虫（Babesiaboris）通常用来制作活疫苗和进行寄生虫的生物学研究，上述两个目的需要纯的B．boris，不能混有其他的血液寄生虫，但是B．boris的分布范围和其他的以节肢动物为媒介的血液寄生虫（包括牛泰勒焦虫（Theileria buffeli）、     

安格斯牛泰勒焦虫病的诊断与治疗

泰勒焦虫病是泰勒焦虫引起的,由长角血蜱的终末宿主叮咬牛体后寄生在牛的红细胞内而导致的一种血液原虫病.有明显的季节性和地方性.临床上呈急性经过,以高烧、贫血、出血、黄疸为特征并造成红细胞破坏,机体缺氧,食欲废绝,机体衰竭,伴机体组织器官感染而导致死亡.     

环形泰勒虫子孢子悬液的制备及其对黄牛的感染试验

通过动物感染试验获得环形泰勒虫感染阳性蜱，采用标准方法制备环形泰勒虫子孢子悬液，并用此悬液感染试验牛。结果：试验牛感染后15d血液中出现虫体，并表现为稽留热。最高体温42℃以上。最高染虫率可达75%，最终死亡。     

绵羊巴贝虫单一种的分离及其繁殖特性观察

利用某些虫种宿主体的带虫期具有显著差异的这一生物学特性，从绵羊巴贝虫和一种大型巴贝虫的混合种感染羊体，分离出１株绵羊巴贝虫单一种，同时对该种在除脾山羊，除脾绵羊，未除脾绵羊和感染后再除脾绵羊体内的繁殖特性进行了观察，结果显示，山羊对该种不敏感，只是处于带虫水平；绵羊巴贝虫在未脾绵羊体内亦不能大量繁殖，染虫率最高为０．８０％，临床上只有轻微的体温反应和贫血，在除脾绵羊体内该种能达到较高的繁殖水平，试     

Molecular identification, genetic diversity and distribution of Theileria and Babesia species infecting small ruminants

Detection and identification of Theileria and Babesia species in 920 apparently healthy small ruminants in eastern Turkey, as well as parasite genetic diversity, was investigated using a specifically designed reverse line blot (RLB) assay. The hypervariable V4 region of the 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene was amplified and hybridized to a membrane onto which catchall and species-specific oligonucleotide probes were covalently linked. Three Theileria and one Babesia genotype were identified. Comparison of the Theileria genotypes revealed 93.6-96.2% similarity among their 18S rRNA genes. Two Theileria shared 100% and 99.7% similarity with the previously described sequences of T. ovis and Theileria sp. OT3, respectively. A third Theileria genotype was found to be clearly different from previously described Theileria species. The genotype was provisionally designated as Theileria sp. MK. The Babesia genotype shared 100% similarity with Babesia ovis. The survey indicated a high prevalence of piroplasm infections in small ruminants (38.36%). Theileria spp. prevalence was 36.08%. Prevalence of B. ovis was 5.43%. The most abundant Theileria species identified was T. ovis (34.56%) followed by Theileia sp. MK (1.30%) and Theileria sp. OT3 (0.43%).     

小亚璃眼蜱对牛巴贝斯虫未定种和环形泰勒虫传播的试验研究

利用蜱传播试验确定小亚璃眼蜱对中国新分离的牛的巴贝斯虫未定种和环形泰勒虫的传播能力与传播方式，进而明确其在中国牛梨形虫病传播中的流行病学意义。试验结果表明：小亚璃眼蜱可在雌虫阶段受到巴贝斯虫未定种的感染，并可在次代若虫（2／2）和成虫（3／3）阶段将病原传播给试验牛；小亚璃眼蜱幼虫和若虫吸入环形泰勒虫，饱血脱落的幼虫和若虫所蜕化发育的饥饿若虫（2／2）和成虫（2／2）均可将病原传递给敏感动物；感染巴贝斯虫未定种的小亚璃眼蜱饱血雌虫所孵育出的次代幼虫和若虫仍可被环形泰勒虫感染，所发育出的若虫（2／2）和成虫（2／2）可在一次传播试验中将环形泰勒虫和巴贝斯虫未定种同时传播给试验动物。     

Detection of Babesia and Theileria species infection in cattle from Portugal using a reverse line blotting method

