中国兽医药品监察所完成猪链球菌2型药敏试验

2005年7月，四川资阳、内江等几十个乡镇爆发猪链球菌病，发生大范围的散养猪点状发病和死亡。由于饲养卫生条件落后，农民缺少卫生防疫概念，病原菌通过伤口等途径感染人，造成204人发病、38人死亡的严重局面。中国兽医药品监察所接受农业部下达的任务，对猪链球菌进行了药敏试验。采用纸片扩散法和最小抑菌浓度测定法，选择10个类别共32种抗菌药物，对从四川不同地区病、死猪体内分离得到并经鉴定为猪链球菌2型的7个菌株进行了药敏试验。7个菌株对药物的敏感谱基本相同：对青霉素、氨苄西林、阿莫西林、奥格门丁（阿莫西林一克拉维酸）、头孢氨苄、头孢拉定、头孢他定、头孢呋辛、头孢曲松、头孢噻呋、红霉素、卡那霉素、大观霉素、氯霉素、氟苯尼考、环丙沙星、氧氟沙星、二氟沙星、沙拉沙星、达氟沙星、恩诺沙星、复方新诺明、磺胺六甲氧嘧啶、万古霉素、亚胺培南等25种药物均敏感；对阿米卡星、新霉素、庆大霉素等3种药物中度敏感；对四环素、土霉素、多西环素、链霉素等4种药物低度敏感。     

部分鸡场大肠杆菌对抗菌药物的耐药性

从江西、辽宁、广东3个省的鸡场分离到204株大肠杆菌，按NCCLs推荐的纸片扩散法测定了其对24种抗菌药物的敏感性。结果表明，分离菌对四环素的耐药性最高，为92．2％．余下依次为二氟沙星、萘啶酸、磺胺、复方新诺明、氨苄西林、阿莫西林、恩诺沙星、沙拉沙星、洛美沙星、链霉素、达氟沙星、培氟沙星、环丙沙星、诺氟沙星、氧氟沙星、氯霉素、庆大霉素、卡那霉素、头孢噻吩、奥格门丁(阿莫西林和克拉维酸钾)、阿米卡星、氟苯尼考．头孢曲松无1例耐药。     

河南省副猪嗜血杆菌的分离鉴定与药敏试验

从河南省内不同县市的部分猪场送检疑似感染副猪嗜血杆菌病病料中分离鉴定到9株致病菌。为防治疾病传播,控制疫情蔓延,对分离菌株进行病理剖检、细菌分离培养、生化鉴定以及PCR鉴定和药敏试验。结果表明,分离到的致病菌为副猪嗜血杆菌。药敏试验显示9株分离菌株对氨苄西林、头孢噻呋、头孢他啶、氟苯尼考、阿奇霉素、阿莫西林高敏;对壮观霉素、左氟沙星、氧氟沙星、环丙沙星敏感;对克林霉素、阿米卡星、卡那霉素、恩诺沙星不敏感或耐药;对红霉素、罗红霉素、新霉素、四环素、强力霉素敏感性不稳定,表现不一。     

鸡源致病性大肠杆菌药物敏感性调查

从广东省内中、大规模鸡场的病死鸡中分离细菌,选取经生化鉴定确定为大肠杆菌的93株为试验菌株。采用琼脂稀释法测定分离菌株对14种抗菌药的药物敏感性。结果显示:80%以上的菌株对头孢噻呋、安普霉素、阿米卡星敏感;55%～71%的菌株分别对左氧氟沙星、头孢曲松、庆大霉素和链霉素敏感。然而,多数菌株对四环素、多西环素、氯霉素、氟苯尼考、环丙沙星、恩诺沙星和磺胺甲噁唑的敏感率较低,在0～28%之间。上述结果表明,治疗大肠杆菌引起的鸡群感染时,可优先选择敏感率高的药物,如头孢噻呋、安普霉素和阿米卡星,不用敏感率较低的药物,如四环素环、丙沙星、恩诺沙星和磺胺甲噁唑。     

