超低温冷冻对小鼠桑椹胚多能性因子Oct-4表达的影响

本实验旨在探讨昆明白小鼠桑椹胚超低温冷冻后Oct-4表达的变化与胚胎发育潜力的关系。胚胎采用OPS法冷冻,即胚胎于10%EG+10%DMSO溶液中预处理30 s,然后再移入玻璃化溶液(EDFS30)中处理25 s,以OPS为承载器投入液氮中。毒性组胚胎未投入液氮,其他过程与冷冻组相同,新鲜胚胎为对照组。胚胎解冻后,检测Oct-4 mRNA与蛋白的表达,通过观察其形态正常率、囊胚发育率和囊胚细胞数来综合判断其体外发育能力。结果表明:冷冻组和毒性组较桑椹胚中Oct-4 mRNA的表达量对照组相比显著降低(P<0.05),蛋白表达量3组间无显著差异。桑椹胚处理后的形态正常率以及桑椹胚培养48 h后的囊胚发育率(96.67%～100%)和囊胚细胞数(89.67～92.33)3组间无显著差异。结果显示,玻璃化冷冻保存小鼠桑椹胚后多能性基因Oct-4 mRNA表达的变化并未影响其体外发育潜力。     

小鼠体外受精及胚胎发育的影响因素

为了完善小鼠体外受精和胚胎的体外培养系统 ,以 M16为基础培养液 ,探讨了葡萄糖、磷酸盐、EDTA、谷氨酰胺及β-巯基乙醇等对小鼠体外受精和胚胎体外培养的影响。结果表明 ,在 M16液中添加 EDTA和 L -谷氨酰胺(m M16液 ) ,小鼠的体外受精率由 2 6 %提高到 5 1%;当在 m M16液中去掉磷酸盐 ,或添加 Hepes,或添加 β-巯基乙醇 ,体外受精率由 5 1%增至 6 2 %～ 74%;m M16液中添加 Hepes,或去掉磷酸盐 ,可阻碍胚胎的体外发育 ,囊胚的扩张率由 80 %降至 49%和 5 8%,而在无糖 m M16液中添加 β-巯基乙醇 ,可显著地提高扩张囊胚率 (91%)。以上结果表明 ,M16液中添加 EDTA、谷氨酰胺和 β-巯基乙醇后 ,适用于小鼠体外受精 ;同时去掉葡萄糖后 ,则适用于 2细胞胚的体外培养。     

转sMTPGH基因小鼠胚胎的体外培养

采用纯化的羊金属硫蛋白 (s MT)启动子指导的猪生长激素 (PGH )基因 (s MTPGH)为显微注射片段 ,将其导入小鼠受精卵原核 ,比较了几种不同培养液对导入外源基因的小鼠胚胎体外发育的影响。结果表明 ,改进的 M16培养液(用 m M16表示 )能有效克服 2 -细胞阻断现象 ,并使转基因胚胎发育到桑椹胚或囊胚阶段。在 m M16培养液的基础上 ,再加入表皮生长因子 (EGF) ,可使 1-细胞胚胎发育到囊胚的比率进一步提高。在 3种培养液 (M16、m M16、m M16 EGF)中 ,转基因胚胎突破 2 -细胞阻断期的比率分别为 12 %、6 8%、90 % ,发育到囊胚期的比率分别是 0 %、2 0 %、4 3%。采用 PCR方法检测 5 7枚经体外培养发育至囊胚的显微注射胚胎 ,4枚扩增出阳性条带 ,外源基因在囊胚期胚胎的滞留率为 7%。     

白细胞介素和干扰素γ对绵羊体外受精胚胎体外发育影响的研究

利用SOFM 0．8％BSA 1mM谷氨酰胺作为绵羊胚胎的培养液，分别添加LIF、IL—1β、IL—2、IL—6及IFN—γ，以研究LIF、IL—1β、IL—2、IL—6及IFN—γ对绵羊早期胚胎发育的影响。结果说明，LIF促进2—8细胞胚胎发育至桑椹胚，同时也能够促进桑椹胚向扩大囊胚和孵化囊胚发育。但IL—1β、IL—2、IL—6及IFN—γ对绵羊早期胚胎的发育无显著影响。     

白细胞介素和干扰素γ对绵羊体外受精胚胎体外发育影响的研究

利用SOFM+0.8%BSA+1mM谷氨酰胺作为绵羊胚胎的培养液,分别添加LIF、IL-1β、IL-2、IL-6及IFN-γ,以研究LIF、IL-1β、IL-2、IL-6及IFN-γ对绵羊早期胚胎发育的影响。结果说明,LIF促进2～8细胞胚胎发育至桑椹胚,同时也能够促进桑椹胚向扩大囊胚和孵化囊胚发育。但IL-1β、IL-2、IL-6及IFN-γ对绵羊早期胚胎的发育无显著影响。     

小鼠体以精及胚胎发育的影响因素

为了完善小鼠体外受精和胚胎的体外培养系统，以M16为基础培养液，探讨了葡萄糖、磷酸盐、EDTA、谷氨酰胺及β－疏基乙醇等对小鼠体外受精和胚胎体外培养的影响。结果表明，在M16液中添加EDTA和L－谷氨酰胺（mM16液），小鼠的体外受精率由26％提高到51％；当在mM16液中去掉磷酸盐，或添加Hepes，或添加β－疏基乙醇，体外受精率由51％增至62％－74％；mM16液中添加Hepes，或去掉磷酸盐，可阻碍胚胎的体外发育，囊胚的抗张率由80％降至49％和58％，而在无糖mM16液中添加β－疏基乙醇，可显著地提高扩张囊胚率（91％）。以上结果表明、M16液中添加EDTA、谷氨酰胺和β－疏基乙醇后，适用于小鼠体外受精；同时去掉葡萄糖后，则适用于2细胞胚的体外培养。     