Babesiosis and Theileriosis are tick-borne diseases widespread in tropical and sub-tropical regions with high economic impact worldwide. In Portugal there are at least 4 tick vectors known to be competent for the transmission of Babesia and Theileria sp. identified: Rhipicephalus bursa, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus, Ixodes ricinus and Haemaphysalis punctata. All these potential Babesia and Theileria tick vectors are widely distributed in Portugal, although they are predominant in the Southern region. In this study, 1104 cattle blood samples were randomly collected from Central and Southern regions of Portugal and analyzed by PCR-reverse line blotting (RLB) for the detection of Babesia and Theileria sp. Testing indicated that 74.7% of the bovines tested were positive for either Babesia and/or Theileria sp. In addition, five different apicomplexan species, namely, Theileria buffeli, Theileria annulata, Babesia divergens, Babesia bovis, and Babesia bigemina were detected by RLB among the bovines tested. T. buffeli was the most frequently found species, being present in 69.9% of the positive samples either as single infections (52.4%), or as mixed infections (17.5%). The Babesia specie most frequently found was B. divergens, detected in 4.2% of the infected bovines. Overall, infected bovines were found in all regions tested; however the highest number of infected bovines was observed in évora district (96.2%) and in cattle from Limousin breeds (81.7%). The results indicate widespread Babesia and Theileria infections in Portuguese bovines, suggesting the need for improved control of ticks and tick-borne diseases.     

Comparison of blood smear and indirect fluorescent antibody techniques in detection of haemoparasite infections in trade cattle in Nigeria

The incidence of blood parasites in trade cattle was surveyed with emphasis on tick-borne parasites, using blood smears and immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) techniques. With the blood smear method, about 9 and 8.9% of cattle examined were found positive for Babesia bigemina and Anaplasma marginale, respectively. Percentage infections with other parasites were 3.33, 1.92, 0.75, 0.75 and 0.58, respectively, for Babesia bovis, Trypanosoma brucei, Anaplasma centrale, Eperythrozoon and Theileria species as well as Trypanosoma congolense. The incidence of A. marginale infection was at its peak during the rainy season while B. bigemina was most prevalent during the dry season. There were mixed infections of Anaplasma and Babesia (1.42%); Babesia and trypanosomes (1.00%); Babesia and Eperythrozoon (0.75%) and Babesia and Theileria (0.75%). Using the indirect fluorescent antibody test, 93, 55 and 68% of cattle sera examined were found to be positive for B. bigemina, B. bovis and A. marginale, respectively. Forty-nine percent of the positive sera of B. bigemina had highest titres. The importance of using serological means for determining the endemic levels of tick-borne diseases in cattle in Nigeria is discussed.     

Babesia--a historical overview

The history of the genus Babesia is briefly outlined. The classical differences with the main other genus of non-pigment-forming hemoparasites, Theileria, are the absence of extra-erythrocytic multiplication (schizogony) in Babesia and the cycle in the vector tick, which includes transovarial transmission in Babesia but only transstadial transmission in Theileria. Also, the multiplication in the red cell of Babesia, by budding, most often results in two daughter cells (merozoites), while that of Theileria gives four merozoites, often as a Maltese cross. In particular this means that what is still commonly called Babesia microti is not a Babesia and that it would be just as logical to speak of human theileriosis as of babesiosis. The small piroplasm of horses, long known as Babesia equi, is already commonly designated as Theileria equi. However, on molecular grounds, it may be necessary to create a new genus for these parasites. The Babesia species of domestic animals are briefly discussed and presented in a table.     

Bovine piroplasms in Minorca (Balearic Islands, Spain): a comparison of PCR-based and light microscopy detection

The present study provides the first epidemiological data regarding infection by Theileria and Babesia piroplasms in cattle in Minorca. More than 94% of the studied animals were positive for the presence of Theileria sp., and of those, 41.3% were positive for the presence of Theileria annulata. These results indicate that the prevalence of Mediterranean theileriosis caused by T. annulata is very high in Minorcan dairy farms and that other Theileria sp. are also present in the area. The prevalence of infection was similar throughout the study indicating an endemic situation in this island. The use of PCR resulted in significantly higher efficacy of detection of Theileria sp. compared to microscopical observation (MO) of blood smears and allowed the specific discrimination between pathogenic and non-pathogenic theilerias which cannot be accomplished by traditional diagnosis by MO. Babesia infection in the area was mainly due to Babesia bigemina (6.0% of the studied animals were infected), while one animal (0.75%) was found to be infected by Babesia bovis. It was observed that 31% of animals infected with B. bigemina had a concurrent infection of T. annulata. PCR also resulted in a significantly higher efficacy of detection of Babesia sp. compared to MO when infection levels were higher, towards the end of the study period. The results clearly demonstrate that parasitic infection by piroplasms, especially Theileria sp. is common and endemic in the island of Minorca and that PCR is the optimal approach for the detection and discrimination of these important parasites.     

