气相色谱法测定香味剂中桉油精肉桂醛百里香酚及香芹酚的含量

为建立气相色谱法测定饲料香味剂中桉油精、肉桂醛、百里香酚及香芹酚的方法,试样经无水乙醇提取后,用GC测定桉油精、肉桂醛、百里香酚及香芹酚。桉油精、肉桂醛、百里香酚及香芹酚在浓度为20~200g/kg添加水平时,平均回收率分别在97.6%~98.3%、97.8%~98.7%、97.4%~98.8%和97.4%~98.8%,相对标准偏差(RSD)分别在0.5%~0.7%、0.4%~1.0%、0.4%~0.6%和0.5%~0.8%。方法定量限为100mg/kg。本方法对饲料香味剂中桉油精、肉桂醛、百里香酚及香芹酚的检测分析准确性高、重现性好。     

香味剂中大茴香脑、d-柠檬烯、香芹酚含量测定的研究

本研究建立了气相色谱法测定饲料香味剂中大茴香脑、d-柠檬烯、香芹酚的方法。试样经丙酮提取后,用GC测定大茴香脑、d-柠檬烯和香芹酚。大茴香脑、d-柠檬烯和香芹酚的线性范围为1.0～500.0μg/mL。大茴香脑、d-柠檬烯和香芹酚在浓度为1～10 g/kg添加水平时的回收率分别在96.2%～101.5%、97.1%～102.5%和96.5%～99.8%,RSD分别为1.3%、1.5%和1.1%。方法定量限为50 mg/kg。本方法对饲料香味剂中大茴香脑、d-柠檬烯和香芹酚的检测分析准确性高、重现性好。     

高效液相色谱法同时测定饲料香味剂中肉桂醛、丁香酚、香芹酚和百里香酚含量的研究

本研究建立了同时测定饲料香味剂中肉桂醛、丁香酚、香芹酚和百里香酚含量的高效液相色谱方法。试样经甲醇提取后,采用C18色谱柱;以45%乙腈为流动相等度洗脱,流速为1.0 mL/min,检测波长为275 nm,用标准曲线外标法定量。结果表明:四种香味剂在25 min内得到良好分离,分离度R≥2.3,在两个数量级浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数r≥0.9997,高、中、低3个浓度添加回收率为95.0%~102.7%,RSD≤2.0%。本方法简便、准确、重现性好,可用于饲料香味剂中肉桂醛、丁香酚、香芹酚和百里香酚的测定。     

饲料添加剂牛至油中香芹酚和百里香酚含量的测定

试验建立了高效液相色谱法测定饲料添加剂牛至油中香芹酚和百里香酚含量的方法。采用高效液相色谱法,色谱柱Diamonsil C18(2)柱,流动相为甲醇-水-冰醋酸(60??4??2),检测波长274 nm,流速1.0 ml/min。结果显示,牛至油中香芹酚含量为37.81%,百里香酚含量为7.05%,香芹酚和百里香酚的回收率分别为98.2%、98.4%,变异系数分别为1.0%、1.3%。试验为牛至油中香芹酚和百里香酚的检测提供了准确、灵敏、可靠的分析方法。     

高效液相色谱法测定混合型饲料添加剂中肉桂醛、丁香酚、香芹酚和百里香酚含量

研究建立了同时测定混合型饲料添加剂中肉桂醛、丁香酚、香芹酚和百里香酚含量的液相色谱方法。混合型饲料添加剂样品用甲醇提取,以C_(18)柱(150 mm×4.6 mm×5μm)为分析柱,紫外检测器检测,外标法定量。结果表明:在所选择的色谱条件下,空白载体中肉桂醛、丁香酚、香芹酚和百里香酚能达到很好的分离;丁香酚、香芹酚和百里香酚在1.0～500 mg/L内线性关系良好,肉桂醛在0.10～50.0 mg/L内线性关系良好;丁香酚、香芹酚和百里香酚最低定量限为50 mg/kg,肉桂醛最低定量限为5.0 mg/kg;加标回收率为83.7%～112%,变异系数为0.70%～6.39%。该方法样品前处理简单、简便可靠,可用于混合型饲料添加剂中肉桂醛、丁香酚、香芹酚和百里香酚的同步检测。     

饲料添加剂百里香油中百里香酚和香芹酚含量的测定

本实验采用高效液相色谱法测定了饲料添加剂百里香油中百里香酚和香芹酚的含量。色谱柱为DiamonsilC18(2)柱,流动相为甲醇-水-冰醋酸(60∶4∶2,V∶V∶V),检测波长为274 nm,流速为1.0 mL/min。结果显示,百里香油中百里香酚和香芹酚含量分别为22.70%和5.12%,回收率分别为98.42%和97.81%,变异系数分别为1.18%和0.90%。     

