应用通径分析法讨论仔猪断奶后腹泻的原因

本文应用通径分析法讨论了３周龄断奶仔猪断奶后肠道过敏反应（Ｈｓ）、木糖吸收率（ＸＡ）和养分消化中（ＮＤ）与腹泻程度（ＤＳ）之间的相互关系。ＨＳ、ＸＡ和ＮＤ与ＤＳ间的相关系数分别为０．７７１６（Ｐ＜０．０１）、－０．５２６３（Ｐ＜０．２０）和，０．８４１９（Ｐ＜０．０１）；通径系数分加为０．２８１１（Ｐ＞０．０５）、０．６１７８（Ｐ＜０．１）和－１．０９６５（Ｐ＜０．０５）。ＨＳ本身并不直接导致腹泻，与腹泻间的强正相关是通过影响ＸＡ和ＮＤ实现的；ＸＡ对腹泻的影响也是通过ＮＤ实现的；ＮＤ是影响腹泻的直接因素。由此认为，腹泻的直接原因是养分消化率的下降，而根本原因是机提对日粮抗原发生的过敏反应；过敏导致肠道损伤，从而使养分消化率下降。     

应用通径分析法讨论了仔猪断奶后腹泻的原因

本文应用径分析法讨论了３周龄断奶仔猪断奶后肠道过敏反应（ＨＳ），木糖吸收率（ＸＡ）和养分消化率（ＮＤ）与腹泻程度（ＤＳ）之间的相互关系。ＨＳ，ＸＡ和ＮＤ与ＤＳ间的相关系数分别为０．７７１６（Ｐ＜０．０１），－０．５２６３（Ｐ＜０．２０）和－０．８４１９（Ｐ＜０．０１）；通径系数分别为０．２８１１（Ｐ＞０．０５），０．６１７８（Ｐ＜０．０１）和－１．０９６５（Ｐ＜０．０５）。ＨＳ本身并不直接导致腹泻     

仔猪补饲及不同类型的饲粮蛋白质对仔猪小肠粘膜形态结构的影响

试验研究了玉米—豆饼(CSM)、豆饼(SM)、乙醇处理豆饼(TSM)和乳蛋白(MP)等不同类型蛋白质对3周龄断奶仔猪小肠形态变化的影响。仔猪从7日龄起补饲,断奶后一部分仔猪换喂复合开食料(CS),其余仔猪饲料类型不变。试验至35日龄结束。结果表明,断奶导致绒毛变短(P<0.05),腺窝增深(P<0.05),绒毛/腺窝比下降(P<0.01),空肠上皮淋巴数增加(P<0.05),蔗糖酶活降低(P<0.01),血清脲氮上升(P<0.01)。断奶后肠道损伤程度与蛋白类型有关(P<0.01):豆饼引起的损伤程度最大,乳蛋白最小;玉米代替部分豆饼或用乙醇处理豆饼后可明显降低小肠粘膜损伤程度。断奶后换料组的粘膜损伤比相同料型组严重(P<0.01),但补饲豆饼组例外。十二指肠的绒毛萎缩(P>0.05)和腺窝增深(P<0.01)比空肠明显。断奶后第一周肠粘膜损伤最严重,第二周开始恢复。这些结果充分证明,仔猪对补饲及不同类型蛋白质的反应符合过敏理论。     

复合酶制剂对生长猪的生产性能和养分消化性的影响

选择３５日龄断奶体重在９ｋｇ左右的长大一元杂交仔猪２４头,随机分成２组,研究添加复合酶制剂对生长猪生产性能的影响。选择体重在３５ｋｇ～４０ｋｇ６头阉公猪采用全收粪法进行消化试验,研究复合酶制剂对日粮养分表观消化率的影响。试验结果表明,添加酶制剂能显著提高生长猪的生产性能和日粮养分的表现消化率,与对照组相比,日增重提高８．２９％（Ｐ＜０．０５）,饲料转化率提高８．８９％（Ｐ＜０．０５）,粗纤维表观消化率提高３６．７６％（Ｐ＜０．０１）,粗蛋白质表现消化率提高１７．２３％（Ｐ＜０．０１）,干物质表现消化率提高９．７５％（Ｐ＜０．０１）。     