Detection of Theileria and Babesia species in ticks collected from cattle

The present study was carried out to detect tick species that infest cattle, and Theileria and Babesia species transmitted by these ticks in Kayseri province (Turkey). A total of 300 cattle were examined for tick infestations. Of the 300 cattle, 117 (39%) were infested with ticks. A total of 1160 ticks belonging to 11 Ixodid genera were collected from the infested animals and their shelters. The most prevalent tick species was Boophilus annulatus 26.37% (306/1160) followed by Hyalomma marginatum marginatum 21.12% (245/1160) and Rhipicephalus turanicus 18.7% (217/1160). The collected ticks were separated into 43 tick pools, according to their species. These pools were examined for bovine Theileria and Babesia species (Theileria sp., Babesia sp., Theileria annulata, T. buffeli/orientalis, Babesia bigemina, B. bovis and B. divergens) by using the reverse line blotting method (RLB). Of the 43 tick pools examined, 6 (14%) were infected with B. bigemina, 4 (9.3%) with T. annulata, and 1 (2.3%) with Babesia sp., whereas 1 (2.3%) displayed mixed infection with T. annulata + B. bigemina. The sequence and phylogenetic analyses of Babesia sp., which could not be identified to the species level by RLB, were performed. In the phylogenetic tree, Babesia sp. (Kayseri 1) grouped with Babesia sp. (Kashi 2), Babesia sp. (Kashi 1), Babesia sp. (Xinjiang) and B. orientalis with 96.8-100% identity.     

Detection of Theileria and Babesia in brown brocket deer (Mazama gouazoubira) and marsh deer (Blastocerus dichotomus) in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil

Intraerythrocytic protozoan species of the genera Theileria and Babesia are known to infect both wild and domestic animals, and both are transmitted by hard-ticks of the family Ixodidae. The prevalences of hemoprotozoa and ectoparasites in 15 free-living Mazama gouazoubira, two captive M. gouazoubira and four captive Blastocerus dichotomus from the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, have been determined through the examination of blood smears and the use of nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR). The cervid population was inspected for the presence of ticks and any specimens encountered were identified alive under the stereomicroscope. Blood samples were collected from all 21 animals, following which blood smears were prepared, subjected to quick Romanowsky staining and examined under the optical microscope. DNA was extracted with the aid of commercial kits from cervid blood samples and from tick salivary glands. The nPCR assay comprised two amplification reactions: the first was conducted using primers specific for a 1700 bp segment of the 18S rRNA gene of Babesia and Theileria species, whilst the second employed primers designed to amplify a common 420 bp Babesia 18S rRNA fragment identified by aligning sequences from Babesia spp. available at GenBank. The ticks Amblyomma cajennense, Rhipicephalus microplus and Dermacentor nitens were identified in various of the cervids examined. Of the animals investigated, 71.4% (15/21) were infected with hemoprotozoa, including Theileria cervi (47.6%), Theileria sp. (14.3%), Babesia bovis (4.8%) and Babesia bigemina (4.8%). However, only one of the infected wild cervids exhibited accentuated anaemia (PCV=17%). This is first report concerning the occurrence of Theileria spp. in Brazilian cervids.     

牛中华泰勒虫新种(梨形虫亚目:泰勒虫科)2.分子分类学研究

分离自我国甘肃中部地区土种黄牛的一种形态特异的泰勒虫，采用传统分类学研究鉴定为新种，被定名为中华泰勒虫（Theileria sinensis sp.nov）。又利用对泰勒虫属特异的PCR引物（92/93）对该种基因组DNA扩增，结果表明该种属泰勒虫属原虫确定无疑，并对代表虫种进化和分类的18S rRNA基因序列进行了测定，对已测出该基因1067bp长片断序列与基因库中9种巴贝斯虫，7种已知牛泰勒虫的相应序列进行比较、分，建立起系统发生树。树图表明，瑟氏泰勒虫和水牛泰勒虫的亲缘关系非常近， 中华泰勒虫与这两个种的亲缘关系较近，与附膜泰勒虫、小泰勒虫、环形泰勒虫、斑羚泰勒虫、突变泰勒虫差异较大。     

At least two genetically distinct large Babesia species infective to sheep and goats in China

A fatal disease of sheep and goats in the northern part of China has been reported to be due to Babesia ovis. However, some characteristics of the causative agent in recent reports are not in accordance with the original attributes ascribed to this parasite. Therefore, the 18S small subunit ribosomal RNA (18S rRNA) genes of a number of Babesia isolates in China were sequenced and compared with that of other Babesia and Theileria species in an attempt to clarify their taxonomic position. In the present study, seven Babesia isolates were collected from distinct areas of northern China, and the 18S rRNA genes were amplified and sequenced. The phylogenetic trees were inferred based on 18S rRNA gene sequences of the Chinese ovine Babesia isolates and some of ovine Babesia and Theileria species available in GenBank. In the phylogenetic tree, Babesia sp. isolates from Madang, Tianzhu, Lintan, Ningxian, Hebei and Liaoning all grouped with B. motasi with 88.2-99.9% identity, while Babesia sp. Xinjiang grouped in a separate clade between B. ovis and B. crassa with 79.7-81.2% identity. The results indicated that there are at least two distinct Babesia species groups-B. motasi and Babesia sp. Xinjiang, the latter was distinctly different from other ovine Babesia isolates from China with less than 86.6% identity.