家禽常见敏感药物

正1)治疗细菌全身感染的药物。头孢噻呋、阿莫西林、阿米卡星、沙拉沙星等。2)治疗败血型大肠杆菌的药物。头孢类、氟苯尼考、阿米考星、沙拉沙星、二氟沙星等。3)治疗肠炎型大肠杆菌的药物。安普霉素、新霉素、粘杆菌素、烟酸诺氟沙星、庆大霉素等。4)治疗支原体的药物。罗红霉素、泰乐菌素、泰妙菌素、替米考星、红霉素、氧氟沙星、强力霉素等。     

家禽常见药物有哪些

正治疗细菌全身感染的药物:头孢三一嗪、头孢噻呋、阿莫西林、阿米卡星、沙拉沙星等。治疗败血型大肠杆菌的药物:头孢类、氟苯尼考、阿米考星、沙拉沙星、二氟沙星等。治疗肠炎型大肠杆菌的药物:安普霉素、新霉素、粘杆菌素、烟酸诺氟沙星、庆大霉素等。治疗支原体的药物:罗红霉素、泰乐菌素、泰妙菌素、替米考星、红霉素、氧氟沙星、强力霉素等。治疗坏死性肠炎的药物:痢菌净、青霉素、林可霉素、新     

一株西藏绵羊链球菌的分离与鉴定

本文从西藏某地采集绵羊肺脏、肝脏、脾脏和淋巴结等样品,分离细菌,通过细菌生化试验鉴定羊链球菌后,采用K-B纸片法测定常用抗菌药物的敏感性。结果显示,该菌株对头孢氨苄、头孢唑啉、青霉素、新霉素和多西环素产生耐药,对氨苄西林、庆大霉素、卡那霉素中介,对氧氟沙星、环丙沙星和诺氟沙星敏感。     

一株猪源A型多杀性巴氏杆菌的分离鉴定和药敏试验

从湖南湘潭地区送检的1头急性病死猪的肺脏中分离到了1株革兰氏阴性短杆菌,通过PCR鉴定和分型,确定该菌为荚膜血清A型多杀性巴氏杆菌。药敏试验表明该菌对恩诺沙星、氟苯尼考、头孢拉定、头孢唑林、头孢曲松、环丙沙星和头孢噻肟共7种药高度敏感;对多西环素、青霉素、红霉素、阿莫西林和氧氟沙星共5种药中度敏感;对丁胺卡那、链霉素、林可霉素、卡那霉素和庆大霉素共5种药低度敏感。     

猪链球菌2型的分离鉴定与药敏试验

从广东省某猪场病猪脑内分离到1株细菌,经培养特性观察、镜检、生化鉴定和PCR检测,结果鉴定为链球菌2型。该菌对阿莫西林、头孢拉定、头孢喹肟、头孢曲松均敏感;对青霉素G、氨苄西林、恩诺沙星、氧氟沙星、阿奇霉素、多西霉素中度敏感;对林可霉素、壮观霉素、链霉素、土霉素、复方新诺明、阿米卡星耐药。     

蛋鸡禽腺病毒与沙门菌混合感染的诊断

为明确江苏省高邮市某鸡场商品蛋鸡感染疾病情况，对患病商品蛋鸡病料进行禽腺病毒(fowl adenovirus, FAdV)、马立克病毒(Marek’s disease virus, MDV)、禽白血病病毒(avian leukosis virus, ALV)核酸检测和细菌分离鉴定。结果显示：该鸡场患病商品蛋鸡为禽腺病毒(D种血清11型)和沙门菌混合感染；沙门菌分离株对利福平、恩诺沙星、链霉素、庆大霉素、氨苄西林和多西环素耐药，对环丙沙星、氟苯尼考、头孢曲松、阿米卡星、四环素、磷霉素、头孢噻肟、卡那霉素、新霉素、呋喃唑酮、氯霉素和大观霉素敏感。     

Antimicrobial resistance and genetic characterization of fluoroquinolone resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from canine infections