饲粮蛋白水平和豆饼用量对仔猪断奶后腹泻和生长发育的影响

用二次回归正交设计研究了全玉米－豆饼饲粮的粗蛋白（ＣＰ）水平（ｘ＿１）和豆饼（占饲粮蛋白％）比例（ｘ＿２）对３周龄断奶至８周龄的仔猪日增重（ＡＤＧ）、饲料利用率（Ｆ／Ｇ）、腹泻指数（ＤＩ）、血清脲素氮（ＳＵＮ）和木糖吸收率的影响。除木糖吸收率外（随ＣＰ和ＳＢＭ增加，木糖吸收率下降），其余指标的二次回归方程均达显著或极显著水平。方程如下：分析表明，在ＣＰ１６～２４％下，调整豆饼比例可使仔猪保持相近的生长速度和饲料利用率；高蛋白腹泻的实质是过敏性腹泻；当腹泻指数高到７７时，日增重和饲料利用率下降。推荐３周龄断奶仔猪玉米－豆饼饲粮中适宜蛋白水平为２４％，豆饼比例为６０％。     

奶牛实乳补饲仔猪效果初探

从一窝仔猪中选出体重相似的８头仔猪分成两组：对照组正常哺乳，试验组在正常哺乳的基础上补饲奶牛初乳。结果表明，试验组仔猪４０日龄断奶体重提高２１．６２％（Ｐ＜０．０１），哺乳期平均日增重提高２５．８６％（Ｐ＜０．０１），经济效益明显。     

乳泉I号添加剂提高母猪哺乳性能的研究

选用８６头哺乳母猪，随机分为２组，对照组喂基础日粮，试验组于产后１０日内在基础日粮中添加２．５％的中药复合添加剂（乳泉Ｉ号）。结果表明，试验组仔猪２０日龄窝重和３５日龄断奶窝重分别较对照组提高２５、５９％和２５．９０％（Ｐ＜０．０１）；仔猪断奶个体重提高１８．５６％（Ｐ＜０．０１）；哺乳期平均日增重提高２２、７６％（Ｐ＜０．０１）；哺乳期仔猪成活率提高８．０％（Ｐ＜０．０１）。     

乳泉Ⅰ号添加剂提高母猪哺乳性能的研究

选用８６头哺乳母猪，随机分为２组，对照组喂基础日粮，试验组于产后１０日内在基础日粮中添加２．５％的中药复合添加剂（乳泉Ⅰ号）。结果表明，试验组仔猪２０日龄窝重和３５日龄断奶窝重分别较对照组提高２５．５９％和２５．９０％（Ｐ＜０．０１）；仔猪断奶个体重提高１８．５６％（Ｐ＜０．０１）；哺乳期平均日增重提高２２．７６％（Ｐ＜０．０１），哺乳期仔猪成活率提高８．０％（Ｐ＜０．０１）。     

低蛋白质氨基酸平衡饲粮对早期断奶仔猪腹泻和生产性能的影响

本研究选用１８头２８±１日龄断奶的杂交仔猪（平均体重约５．５ｋｇ），研究低蛋白质氨基酸平衡饲粮对早期断奶仔猪腹泻和生产性能的影响。试验结果显示：（１）低蛋白质氨基酸平衡饲粮使仔猪血浆挥发性盐基氨含量、血浆尿素氨含量和腹泻指数降低（Ｐ＜０．０５或０．０１）。（２）采食全植物蛋白型氨基酸平衡饲粮（ＣＰ１８．３％）的仔猪，其平均日增重（ＡＤＧ）、平均日采食量（ＡＤＦＩ）和料肉比（Ｐ／Ｇ）与采食复合蛋白型对照饲粮（ＣＰ１９．７％）的仔猪差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５），但前者的增重成本比后者降低（Ｐ＜０．０５）３１％。（３）采食复合蛋白型氨基酸平衡饲粮（ＣＰ１８．４％）的仔猪的生产性能优于采食复合蛋白型对照饲粮（ＣＰ１９．７％）的仔猪，前者的ＡＤＧ和ＡＤＦＩ分别提高（Ｐ＜０．０５）６１％和３２％，Ｆ／Ｇ和增重成本分别下降（Ｐ＜０．０５）２４％和３７％。（４）采食全植物蛋白型氨基酸平衡饲粮的仔猪，其ＡＤＧ和ＡＤＦＩ低于（Ｐ＜０．０１）采食复合蛋白型氨基酸平衡饲粮的仔猪。前者的Ｆ／Ｇ和增重成本趋于高于后者，但差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）。以上结果表明，低蛋白质氨基酸平衡饲粮可显著降低仔猪断奶后腹泻和提高仔猪生产性能。复合蛋白型?     