气相色谱法测定饲料中香芹酚和百里香酚的含量

文章建立了饲料中2种香料香芹酚和百里香酚的气相色谱检测方法。样品中香芹酚和百里香酚经乙酸乙酯超声提取90 min,经GCB和PSA净化后,用GC-FID测定。在1~500μg/ml的浓度范围内,香芹酚和百里香酚的峰面积响应与其浓度呈线性相关(R≥0.99),香芹酚和百里香酚定量限为10 mg/kg,在10种饲料中3个不同添加浓度的回收率为77.97%~104.04%,RSD为0.63%~9.92%,并通过气质联用仪进行确证。     

气相色谱法同步测定饲料添加剂中百里香酚、香芹酚的研究

本研究建立了饲料添加剂中百里香酚、香芹酚的气相色谱同步测定方法。用无水乙醇振摇提取后,气相色谱进行同步测定,采用外标法定量。结果表明:浓度在0.005~2.00 mg/mL线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.99,方法检测限为50 mg/kg,本方法前处理简单,回收率高,可实现饲料添加剂中百里香酚、香芹酚的同步测定。     

利用气相色谱法同步测定饲料香味剂中肉桂醛、香芹酚的研究

研究通过添加回收试验和检测市场香味剂产品的方法建立了饲料香味剂中肉桂醛、香芹酚的同步测定方法。用无水乙醇振摇提取后,气相色谱进行同步测定,用外标法定量。结果表明,此方法前处理简单,回收率高,检测限为100mg/kg,可实现饲料香味剂中肉桂醛、香芹酚的同步测定。     

体外法评估不同植物精油对需氧菌的抑菌活性

本试验采用琼脂平板法,测定肉桂醛、百里香酚、香芹酚、牛至油、丁香酚和山苍子油对产肠毒大肠杆菌、宋氏志贺氏菌、乙型溶血性链球菌的最低抑菌浓度,从中选出抑菌能力较强的精油,继续测定其对产肠毒大肠杆菌、出血性大肠杆菌、宋氏志贺氏菌、痢疾志贺氏菌、猪霍乱沙门氏菌、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌和乙型溶血性链球菌的抑菌效果,筛选出具有替抗潜力的精油并评估精油作为抑菌剂应用在饲料中的前景。本试验采用琼脂平板培养法,在固态培养基中添加不同浓度的肉桂醛、百里香酚、香芹酚、牛至油、丁香酚和山苍子油,分别接种产肠毒大肠杆菌、宋氏志贺氏菌、乙型溶血性链球菌,测定其最低抑菌浓度,初步筛选出抑菌作用较强的精油,利用同样的方法,继续测定其对产肠毒大肠杆菌、出血性大肠杆菌、宋氏志贺氏菌、痢疾志贺氏菌、猪霍乱沙门氏菌、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌和乙型溶血性链球菌的最低抑菌浓度,最终筛选出抑菌能力较强的精油。结果表明:①通过初筛,发现肉桂醛、百里香酚、香芹酚、牛至油和丁香酚的抑菌效果较好,选择该五种精油进行复筛;②复筛结果表明,精油对供试菌株的抑菌能力由强到弱为百里香酚>肉桂醛>香芹酚>牛至油>丁香酚,其最低抑菌浓度分别为为0.02%～0.07%、0.02%～0.08%、0.03%～0.07%、0.04%～0.09%、0.07%～0.18%;③百里香酚、肉桂醛、香芹酚、牛至油作为饲料添加剂具有极好的潜力。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.     

优质肉鸡S3系体重与体尺性状指标的主成分分析

为研究地方优质肉鸡S3系体重和体尺性状之间的内在相关性,12周龄时选取同一饲养条件下的150只鸡(公母各半)进行体重和体尺性状等7个指标的测定。结果表明:S3系公鸡的体重、体斜长、龙骨长、胸角均显著高于母鸡(P0.05);公母鸡体重、体斜长、胸宽、胫围这4项指标变异系数较大,有较大选育空间;体重与体斜长、龙骨长、胸宽、胸角、胫围呈极显著正相关(P0.01),相关系数分别为0.57、0.52、0.51、0.49和0.47,与胸深、胫长呈显著相关(P0.05),相关系数分别为0.44和0.39;其他各体尺指标间也存在不同程度的正负相关性(P0.05或P0.01);体重和7个体尺性能指标综合成5个复合指标,累计贡献率达92.6355%,其中第l、2、3、4、5主成分分别解释总变异的36.5353%、22.8642%、13.3115%、10.4535%和8.4710%;各主成分的特征根分布较广,经统计计算入选的5个主成分所包含信息的侧重点各有相同,分别都在一定程度上反映了S3鸡的体型特征和生长发育规律,为今后选育出更加符合市场需求的屠宰加工优质型肉鸡指明了的方向。