Infections with antimicrobial-resistant bacteria are a great challenge in both human and veterinary medicine. The purpose of this study was to determine antimicrobial susceptibility of 106 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from dogs with otitis and pyoderma from 2003 to 2006 in the United States. Three antimicrobial panels, including 6 classes and 32 antimicrobial agents, were used. A wide range of susceptibility patterns were noted with some isolates being resistant to between 8 and 28 (mean 16) of the antimicrobials tested. Among the beta-lactams, all isolates were resistant to ampicillin, cefoxitin, cefpodoxime, cephalothin and cefazolin followed by amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (99%), ceftiofur (97%), ceftriaxone (39%), cefotaxime (26%), and cefotaxime/clavulanic acid (20%), whereas less than 7% of isolates were resistant to ceftazidime/clavulanic acid, ceftazidime, piperacillin/tazobactam or cefepime. Two isolates were resistant to the carbapenems. Among the quinolones and fluoroquinolones, the most isolates were resistant to naladixic acid (96%), followed by orbifloxacin (52%), difloxacin (43%), enrofloxacin (31%), marbofloxacin (27%), gatifloxacin (23%), levofloxacin (21%), and ciprofloxacin (16%). Among the aminoglycosides, the most resistance was seen to kanamycin (90%), followed by streptomycin (69%), gentamicin (7%), and amikacin (3%). Of the remaining antimicrobials 100% of the isolates were resistant to chloramphenicol followed by tetracycline (98%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (57%), and sulfisoxazole (51%). Point mutations were present in gyrA, gyrB, parC, and/or parE genes among 34 of the 102 naladixic acid-resistant isolates. Two isolates contained class 1 integrons carrying aadA gene conferring streptomycin and spectinomycin resistance. The findings suggest that many antimicrobial agents commonly used in companion animals may not constitute appropriate therapy for canine pseudomonas infections.     

Antimicrobial Susceptibility of 41 Burkholderia mallei Isolates From Spontaneous Outbreaks of Equine Glanders in Punjab,Pakistan

Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 20 antimicrobial agents for 41 isolates of Burkholderia mallei from natural outbreaks of equine glanders were determined by agar dilution. All isolates were intrinsically resistant to ampicillin (MIC₉₀ ≥128). Resistance to other antimicrobials was as follows: 95.1% to amoxicillin and cephradine, 85.4% to cefuroxime and norfloxacin, 68.3% to ceftizoxime and ceftriaxone, 61.1% to ceftiofur, 58.5% to oxytetracycline, 41.5% to ciprofloxacin, 58.5% to roxithromycin, 17.1% cefotaxime, and 12.2% clarithromycin. Overall resistance patterns revealed that 17% of isolates were simultaneously resistant to amoxicillin, cephradine, cefuroxime, ceftizoxime, ceftriaxone and norfloxacin. None of the isolates were resistant to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, doxycycline, chloramphenicol, gentamicin or trimethoprim-sulphadiazine. Mode MICs for these antimicrobials were 2, 1, 8, 4 and 1 μg/ml, respectively. A majority of the isolates (∼ 94%) were susceptible to both enrofloxacin and ofloxacin. These data provide an updated perspective on susceptibility profiles of current strains of B. mallei in an endemic area.     

Antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolated from finishing swine and the environment of 60 Alberta swine farms