奶牛初乳补饲仔猪效果初探

从一窝仔猪中选出体重相似的８头仔猪分成两组：对照组正常哺乳，试验组在正常哺乳的基础上补饲奶牛初乳。结果表明，试验组仔猪４０日龄断奶体重提高２１．６２％（Ｐ〈０．０１），哺乳期平均日增重提高２５．８６％（Ｐ〈０．０１），经济效益明显。     

不同加工处理的大豆蛋白日粮对仔猪断奶后腹泻影响的研究

将36头35日龄断奶仔猪随机分为4组,分别喂给4种不同加工处理的大豆蛋白日粮(炒大豆曰粮、嘭化全脂大豆日粮、豆粕日粮和膨化豆粕日粮),每个处理3个重复,检测对仔猪皮褶厚度、木糖吸收能力、腹泻和粪中大肠肝菌的影响。结果表明,大豆蛋白都有一定程度的致敏性。膨化豆粕处理组仔猪皮褶厚度低于膨化全脂大豆和豆粕处理组仔猪(P<0.01),对木糖的吸收能力前者高于后二者(P<0.01);(?)以膨化豆粕日粮的仔猪的粪中大肠杆菌数比采食含有膨化全脂大豆和豆粕日粮(?)仔猪低(P<0.05),腹泻情况也明显好于其余各处理组仔猪,但无显著差异。     

Transient hypersensitivity to soybean meal in the early-weaned pig

An experiment was conducted to determine whether baby pigs develop hypersensitivity to dietary soybean proteins. Thirty-two pigs were orally infused with either dried skim milk (5 g/d; control) or soybean meal (48% CP; 5 g/d) from d 7 to 14 after birth. Sows were fed a corn-corn gluten meal-based diet supplemented with lysine and tryptophan to avoid exposure of pigs to soybean proteins. Pigs were weaned at 21 d of age and fed diets containing either soybean meal or milk proteins until d 56. One half of the pigs were killed at 28 d of age and the rest at 56 d of age. Segments of small intestine were collected, and intraepithelial lymphocytes were isolated. At 28 d of age, pigs fed diets containing soybean meal had lower (P less than .05) villus height (221 vs 298 microns) and rate of gain (86 vs 204 g/d) than control pigs did. Pigs fed a diet containing soybean meal had higher (P less than .05) immunoglobulin G (IgG) titers to soybean protein than did pigs fed a milk protein-based diet. Blood and intestinal lymphocytes collected on d 28 and 56 did not exhibit any proliferative response when cultured with purified soy proteins (2.5 or 5 microns/ml). Phytohemagglutinin- and pokeweed mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferations were higher (P less than .05) at d 56 than at d 28, but there were no differences attributable to protein source. There were no differences (P greater than .05) in skin-fold thickness measurements following intradermal injection with soy or milk proteins. Decreased villus height and increased serum IgG titers to soybean proteins coinciding with inferior performance of early weaned pigs fed diets containing soybean meal indicate that conventionally processed, commercial soybean meal may retain some antigens that can cause transient hypersensitivity in piglets.     

Interrelationship between hypersensitivity to soybean proteins and growth performance in early-weaned pigs.

The objective of this growth trial was to determine the interrelationship between immunological criteria, gut morphology, and performance of starter pigs fed soybean proteins processed by different methods. One hundred twenty-five pigs were orally infused with 6 g/d of either dried skim milk, soybean meal (48% CP), soy protein concentrate, extruded soy protein concentrate, or experimental soy protein concentrate from 7 to 11 d of age and then fed a diet containing the same protein sources from weaning (d 21) to 35 d of age. All pigs were fed a corn-soybean meal diet containing 10% dried whey, 1.25% lysine, and 3% soybean oil for the remaining 21 d of the experiment. Xylose absorption and anti-soy immunoglobulin G (IgG) titers were measured on d 6 postweaning, and skin-fold thickness after intradermal injection of protein extracts was measured on d 7 postweaning. A total of 25 pigs (five pigs/treatment) was euthanatized on d 7 postweaning. Villus height and crypt depth from duodenum samples were measured. These measurements were obtained to elucidate a relationship between the hypersensitivity responses to soybean products and growth performance of baby pigs. Pigs fed diets containing soybean meal had a lower (P less than .05) rate of gain (d 0 to 14) and villus height, higher (P less than .01) serum anti-soy IgG titers, and increased skin-fold thickness (d 6 and 7 postweaning) after intradermal injection compared with those fed dried skim milk. Pigs fed other soy proteins also had lower ADG from d 0 to 14 postweaning; however, pigs fed moist extruded soy protein concentrate tended (P less than .09) to have higher ADG and improved feed utilization when compared with pigs fed soybean meal (d 0 to 14).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Effect of dietary soybean meal on the microscopic anatomy of the small intestine in the early-weaned pig