胚胎干细胞显微注射对小鼠和猪胚胎发育影响的研究

旨在为小鼠和猪多能性干细胞嵌合体制作提供参考,探讨胚胎干细胞(Embryonic stem cells或Embryonic germ cells,ES/EG)显微注射及受体胚胎发育时期等对胚胎发育的影响。对小鼠ES细胞和猪EG细胞分别进行研究:(1)将小鼠ES细胞分别注入小鼠桑椹胚和囊胚,比较不同发育时期受体胚胎体外培养的发育率和孵化率,以及注射胚胎和未注射胚胎体外培养的发育率和孵化率。结果表明,显微注射后的桑椹胚体外培养发育率和孵化率分别为94.7%和70.2%,囊胚率分别为84.6%和80.8%,注射后桑椹胚体外培养发育率极显著高于囊胚(P0.01),但注射后囊胚体外培养孵化率极显著高于桑椹胚(P0.01);未注射胚胎(注射胚胎)的体外培养发育率和孵化率分别为96.6%(89.9%)和67.8%(75.2%),未注射胚胎发育率极显著高于注射胚胎(P0.01),但注射胚胎孵化率极显著高于未注射胚胎(P0.01)。(2)将猪EG细胞分别注入猪桑椹胚、早囊、囊胚及孵化囊胚,比较不同发育时期受体胚胎移植后妊娠率以及注射胚胎和未注射胚胎体外培养的孵化率,并对猪EG细胞显微注射针和固定针的规格进行了探讨。结果表明,显微注射的桑椹胚、早囊及囊胚移植后妊娠率为67%,而显微注射的孵化囊胚移植妊娠率为0,桑椹胚、早囊及囊胚移植后受体母猪妊娠率极显著高于孵化囊胚(P0.01),由桑椹胚、早囊及囊胚注射后移植获得了两头嵌合体仔猪;显微注射和未显微注射的猪胚胎其孵化率分别为47.54%和72.97%,未注射胚胎孵化率极显著高于注射胚胎(P0.01)。确定猪EG嵌合体制作过程中,注射针外径约为30μm,内径约为25μm;固定针外直径约为130~150μm,内径约为40μm。嵌合体制作时,胚龄宜早不宜迟,桑椹胚显微注射更易操作,而且导入的时期较早,ES/EG细胞在嵌合体组织中可以有很高的贡献率,故选择桑椹胚进行注射。在本试验条件下,显微注射对小鼠胚胎发育影响不大,对猪胚胎影响较大,说明猪胚胎显微注射条件需要进一步优化。     

不同分割液对小鼠不同阶段胚胎分割效果的影响

本实验在保存液、PBS液、0.2 mol/L蔗糖PBS液和进口分割液中对不同发育阶段的小鼠胚胎进行徒手分割,分割后的胚胎进行体外培养,探讨不同分割液对胚胎分割效果的影响。结果表明:不加血清PBS液组显著低于保存液、0.2 mol/L蔗糖PBS液、进口分割液组(P<0.05);桑椹胚组显著低于囊胚组(P<0.05)。说明在0.2 mol/L蔗糖PBS液和进口分割液中分割胚胎的成功率比较高,半胚的发育率较理想。     

黄芩苷、川芎嗪对小鼠体外培养胚胎冷冻-解冻及移植效果的研究

将中药有效成分黄芩苷(Baicalin,Bai)和川芎嗪(Ligustrazine,Lig)添加到小鼠2-细胞胚胎培养液中进行体外培养,比较其体外发育能力,并将体外发育的桑椹胚、囊胚进行2种程序常规冷冻.解冻后形态正常的桑椹胚、囊胚分别培养8～14 h、6～8 h,比较各组胚胎的冷冻-解冻发育效果及冷冻胚胎移植妊娠率和产仔率等.结果各试验组胚胎孵化率,Bai组(80.6%)、Lig组(78.3%)极显著高于对照组(51.8%)(P＜0.01).孵化胚胎细胞计数结果显示, Bai组(81.9±6.2)和Lig组(83.9±7.7)与对照组(77.4±5.6)差异极显著(P＜0.01);程序1和2的桑椹胚解冻囊胚发育率,以Bai、Lig组显著高于对照组;其囊胚解冻存活率,2个试验组均好于对照组.受体妊娠率、产仔率以及初生仔鼠、离窝仔鼠平均体重、离窝成活率等指标,各组间均无显著差异(P＞0.05),但以中药有效成分各组别均好于对照组.结果表明中药有效成分Bai和Lig能显著地提高小鼠 2-细胞胚胎体外发育能力,并有利于提高冷冻-解冻后移植胚胎的发育潜力.     

转sMTPPGH基因小鼠胚胎的体外培养

采用纯化的羊金属硫蛋白（sMT)启动子指导的猪生长激素（PGH)基因(sMTPGH)为显微注射片段，将其导入小鼠受精卵原核，比较了几种不同培养液对导入外源基因的小鼠胚胎体外发育的影响。结果表明，改进的M16培养液（用mM16表示）能有效克服2－细胞阻断现象，并使转基因胚胎发育到桑椹胚或囊胚阶段。在mM16培养液的基础上，再加入表皮生长因子（EGF），可使1－细胞胚胎发育到囊胚的比率进一步提高。在3和培养液（M16,mM16,mM16 EGF)中，转基因胚胎突破2－细胞阻断期的比率分别为12％，68％，90％，发育到囊胚期的比率分别是0％，20％，43％。采用PCR方法检测57枚经体外培养发育至囊胚的显微注射胚胎，4枚扩增出阳性条带，外源基因在囊胚期胚胎的滞留率为7％。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.