The study objective was to describe and evaluate antimicrobial resistance profiles in Salmonella isolated from Alberta swine finishing farms. Salmonella isolates (n = 322) were obtained from 192 fecal and 84 environmental samples of the 60 Salmonella-positive swine finishing farms. Isolates were classified susceptible, intermediate or resistant based on NCCLS guidelines. More than half of the isolates (53.4%) were susceptible to all of the 18 antimicrobials in the testing panel. No resistance was observed to amikacin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, cefoxitin, ceftiofur, ceftriaxone, cephalothin, ciprofloxacin, imipenem or nalidixic acid. Less than 1% of isolates were resistant to apramycin, gentamicin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Higher frequencies of resistance were observed for chloramphenicol (4.7%), ampicillin (7.8%), kanamycin (11.8%), sulfamethoxazole (21.1%), streptomycin (25.5%) and tetracycline (38.8%). Eleven Salmonella serovars had isolates with resistance to > or =3 antimicrobials. The most frequently resistant serovar was Salmonella Derby, with 27 (38.0%) isolates resistant to > or =3 antimicrobials, including resistance to five and six antimicrobials. An absence of resistance to cephalosporins and fluoroquniolones and a low proportion of isolates resistant to amikacin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, apramycin, gentamicin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole are encouraging findings from public health and animal health perspectives. Frequent resistance observed for ampicillin, kanamycin, sulfamethoxazole, streptomycin and tetracycline, antimicrobials commonly used in veterinary medicine for decades, indicates an urgent need to utilize these antimicrobials more prudently if their benefits are to be preserved.     

Antimicrobial drug susceptibility of Staphylococcus intermedius clinical isolates from canine pyoderma

A total of 50 Staphylococcus intermedius strains isolated in France from canine pyodermas in 2002 were investigated for their susceptibility to various antimicrobial drugs. Antimicrobial susceptibility was assessed using a 2-fold serial dilution method in Mueller-Hinton agar, and the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined. About 62% of the 50 strains tested were producers of beta-lactamase and categorized as penicillin-resistant. About 26% demonstrated resistance to sulphonamides, 46% to oxytetracycline, 30% to chloramphenicol, 28% to streptomycin, kanamycin, neomycin or erythromycin, 22% to clindamycin, 6% to doxycycline, 2% to gentamicin, enrofloxacin, marbofloxacin or pradofloxacin. Acquired resistance was not observed to a clavulanic acid-amoxicillin combination, oxacillin, cephalosporins (cephalexin, ceftiofur and cefquinome), trimethoprim, a sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim combination and florfenicol. About 42% were simultaneously resistant to three or more antimicrobial classes (multiresistance). All isolates with acquired resistance to erythromycin were also resistant to streptomycin and neomycin/kanamycin. About 22% of isolates exhibited cross-resistance between erythromycin and clindamycin and all clindamycin-resistant isolates also exhibited resistance to erythromycin. Resistance to penicillin, oxytetracycline and chloramphenicol was also positively associated with resistance to erythromycin and streptomycin.     

3株猪源大肠埃希氏菌耐药基因的初步定位

本试验旨在对临床分离的猪源大肠埃希氏菌耐药基因进行初步定位。采用常规细菌分离培养、16S rRNA PCR扩增和序列测定方法从江西省3个规模化猪场送检的子宫脓液中分离鉴定病原菌,并通过质粒提取、转化大肠埃希氏菌DH5α感受态细胞及药敏试验对临床分离株的耐药基因进行初步定位。结果显示,分离鉴定到3株大肠埃希氏菌,其中JX-22分离株仅对氧氟沙星、大观霉素敏感,JX-26分离株仅对链霉素、氧氟沙星等4种药物敏感,JX-28分离株仅对氧氟沙星等3种药物敏感,均为多重耐药菌;3株大肠埃希氏菌均可纯化到分子质量大小不一的质粒。分离株、质粒转化菌及大肠埃希氏菌DH5α感受态细胞药敏试验对比结果显示,3株大肠埃希氏菌的耐链霉素、林可霉素、甲硝唑、氨苄西林、阿莫西林、大观霉素、丁胺卡那基因,JX-22和JX-26分离株的耐多西环素、氟苯尼考和复方新诺明基因,JX-22分离株的耐头孢曲松基因,JX-28分离株的耐头孢曲松、头孢噻肟、诺氟沙星基因均定位于细菌质粒上;JX-28分离株的耐多西环素、氟苯尼考和复方新诺明基因,JX-22分离株的耐诺氟沙星基因和JX-26分离株的耐头孢曲松、头孢噻肟基因均定位于其染色体上;3株分离株均无氧氟沙星耐药基因。本试验初步确定3株多重耐药猪源大肠埃希氏菌的大部分耐药基因定位于质粒上,为进一步研究猪源大肠埃希氏菌的耐药机理和有效控制措施奠定基础。     