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of soybean meal in postweaning diets on villus height (VH), villus shape and lamina propria depth (LPD) in the small intestine. Intestinal samples were taken at 25, 50 and 75% of the small intestine's length. The first experiment determined the normal effects of age on these structures in nursing pigs from 9 to 36 d of age. Villus height decreased (P less than .01 at the 50 and 75% locations) and LPD increased (P less than .01 at the 25% location) in a quadratic fashion with increasing age. In the second experiment, pigs were weaned at 21 d of age and fed one of three 20% protein diets: 1) protein from hydrolyzed casein (CAS), 2) soybean meal (SBM) or 3) a conventional corn-soybean meal diet (CSBM). Intestinal samples were taken 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 d post-weaning. Villus height decreased dramatically the first 3 d postweaning, with a continuing decline until 12 d post-weaning. Averaged over the d 3 to 15 interval, VH were generally greater for pigs fed CAS than for pigs fed CSBM or SBM. Pigs fed SBM or CSBM had deformed villi, and pigs fed SBM had greater (P less than .05) LPD at all intestinal locations, suggesting less mature enterocytes on the villi. These data suggest that feeding high concentrations of soybean meal to the pig post-weaning has a detrimental effect on the small intestine, but this effect was minimized when soybean meal was fed as part of a corn-based diet.     

Effects of stachyose on performance, diarrhoea incidence and intestinal bacteria in weanling pigs.

A three-week trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of the oligosaccharide stachyose on performance, diarrhoea incidence and intestinal bacterial populations in weaned pigs (7.96 +/- 0.2kg). A total of 144 crossbred (Landrace x Large White x Duroc) pigs weaned at 28 days were allotted to one of four treatments with six pens per treatment and six pigs per pen. The experimental diets were based on maize, dried whey and whole-fat milk and were supplemented with 0, 1 or 2% stachyose. A fourth diet contained no milk but instead contained 20% soybean meal to provide 0.78% stachyose and 0.21% raffinose. Inclusion of 1 or 2% stachyose in the diet depressed growth compared with pigs fed the control diet. Pigs fed the soybean meal diet gained weight at a rate similar to pigs fed the diet containing 1% added stachyose. Diarrhoea incidence was highest for pigs fed the soybean meal diet and lowest for pigs fed the control diet, with pigs fed the diets containing stachyose being intermediate. Pigs fed 1% stachyose had more lactobacilli in the ileum as well as more bifidobacteria in the caecum and colon than control pigs. They also had fewer enterobacteria in the colon. In contrast, pigs fed the diet containing 2% stachyose had fewer lactobacilli and bifidobacteria in the jejunum, ileum and caecum than did control pigs. Volatile fatty acids in the ileum, caecum and colon were highest for pigs fed 1% stachyose and lowest for pigs fed 2% stachyose. Volatile fatty acid concentrations were not significantly different between pigs fed the soybean meal diet and those fed the control. The overall results of this experiment indicate that the oligosaccharide stachyose had a negative effect on pig performance and its presence may partially explain the poorer performance observed when soybean meal is used as the sole source of supplemental protein in cereal-based diets fed to weaned pigs.     

Effect of creep feeding on structural and functional changes of the gut of early weaned pigs

Dose-dependent hypersensitivity responses mounted against antigenic constituents of creep feeds have been previously implicated in intestinal damage, digestive disorders and impaired performance of early weaned pigs. In the present study biochemical and histological investigations of the small intestine were undertaken to determine the putative relationship between creep feed level and hypersensitivity response in pigs weaned at 14 days. Creep feed was administered by gastric intubation and weaned pigs received the same diet by gastric intubation for five days. Mucosal structure and function at weaning were not affected by creep feeding regimen. Villus height decreased and crypt depth increased in weaned compared to suckled pigs, but morphology was unaffected by prior exposure to creep. Xylose absorption was not influenced by either creep feed level or weaning. Intraepithelial lymphocyte numbers increased during weaning but were not affected by the creep feeding regimen. Mucosal carbohydrase activity in weaned pigs was not significantly affected by preweaning treatment. The results do not support the hypothesis that post weaning changes in structure and function of the gut are related to creep feed level or to immune responses to dietary antigens.     

不同粉碎粒度的豆粕对断奶仔猪生长性能和养分消化率的影响

本试验研究不同粉碎粒度的豆粕对断奶仔猪生长性能和养分消化率的影响,选用26～28日龄断奶(7.9±0.7)kg杜×长×大健康仔猪80头,按体重、性别相同原则随机分为4个处理,每处理设5个重复,每个重复4头猪。各个处理组采用相同的日粮组成,对照组饲喂含常规粉碎豆粕(目标粒径为750μm)的日粮,处理1、2、3分别饲喂含目标粒径为150、30、6μm豆粕的日粮。结果表明:使用粉碎粒度低于30μm豆粕的日粮提高了断奶仔猪日增重(P<0.05),明显提高采食量(P>0.05),降低饲料增重比(P<0.05),显著降低断奶仔猪的腹泻频率;使用粉碎粒度低于30μm豆粕的日粮提高断奶仔猪日粮氮、磷表观消化率(P<0.05),改善能量消化率(P=0.063)和有机物表观消化率(P=0.082),显著提高必需氨基酸的表观消化率(P<0.05)。粉碎粒度低于30μm的超微粉碎豆粕可显著提高断奶仔猪日粮蛋白质的消化效率,提高断奶仔猪的生长性能,改善了豆粕作为蛋白质营养源的生物适应性。     

Evaluation of various extracted vegetable oils, roasted soybeans, medium-chain triglyceride and an animal-vegetable fat blend for postweaning swine

A total of 280 crossbred pigs weaned at 21 d of age and weighing approximately 6 kg were utilized in five replicates to evaluate pig growth responses when fed a basal diet or one of several dietary lipid sources during a 4-wk postweaning period. A basal corn-soybean meal-corn starch-dried whey diet was compared with diets supplemented at a 7.75% level with one of the following lipid sources: corn oil, coconut oil, soybean oil, medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) or an animal-vegetable blend. A sixth treatment evaluated a roasted soybean diet formulated to an energy:lysine level equivalent to that of the fat-supplemented diets. In Exp. II, 36 crossbred weanling barrows were used to determine apparent fat and N digestibilities when soybean oil, roasted soybean, coconut oil or the MCT-supplemented diets were fed. Although pigs fed coconut oil grew somewhat faster, fat inclusion generally did not increase pig growth rate or result in lowered feed intake during the initial weeks postweaning; during the latter portion of the starter phase the addition of dietary fat resulted in a higher growth rate but feed intake was unaffected, resulting in an overall improvement in feed-to-gain ratio (P less than .05) for all but the roasted soybean diet. Pigs fed coconut oil had higher serum triglyceride and lower serum urea concentrations than did pigs fed diets containing most other lipid sources. Pigs fed MCT and coconut oil diets had a higher (P less than .01) apparent fat digestibility during the initial 2 wk postweaning than pigs fed soybean oil or roasted soybean diets. Pigs fed MCT and roasted soybeans had poorest growth rates; apparent fat and N digestibilities were lowest (P less than .05) for the roasted soybean diet.     

角蛋白酶体外酶解豆粕的营养价值及其在断奶仔猪生产中的应用研究

本试验旨在探讨体外酶解豆粕营养价值变化以及在断奶仔猪饲粮中添加角蛋白酶体外酶解豆粕对断奶仔猪生长性能和腹泻率等影响。试验选用72头平均日龄为23d、初始平均体重为(8.29±0.51)kg的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,按照随机化区组设计分为2个处理,每个处理6个重复,每个重复6头猪。基础饲粮为玉米-豆粕型日粮,酶解豆粕饲粮含12.90%豆粕和12.50%豆粕麦麸混合型酶解豆粕,试验期28d。结果表明:在豆粕中混合小麦麸作为角蛋白酶体外酶解物料,降低了豆粕中β-伴大豆球蛋白和大豆球蛋白水平,改善了豆粕的风味和品质;在0~14d,饲粮中添加酶解豆粕能够提高断奶仔猪的生长性能(P<0.05),降低断奶仔猪的腹泻率和粪便评分(P<0.05);在15~28 d以及0~28d,饲粮中添加酶解豆粕能够提高断奶仔猪的采食量(P<0.05)以及降低断奶仔猪的腹泻率和粪便评分(P<0.05)。综合分析,小麦麸混合豆粕作为角蛋白酶体外酶解底物能够改善豆粕的品质,从而在断奶仔猪饲粮中添加酶解豆粕能够提高其生长性能并降低断奶仔猪的腹泻率。