In vitro sensitivity of Hungarian Actinobaculum suis strains to selected antimicrobials

In vitro antimicrobial sensitivity of 12 Hungarian isolates and the type strain ATCC 33144 of Actinobaculum suis to different antimicrobial compounds was determined both by the agar dilution and by the disc diffusion method. By agar dilution, MIC50 values in the range of 0.05-3.125 micrograms/ml were determined for penicillin, ampicillin, ceftiofur, doxycycline, tylosin, pleuromutilins, chloramphenicol, florfenicol, enrofloxacin and lincomycin. The MIC50 value of oxytetracycline and spectinomycin was 6.25 and 12.5 micrograms/ml, respectively. For ofloxacin, flumequine, neomycin, streptomycin, gentamicin, nalidixic acid, nitrofurantoin and sulphamethoxazole + trimethoprim MIC50 values were in the range of 25-100 micrograms/ml. With the disc diffusion method, all strains were sensitive to penicillin, cephalosporins examined, chloramphenicol and florfenicol, tetracyclines examined, pleuromutilins, lincomycin and tylosin. Variable sensitivity was observed for fluoroquinolones (flumequine, enrofloxacin, ofloxacin), most of the strains were susceptible to marbofloxacin. Almost all strains were resistant to aminoglycosides but most of them were sensitive to spectinomycin. A strong correlation was determined for disc diffusion and MIC results (Spearman's rho 0.789, p < 0001). MIC values of the type strain and MIC50 values of other tested strains did not differ significantly. Few strains showed a partially distinct resistance pattern for erythromycin, lincomycin and ampicillin in both methods.     

河南省猪链球菌的分离鉴定及耐药性分析

为探讨河南省猪链球菌的血清型分布和耐药性情况，本试验对2016年5月~2017年5月从河南省猪场采集的各种组织病料进行猪链球菌的分离培养、生化鉴定及PCR鉴定，并进行了血清群的分群鉴定和血清型的分型鉴定，对其中的2型猪链球菌进行了药敏试验。结果显示，试验共鉴定出189株猪链球菌，流行的猪链球菌的血清群主要以D群为主，其次是G群和C群；优势的血清型是2型、7型、9型和1型。其中87株为2型猪链球菌，超过90%的2型菌株对β-内酰胺类（青霉素G、阿莫西林和头孢菌素类）、氯霉素、万古霉素、环丙沙星敏感，超过40%的2型菌株对多西环素、四环素、红霉素、复方新诺明、丁胺卡那霉素、克林霉素、链霉素、米诺环素产生耐药性。以上结果为指导猪场使用敏感药物及时控制疫情、选择血清型相符的疫苗进行预防及减少损失提供参考依据。     

Antimicrobial susceptibility of clinical strains of Streptococcus suis isolated from pigs in Spain

The antimicrobial susceptibility of 151 clinical Streptococcus suis strains isolated from diseased pigs in Spain was determined by a microdilution method. Isolates were mostly susceptible to beta-lactam antimicrobials, aminoglycosides, enrofloxacin, novobiocin and spectinomycin. More than 87% of the S. suis isolates were resistant to tetracyclines, sulphonamides, macrolides and clindamycin. Strains of serotype 9 were significantly more resistant than strains of serotype 2 (P<0.05) to tylosin (94% versus 77%) and clindamycin (94% versus 64%). Eighty-seven percent of the S. suis isolates were resistant to at least four antimicrobials and nine isolates (6%) were resistant to at least six antimicrobials. The most frequently identified multidrug pattern involved resistance against tetracyclines, sulphonamides, macrolides and lincosamides, with 69% of the isolates exhibiting this resistotype. Fifteen out of the 22 strains of serotype 2 (68.2%), and 84 out of the 98 of the strains of serotype 9 (85.7%) exhibited this resistotype, indicating its widespread distribution among the strains of the two most frequently isolated serotypes.